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PubMed1999

DNA profiling of Acorus calamus chemotypes differing in essential oil composition.

The phylogenetic relationship of Acorus gramineus and three types of Acorus calamus was analyzed by comparing the 700 bp sequence of a 5S-rRNA gene spacer region. Although there was no intra-specific variation in the essential oil profile of A. gramineus which contained a phenylpropanoid (Z-asarone) as a predominant constituent, A. calamus was classified into two chemotypes: chemotype A in which Z-asarone is a major essential oil constituent and chemotype B which contained sesquiterpenoids predominantly. An intermediate type (M) of these two chemotypes in various ratios was also observable. The NJ tree constructed based on the sequences revealed that A. gramineus was clearly distinguished from any of the chemotypes of A. calamus and that the phylogenetic relationship predicted by the spacer region data correlated well with the essential oil chemotype pattern of A. calamus.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Improved correlation of histological data with DCE MRI parameter maps by 3D reconstruction, reslicing and parameterization of the histological images.

Due to poor correlation of slice thickness and orientation, verification of radiological methods with histology is difficult. Thus, a procedure for three-dimensional reconstruction, reslicing and parameterization of histological data was developed, enabling a proper correlation with radiological data. Two different subcutaneous tumors were examined by MR microangiography and DCE-MRI, the latter being post-processed using a pharmacokinetic two-compartment model. Subsequently, tumors were serially sectioned and vessels stained with immunofluorescence markers. A ray-tracing algorithm performed three-dimensional visualization of the histological data, allowing virtually reslicing to thicker sections analogous to MRI slice geometry. Thick slices were processed as parameter maps color coding the marker density in the depth of the slice. Histological 3D reconstructions displayed the diffuse angioarchitecture of malignant tumors. Resliced histological images enabled specification of high enhancing areas seen on MR microangiography as large single vessels or vessel assemblies. In orthogonally reconstructed histological slices, single vessels were delineated. ROI analysis showed significant correlation between histological parameter maps of vessel density and MR parameter maps (r=0.83, P=0.05). The 3D approach to histology improves correlation of histological and radiological data due to proper matching of slice geometry. This method can be used with any histological stain, thus enabling a multivariable correlation of non-invasive data and histology.

Algorithms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Independence of sleep EEG responses to GABAergic hypnotics: biological implications.

GABAergic hypnotics are known to depress non-rapid eye movement delta and rapid eye movements and to stimulate non-rapid eye movement sigma (spindles) and beta EEG. This study addressed the question of whether the magnitudes of these effects are significantly correlated. Data were from a study in 16 normal subjects whose sleep was recorded for five nights under placebo and for three nights each under zolpidem (10 mg), triazolam (0.25 mg) and temazepam (30 mg). EEG was analyzed with both period-amplitude and power spectral (FFT) analysis. The magnitudes of the EEG and eye movement density responses were not significantly correlated for any of the three drugs. It is therefore unlikely that sleep responses to GABAergic drugs can be explained by the common cellular action (increased chloride conductance) of these drugs. We suggest that the sleep EEG responses are manifestations of complex (but consistent) interactions of excitation and inhibition in large brain systems although certain aspects of these responses (e.g. the different time courses of delta vs sigma and eye movement responses) may reflect molecular adaptations. A separate observation in this study was the strong traitlike characteristics of the sleep variables studied. These variables were highly correlated across nights of baseline sleep; in addition, individual differences in baseline sleep were significantly retained on the third night of temazepam administration.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Identification of a secondary peak in myocardial infarction onset 11 to 12 hours after awakening: the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) experience.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the relation between the time of awakening and the time of onset of acute myocardial infarction. BACKGROUND: Previous investigation has shown the onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction to have a primary peak 1 to 2 h after awakening. In studies not corrected for time of awakening, there appears to be a late afternoon/early evening peak, but data correlating the onset of symptoms with awakening have been limited by small numbers of patients, perhaps precluding identification of a secondary peak. METHODS: In the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST), 3,549 patients had a documented myocardial infarction and entered antiarrhythmic drug titration. Of these, 3,309 had data on the onset of symptoms relative to the time of awakening and form the basis of this report. RESULTS: A total of 870 patients (26.3%) were awakened by symptoms. Of the remaining 2,439 patients who were not awakened by symptoms, 798 (32.7%) experienced the onset of symptoms in the 1st 4 h after awakening (with the highest number in the 1st h), after which the incidence of symptom onset decreased in a linear fashion, with a secondary peak 11 to 12 h after awakening. Both peaks are statistically significant. A similar pattern was seen in most of the subgroups examined (based on age, gender and various other demographic characteristics). CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the very large CAST data base confirms the relation between awakening and onset of symptoms of myocardial infarction, suggesting involvement of the morning catecholamine surge. A secondary peak in symptom onset, occurring 11 to 12 h after awakening, is a new observation and may relate to ingestion of the evening meal or other trigger factors concentrated in those hours.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

