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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Effects of vestibular stimulation on nystagmus response and motor performance in the developmentally delayed infant.

The effects were studied of 10 days' exposure to daily repetitive, specific vestibular stimulation on motor performance of children with Down's syndrome and normal children. A quantitative assessment of vestibular function was made in these children including the habituation response of postrotatory nystagmus. Control groups were included. Both the children with Down's syndrome and the normal children who received vestibular therapy demonstrated positive effects when evaluated using a quantitative motor skills assessment test. Control and treatment children showed vestibular habituation, with treatment children evidencing the greater change. This change may reflect the acquisition of an increased level of central nervous system inhibitory control.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1997

Phenytoin-induced teratogenesis: a molecular basis for the observed developmental delay during neurulation.

PURPOSE: We wished to determine whether chronic phenytoin (PHT) exposure could impair neural development and if any morphological alterations could be linked to changes in gene expression. METHODS: Pregnant SWV mice were chronically administered PHT 40 mg/kg/day from gestational day (GD) 0:12 (day:h) until they were killed at various timepoints throughout neural tube closure (NTC). At each timepoint, embryos from both treated and control dams were collected and scored for their progression through NTC. The neural tubes were then isolated and subjected to in situ transcription (IST) and antisense RNA amplification procedures. Using these techniques, we examined the expression of 10 genes: N-cadherin (Ncad), collagen type IV (col-IV), bcl-2, c-jun, PAX-3, collular retinol binding protein-2 (CRBP-2), retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR alpha), transforming growth factor(beta2) (TGF(beta2)), wee-1, and EMX-2. RESULTS: Chronic PHT exposure not only caused a delay in NTC whereby exposed embryos lagged behind the controls at each collection timepoint, but also significantly altered the expression of specific genes at distinct times during NTC. Early in NTC, PHT induced a significant reduction in the expression of N-cad, col-IV, and c-jun in exposed embryos as compared with controls. In contrast, during the midstages of NTC, the only significant molecular alterations observed in the PHT-exposed embryos was the continued decreased expression of col-IV and an increase in CRBP-2 expression. Finally, in the latter stages of NTC, PHT caused a significant reduction in the expression of bcl-2, RAR alpha, TGF(beta2), EMX-2, and PAX-3. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that although the effects of PHT are morphologically subtle, causing a delay in the development of the neural tube, this delay is accompanied by alterations in critical genes at crucial times of neural development that may account for the observed neurological deficits often associated with PHT exposure.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1995

Cytogenetic findings indicate heterogeneity in patients with blepharophimosis, epicanthus inversus, and developmental delay.

Three unrelated, mentally retarded boys with typical blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) were found to have chromosomal aberrations. One of them had a del(3)(p25), another patient had a de novo translocation t(2; 3), which after high resolution banding combined with chromosome painting was interpreted to be unbalanced with a loss of band q23. The third patient had a del(7)(q34). The phenotypes of the two patients with chromosome 3 related syndromes were similar, but the third also had genital malformations resembling the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. This patient had a palatal ridge, and a single mesial maxillary tooth suggesting the holoprosencephaly sequence, but CT scans of the brain were normal.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1994

[Synopsis of results with 1,300 children with language developmental delay from the etiopathogenetic, audiologic and speech pathology viewpoint].

This study presents the results of 1,305 children with speech disorders. The examination included ENT inspection, audiometry, speech evaluations and if required, psychological tests. In 48% we found hearing loss, most frequently in the age-group up to 4 years. In 95% hearing loss fluctuated about 20 dB, caused by malfunction of the tube or by adenoids, not only in autumn and winter, but throughout the year. In this case, the total hearing input of these children is reduced. In only 5% we found cochlear hearing loss. In hearing-impaired children the speech development was significantly depressed in all dimensions in comparison with normal-hearing children. 19% of the children were generally delayed in development. Other causes of speech disorders were less important. This study demonstrates the necessity of follow-up microscopy of the tympanic membrane, audiometry and operative therapy including adenoidectomy and insertion of ventilation tubes. With this concept, only 37% of the children required speech therapy.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Stereotyped behavior in developmentally delayed or autistic populations. Rhythmic or nonrhythmic?

Stereotypies are high-frequency, highly repetitive, nonfunctional behaviors that are also often characterized as rhythmic. Rhythmicity suggests that the behavior is periodic, occurring at fixed intervals. Few studies, however, have rigorously demonstrated periodicity in stereotypy. This study examined various topographies of stereotypy in 9 participants and used spectral methods to detect existence of periodicties. Two general patterns emerged in the spectral analysis. Participants who engaged in stereotypic rocking showed peaks in their power spectra; participants who engaged in other topographies of stereotypy did not show peaks. Thus, it appears that although some stereotypies--notably, rocking--have a periodic component, rhythmicity does not appear to be a characteristic of stereotypy in general.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The effect of intervention on the free-play experience for mothers and their infants with developmental delay and cerebral palsy.

An intervention study designed to investigate the effects of one hour of maternal and infant behavior was conducted using experimental and control groups of mothers and their infants with cerebral palsy. Ten mother-infant pairs were in each group; infants ranged in age from 8-32 months. Infants of mothers in the control group received one hour of NDT-based occupational therapy. Two-factor repeated measures analysis of variance with repeated measures of the second factor indicated that the nonverbal instruction methods were significantly more successful in modifying maternal and infant behavior than were the verbal instruction methods. Implications of the results for intervention programs and future research were discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Movement suppression time-out for undesirable behavior in psychotic and severely developmentally delayed children.

The effects of a movement suppression time-out, which involved punishing any movement or verbalization while a client is in the time-out area, were evaluated in four experiments. The first experiment examined the effects of a DRO procedure and movement suppression plus DRO in suppressing self-injurious behavior in a psychotic child in three different situations. In Experiment 2, the results of the previous experiment were replicated with two dangerous behaviors in a second psychotic child. In a third experiment, movement suppression plus DRO was compared with contingent restraint in reducing inappropriate poking behavior in two settings. The movement suppression procedure eliminated poking whereas contingent restraint had little effect. In the final experiment, movement suppression time-out alone was compared with exclusionary time-out alone and simple corner time-out alone. Self-stimulation occurred at high levels during the exclusionary and simple corner time-out procedures. Self-stimulation was either suppressed or reduced during movement suppression time-out. The movement suppression time-out procedure produced a larger reduction in the target behavior in all three children. The effectiveness of the movement suppression procedure was explained in terms of the suppression of self-stimulation while the time-out procedure was being applied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Postnatal developmental delay and supersensitivity to organophosphate in gene-targeted mice lacking acetylcholinesterase.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) is the primary terminator of nerve impulse transmission at cholinergic synapses and is believed to play an important role in neural development. Targeted deletion of four exons of the ACHE gene reduced AChE activity by half in heterozygous mutant mice and totally eliminated AChE activity in nullizygous animals. Butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) activity was normal in AChE -/- mice. Although nullizygous mice were born alive and lived up to 21 days, physical development was delayed. The neuromuscular junction of 12-day-old nullizygous animals appeared normal in structure. Nullizygous mice were highly sensitive to the toxic effects of the organophosphate diisopropylfluorophosphate and to the butyrylcholinesterase-specific inhibitor bambuterol. These findings indicate that butyrylcholinesterase and possibly other enzymes are capable of compensating for some functions of AChE and that the inhibition of targets other than AChE by organophosphorus agents results in death.

Acetylcholinesterase↗