UK national Lesbians and Health Care Survey.

Lesbians are less prevention oriented in their health care behavior than heterosexual women and avoid routine screening tests such as Pap smears and mammograms. The reasons for these differences have been partly attributed to beliefs about risk, (for example, lesbians are said to be at lower risk of cervical cancer) and partly attributed to lesbians' poor experiences of health care because of heterosexism. The Lesbians and Health Care Survey was conducted during the 12 month period of 1997-8. The sample consisted of 1066 lesbians living throughout the UK. The study examined whether risk perceptions, experiences of health care and health-seeking behavior were correlated. Data were analyzed using SPSS to determine which variables were associated with participation in screening. While lesbians were less likely than lesbians in a similar US study to report that their risk of cervical cancer was the same as that of heterosexual women, perceptions of risk were not correlated with participation in screening. We assumed that bad experiences of screening would act as a barrier to attendance; instead, good experiences were associated with the increased likelihood of attendance. These findings under-score the need for a pro-active agenda for lesbian health which addresses the need for culturally competent health care, the sharing of best practice amongst health care providers and the creation of systemic institutional change to improve the care lesbians receive.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Analysis of information provided by clinical pharmacists.

Data were collected to characterize the interactions between clinical pharmacists and other health professionals in a university hospital with decentralized pharmaceutical services. A self-report data collection form was developed. Six faculty pharmacists participated in the study. Each pharmacist collected data by recording all clinical interactions that occurred in his normal activities for a one-month period. the pharmacists' practice sites were inpatient internal medicine, inpatient pediatrics (two pharmacists), family practice clinic, pediatric clinic, and inpatient physical medicine and rehabilitation. A computer program was written to provide correlation data among the locations, contents, and participants of the interactions. Data were collected on the time required for a literature search and on the outcomes of the interactions. Four hundred ninety-nine interactions were documented. Work rounds were the most common location for these interactions, and the housestaff physicians were the most frequent participants. Patients' dosage schedule was the most common topic discussed (17%). Pharmacokinetics accounted for only 6% of the communications; drug interactions, only 3%. Ninety-six percent of the pharmacists' recommendations were adopted within 24 hours. More than half of the interactions (56%) required no literature search by the pharmacists and nearly half (249) required less than one minute of pharmacist time.

Drug Information Services↗

PubMed1976

Correlates of risky decision-making.

The purpose of this investigation was to develop a personality pattern which could be used for both the explication and prediction of risky behavior in a variety of decision-making situations. Two months after the completion of a battery of psychological examinations, 240 randomly selected subjects responded to three problems adapted from the Kogan and Wallach Choice Dilemma Problems. Analyses of the data (correlational, factor analytic, and stepwise multiple regression) revealed a stable personality index representative of individuals exhibiting riskiness in decision-making. Variables contributing to this pattern characterized a dynamic task oriented individual. The results of this study should prove useful to future decision-making research by providing a framework for prediction.

Communication↗

PubMed1996

Excimer laser induced bubble: dimensions, theory, and implications for laser angioplasty.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have demonstrated that during Xenon-Chloride excimer laser ablation of tissue, rapidly expanding and imploding bubbles (diameter < 3 mm), predominantly containing water vapor, are formed. These short lived bubbles (life time < 300 microseconds) induce mechanical damage in adjacent tissue. In the present study, a theoretical analysis of the volume of vaporized water is correlated with measured bubble volumes formed in hemoglobin solution. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dimensions of the rapidly expanding and imploding vapor bubble induced by the XeCl excimer laser pulses (308 nm, 115 ns), delivered via a 300, 550, or 950 microns diameter monofiber in 16% w/v hemoglobin solution (at 37 degrees C), were measured. RESULTS: Theoretical analysis and the experimental data correlated well (correlation coefficient r = 0.97). The diameter of excimer laser induced bubbles increased with increasing pulse energy. For a given radiant exposure, the bubble size was decreased by either decreasing the fiber tip area or by decreasing the absorption coefficient of the hemoglobin solution. CONCLUSION: We conclude that, for a wide range of conditions, theory agrees well with experimental data. Thus, during delivery of excimer laser pulses in blood, bubble dimensions can be reduced by flushing with saline or by reduction of the area radiated with each laser pulse, for example, by pulse multiplexing or using a smaller multifiber catheter.

Angioplasty, Laser↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Sheldon's trunk index and the growth of the thoracic and lumbar trunk.

The trunk index (TI), a ratio of the area of the thoracic trunk to that of the lumbar trunk, is measured on a somatotype photograph marked according to defined criteria. Photographs of 82 boys from the Harpenden Growth Study were measured at ages 5 to 18 years, in an order that obscured which photographs were of the same boy at different ages. Remeasurement two months later of 12 boys at each of ages 5, 11, and 18 years showed retest correlations of 0.97 or higher for thoracic and lumbar areas separately and of about 0.95 for their ratio. When 57 boys aged 17 to 20 years were measured by another worker, their TI values correlated 0.90 with those used in this study. Inter-age correlations among the unedited TI values were approximately 0.9 between ages a year apart and declined as age differences increased. Correlations with values at age 18 increased from about 0.7 at age 5 to 0.9 by age 16. Editing was done by remeasuring all values that deviated by more than 0.05 TI units from a regression line based on each subject's total array of values. In the edited data, correlations with TI values at age 18 increased, ranging from 0.8 at age 5 to 0.95 by age 16. Mean TI was quite stable, ranging only between 1.45 and 1.51 for the whole age span, with the lowest values appearing from 11 to 14 years. In 43 of the 59 boys whose series allowed determination of peak height velocity (PHV), a 'TI dip' appeared: one to three TI values fell more than 0.05 TI units below the boy's overall regression line shortly before PHV. Distance and velocity curves are given for growth of the thoracic and lumbar trunk areas. Peak velocity of growth of the lumbar area occurred on average a little earlier than that for the thoracic area; the TI dip was in part a result of this. Alterations of fat distribution as seen by skinfolds probably also contributed. Judging by their individual regression lines, about 80% of the boys showed no more than chance variation from a horizontal slope, their TI neither increasing nor decreasing overall. An additional 10% appeared to show significant slopes only because their series started or ended too near their TI dips. The remaining 10% of boys appeared to show real changes in TI as they grew. Examples of the most extreme changes are shown.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Base-line quality-of-life assessment in the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Breast Cancer Prevention Trial.

BACKGROUND: The Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT) is a large, multicenter chemoprevention trial testing the efficacy of the antiestrogen drug tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer and coronary heart disease in healthy women at high risk of breast cancer. The BCPT evolved from a series of prior studies in early stage breast cancer demonstrating the efficacy of tamoxifen in the prevention of systemic breast cancer recurrence and in the reduction of contralateral breast cancers. PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to describe the methodologic considerations in the collection of health-related quality-of-life (HRQL) data in the BCPT and to present base-line HRQL data on the first 9749 participants. METHODS: An HRQL questionnaire that included the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, a symptom checklist, the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short form (MOS-SF-36), and the MOS sexual problems questions was completed by participants in the BCPT at base line (prior to random assignment). Medical and demographic information, as well as projected risk of breast cancer, were collected as part of study eligibility. Descriptive and correlational data were examined for these study participants. RESULTS: BCPT participants report high levels of functioning compared with U.S. general population norms but still report an average of 8.9 distinct symptoms during the past 4 weeks. Depression is less prevalent among the participants than in community samples, which reflects the exclusion of clinically depressed individuals. Sixty-five percent reported being sexually active in the past 6 months, with an age-related decline in sexual activity. Younger women reported fewer sexual problems than older women. There is a strong correlation between the two mental health measures, moderate to weak correlations between HRQL scales and levels of self-reported symptoms, and only weak correlations between measures of breast cancer risk and HRQL scales. The MOS-SF-36 scores were examined for three consecutive recruitment samples (0-6 months, 7-12 months, and 13-20 months), and the base-line scores were slightly better for the earliest group of participants. CONCLUSIONS: This article demonstrates the feasibility of collecting HRQL data in a large, multicenter, chemoprevention trial for women at high risk of breast cancer. The successful integration of HRQL data collection into this clinical trial attests to its value as a safety-monitoring end point and as an explicit and measurable outcome for the entire trial. IMPLICATIONS: HRQL data are important for studies in which healthy populations are involved and in which the potential for decrements in quality of life are real or perceived.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Predicting and treating coagulopathies after cardiopulmonary bypass in children.

UNLABELLED: Coagulopathies in children after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are complex. There are very limited data correlating coagulation tests with postoperative bleeding. We evaluated coagulation changes after CPB and after the administration of coagulation products to 75 children. Baseline coagulation tests were obtained and repeated after protamine administration, after transfusion of individual coagulation products, and on arrival in the intensive care unit (ICU). Regression analysis demonstrated no baseline coagulation test to predict postoperative chest tube drainage. Weight and duration of CPB were determined to be the only predictors of bleeding. Further analyses demonstrated that children <8 kg had more bleeding and required more coagulation products than children >8 kg. Postprotamine platelet count and fibrinogen level correlated independently with 24-h chest tube drainage in children <8 kg, whereas postprotamine platelet count and thrombelastographic values did so in patients weighing >8 kg. Platelet administration alone was found to restore effective hemostasis in many patients. With ongoing bleeding, cryoprecipitate improved coagulation parameters and limited blood loss. Fresh-frozen plasma administration after platelets worsened coagulation parameters and was associated with greater chest tube drainage and more coagulation product transfusions in the ICU. Objective data to guide post-CPB component therapy transfusion in children are suggested. IMPLICATIONS: Children <8 kg can be expected to have more severe coagulopathies, require more coagulation product transfusions, and bleed more after cardiopulmonary bypass. Correlations between coagulation tests and postoperative chest tube drainage are defined. Platelets and, if necessary, cryoprecipitate optimally restore hemostasis. Fresh-frozen plasma offers no benefits in correcting postcardiopulmonary bypass coagulopathies in children.

Anticoagulants↗

PubMed1982

Use of the emergency department observation unit in the treatment of acute asthma.

Because asthmatics have the highest utilization rate (11%) kin our emergency department (ED) observation unit (OU), we conducted a study correlating predictors of the need for OU therapy to initial disposition (ID) and final disposition (FD) using chart audit of treated asthmatics. Twenty-four clinical variables. (historical, physiological, laboratory, therapy response) were examined utilizing chi-square and Student's t tests. Forty-six asthmatics were treated during a four-month period in 1980. The ID breakdown was as follows: 1) home, 17; 2) OU, 23; and 3) admit, 6. Twenty-seven (59%) of the patients received treatment in the OU at some point in their attack (initial or rebound); 18 (39%) were definitively treated in the ED, and nine (20%) were admitted. The mean OU stay was 19 hours at a cost that was 34% of that incurred for a hospital admission. The FD differed from the ID in 14 of 46 (30%): 1) home, 12; 2) holding, observation, and short-term therapy, 18; and 3) admit, 16. Clinical variables correlating significantly with definitive therapy based on ID and FD were historical; symptoms greater than 24 hours, prior OU admissions, and prior hospitalizations. We conclude that the OU is appropriate, safe, and less expensive than admission; is not used for procrastination in decision making and decreases the hospitalization rate. Historical data correlated significantly with both ID and FD, while clinical variables were of little predictive value.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2006

Retrospective analysis of catheter-related infections in a hemodialysis unit.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence rates of catheter-related bloodstream infection associated with different vascular access methods in patients receiving hemodialysis. SETTING: Tertiary care public hospital in Western Australia. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of surveillance data collected by the hospital's infection control department. METHODS: The number of confirmed bloodstream infections for each type of vascular access was identified for the period from July 2002 through June 2003. The corresponding number of patient-days was determined to calculate the infection incidence rates. The serially correlated data were then analyzed using Poisson generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: A total of 32 confirmed bloodstream infections were identified. Infection rates, in number of infections per 1,000 patient-days, were as follows: 0.4 for native arteriovenous fistulae; 2.86 for synthetic arteriovenous grafts; 4.02 for permanent, tunneled, cuffed central venous catheters; and 20.2 for temporary, nontunneled, noncuffed central venous catheters. Compared with permanent catheters, the monthly infection rate associated with the temporary catheters was significantly higher (incident rate ratio [IRR], 5.025 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.532-16.484]; P=.008) and that of arteriovenous fistulae was significantly lower (IRR, 0.099 [95% CI, 0.030-0.324]; P=.001). The monthly infection rate for arteriovenous grafts was not significantly different from that for permanent central venous catheters (IRR, 0.702 [95% CI, 0.246-2.008]; P=.510). CONCLUSIONS: A hierarchy of infection risk associated with vascular access type is evident. Native arteriovenous fistulae should be recommended for all patients receiving chronic hemodialysis, to minimize infection.

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMed2004

Expression pattern of the Y-linked PRY gene suggests a function in apoptosis but not in spermatogenesis.

In this study, we aimed at analysing the expression of the PRY (PTPN-13 like on the Y chromosome) gene, located on the Y chromosome, in order to define the function of this gene. Active copies of the PRY gene (PRY1 and PRY2) are located in the AZFb region. PCR amplification of PRY cDNA indicated that the PRY gene is expressed in testicular tissue and ejaculated sperm, but not in Percoll-treated sperm. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry on testicular tissue showed the expression of the PRY gene in a small number of spermatozoa and spermatids. In the ejaculate of the male partner of 18 infertile couples, the PRY protein was found in 1.5-51.2% of spermatozoa and in most of the sperm precursor cells. The percentage of spermatozoa showing DNA fragmentation was also determined in 13 of these samples, by using the TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase)-mediated dUDP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) reaction. These data correlated with the percentage of PRY-positive cells. When double labelling for PRY and DNA fragmentation was performed to assess whether PRY-positive cells also show DNA fragmentation, we saw that 27-48% of the PRY-positive spermatozoa were also positive for the TUNEL reaction. The overall data of RNA analysis, immunocytochemistry and the TUNEL reaction indicate that the role of the PRY gene in spermatogenesis can be questioned, but suggest its involvement in apoptosis of spermatids and spermatozoa.

Apoptosis↗

PubMed2006

GLIDA: GPCR-ligand database for chemical genomic drug discovery.

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the most important families of drug targets in pharmaceutical development. GPCR-LIgand DAtabase (GLIDA) is a novel public GPCR-related chemical genomic database that is primarily focused on the correlation of information between GPCRs and their ligands. It provides correlation data between GPCRs and their ligands, along with chemical information on the ligands, as well as access information to the various web databases regarding GPCRs. These data are connected with each other in a relational database, allowing users in the field of GPCR-related drug discovery to easily retrieve such information from either biological or chemical starting points. GLIDA includes structure similarity search functions for the GPCRs and for their ligands. Thus, GLIDA can provide correlation maps linking the searched homologous GPCRs (or ligands) with their ligands (or GPCRs). By analyzing the correlation patterns between GPCRs and ligands, we can gain more detailed knowledge about their interactions and improve drug design efforts by focusing on inferred candidates for GPCR-specific drugs. GLIDA is publicly available at http://gdds.pharm.kyoto-u.ac.jp:8081/glida. We hope that it will prove very useful for chemical genomic research and GPCR-related drug discovery.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Recent advances in migraine management.

Migraine periodically disables millions of Americans and thus has a significant economic impact on society. Successful treatment of migraine requires that the physician understand the pathophysiology underlying migraine and educate the migraineur in the management of this chronic pain syndrome. Recent advances in the receptor biochemistry of serotonin have given important insight into the mechanisms of migraine pain and treatment. An understanding of these mechanisms has resulted in treatment strategies that address the mechanism of headache control rather than just symptom control. Advances in pharmacologic therapy include a newly developed highly selective serotonin agonist called sumatriptan, which appears to be a promising addition to the armamentarium of abortive migraine treatments. Further data correlating the role of daily analgesics and ergotamines in transforming episodic migraine into chronic daily headache represent another significant advance in migraine management. Clinical trials of sumatriptan are reviewed, and the role of daily analgesic and ergotamine use is discussed in relation to advances in migraine pathophysiology and available demographic data on migraine.

Analgesics↗

PubMed1993

Interleukin-4 induces tissue eosinophilia in mice: correlation with its in vitro capacity to stimulate the endothelial cell-dependent selective transmigration of human eosinophils.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) has been shown to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of allergic disease. In this study, intraperitoneal administration of IL-4 in mice led to selective accumulation of eosinophils, and intradermal injection induced marked eosinophil infiltration. However, IL-4 had no detectable effect on neutrophil accumulation. Preincubation of mouse IL-4 with the neutralizing mAb 11B11 abolished this peritoneal and dermal eosinophilia. These in vivo data correlate with the in vitro capacity of IL-4 to specifically promote the selective transendothelial migration of eosinophils. Supernatants of antigen-stimulated T cell clones derived from hypersensitized individuals induced significant eosinophil transmigration that was inhibited by the neutralizing mAb 8F12 against human IL-4. These experiments impressively demonstrate a link between specific antigenic recognition and the selective recruitment of eosinophils by the endothelial barrier. Furthermore, data are presented supporting our previous evidence that eosinophils need initial priming to transmigrate across IL-4-activated monolayers. Whereas freshly isolated eosinophils from nonallergic individuals failed to transmigrate, the eosinophils from a group of patients with allergic asthma showed spontaneous layer penetration. These data further support the evidence that eosinophils from allergic patients undergo in vivo priming and are functionally different with respect to their capacity to transmigrate.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Causal judgments about relations between multilevel variables.

Three experiments presented stimulus information about cause and effect variables taking 3 quantitative values. Judgments tended to vary in accordance with considerations of conditions affecting the validity of causal inference from correlational data: whether causal candidates were presented simultaneously or in a temporal order such that one could affect the other and whether candidates were confounded with each other. The results supported a general hypothesis that causal judgments are moderated in accordance with acquired methodological intuitions. The fourth experiment showed that tendencies in correlation judgment were different from those in causal judgment, further supporting the hypothesis that causal judgment from multilevel variable information is, to some extent, determined by processes or conceptual frameworks specific to the domain of causal cognition.

Adult↗