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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is expressed in normal spermatogenesis but only infrequently in testicular germ cell tumours.

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is essential for somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) of immunoglobulin genes in antigen-dependent B-cell maturation. SHM is not restricted to immunoglobulin gene loci, raising the possibility of a function for AID in other cell types. In this study, it is shown that AID is expressed in spermatocytes in the human testis. AID was mostly cytoplasmic but nuclear AID was also observed in a proportion of cells, in keeping with the DNA deamination model of AID function. Intratubular germ cell neoplasia unclassified (IGCNU), the precursor lesion of testicular cancers, was AID-negative. Seminomas also lacked AID expression. Nuclear and cytoplasmic AID expression was observed in three of 32 mixed non-seminomatous germ cell tumours. The results provide evidence for a physiological role for AID outside the immune system. AID expression in spermatocytes points to a role in meiosis. It remains uncertain whether AID may also contribute to the genetic aberrations characteristically found in testicular germ cell tumours. The consistent absence of detectable AID expression in atypical spermatogonia of IGCNU and its rare expression in germ cell tumours suggest that continued expression of AID is not involved in the pathogenesis of germ cell tumours.

Carcinoma, Embryonal↗
PubMed2002

A case of ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma with yolk sac tumor component in a postmenopausal woman.

The co-existence of an endometrioid adenocarcinoma with an ovarian yolk sac tumor is very rare. Only eight cases have been reported in the English language literature. A 54-year-old postmenopausal woman with a 6-month history of progressive abdominal distension was seen at our hospital. MR imaging revealed a large cyst with a solid intramural node. Serum alpha-fetoprotein and CA125 levels were 13143 ng/ml and 170 U/ml, respectively. At laparotomy, a large tumor approximately 20 cm in diameter was found to occupy the abdominal cavity, adhering to the swollen appendix and part of the omentum. Microscopically, foci of endometrioid adenocarcinoma together with a yolk sac tumor component were observed within a large endometriotic cyst. Since the tumor was clinically staged 1c, the patient was given 500 mg of intraperitoneal carboplatin postoperatively, followed by five courses of combination chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin, etoposide and peplomycin at 4-week intervals. The levels of both serum alpha-fetoprotein and CA 125 decreased gradually to normal ranges and remained normal at the most recent follow-up on 29 December, 2001. In contrast to a very poor prognosis of this tumor in previously reported cases, our patient showed no sign of recurrence during a 21-month follow-up period.

Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate↗
PubMed2002

Lectin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein (AFP-L3%) curability and prediction of clinical course after treatment of non-seminomatous germ cell tumors.

OBJECTIVE: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is an important tumor marker for non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) that greatly affects diagnosis and the evaluations of therapy and therapeutic policy. However, it is sometimes very difficult to make the distinction between tumors and falsely elevated AFP levels due to benign liver disease. We assessed the usefulness of lectin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein (AFP-L3%), which has been reported to be superior to total AFP in both sensitivity and specificity in hepatocellular carcinomas, for the evaluation of predictions of clinical courses after the treatment of NSGCTs. METHODS: Frozen sera of 25 tumor-bearing patients with testicular cancers whose AFP levels were 5.0 ng/ml or higher were used. The total AFP levels and the ratio of L3 fraction to total AFP (AFP-L3%) were measured by liquid-phase binding assay (LBA). RESULTS: The total AFP levels were 6.3-14 907 ng/ml (median: 105.9 ng/ml). The median AFP-L3% was 69.9% (range;: 1.1-88.1%). Except for one patient, 24 patients (96.0%) with evident disease showed high levels of AFP-L3% of >50%, regardless of their total AFP levels. In nine patients whose sera were sequentially measured, AFP-L3% was considered highly useful for the detection of residual tumors (n = 2) and recurrence (n = 1) and for the exclusion of false-positive cases (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: When the total AFP level increases slightly (e.g. to 5-20 ng/ml), a measurement of AFP-L3% may provide additional useful information for monitoring NSGCT patients and in distinguishing falsely elevated AFP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Hepatoid yolk sac tumors of the mediastinum: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of four cases.

Four cases of primary hepatoid yolk sac tumors of the anterior mediastinum are described. The patients were all men between the ages of 26 and 40 years (median 33). Clinically, they all presented with a history of shortness of breath and chest pain of several weeks' duration. None of the patients had a history of germ cell tumor elsewhere or evidence of any hepatic abnormality. Grossly, all the tumors were described as large mediastinal masses that impinged on adjacent structures. Histologically, they were characterized by sheets of medium-sized, round to polygonal neoplastic cells with moderate amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm and round to oval nuclei with prominent nucleoli. The cellular proliferation was homogeneous and displayed moderate cellular atypia and scattered mitotic activity. All the tumors showed focally the presence of more conventional areas of yolk sac tumor, with islands of tumor cells showing a reticular pattern of growth admixed with scattered intra- and extracellular hyaline globules and occasional Schiller-Duval bodies. Immunohistochemical studies showed strong positivity of the tumor cells for alpha-fetoprotein in both components of the lesions. Follow-up information was available in three patients, all of whom developed lung metastases within a year after initial diagnosis. Two of these patients died of tumor within the same period, whereas a third patient has been lost to follow-up. The present cases illustrate an unusual histologic pattern of yolk sac tumor in the mediastinum and highlight the importance of considering this tumor in the differential diagnosis of lesions showing a hepatoid pattern of growth in the mediastinal area.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Seminoma with tubular, microcystic, and related patterns: a study of 28 cases of unusual morphologic variants that often cause confusion with yolk sac tumor.

We report 28 testicular seminomas with cystic spaces of variable nature, sometimes accompanied by solid and hollow tubular patterns (12 cases). The spaces often suggested reticular or microcystic patterns of yolk sac tumor, and the solid and hollow tubular patterns often added to the diagnostic confusion. The tumors occurred in men 21 to 55 years old and on gross examination had the typical appearance of seminoma. On microscopic examination, the spaces ranged from small, closely packed and relatively regular to dilated, more dispersed and somewhat irregular. The hollow tubules appeared to result from central discohesion within nests of tumor. The spaces, particularly when large, often contained occasional tumor cells or inflammatory cells within pale edema fluid. The cytologic appearance of the cells lining the spaces, and in the surrounding tumor, retained the typical features of seminoma cells. Thirteen tumors (46%) either lacked (8 cases) or had very scant (5 cases) lymphocytes in the cystic and tubular areas, and hyaline globules were absent. Thirteen of 13 tumors were immunopositive for OCT-3/4 in the nontypical and typical areas; 9 of 10 were placental alkaline phosphatase positive, and 7 of 10 were c-Kit (CD117) positive. The same 13 cases were negative with cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) and alpha-fetoprotein stains. Distinction from yolk sac tumor is aided by the observation that the spaces of yolk sac tumor are often more irregular in their individual shapes and frequently form anastomosing channels. Additionally, the spaces of yolk sac tumor randomly merge with various other yolk sac tumor patterns. The cells lining spaces in yolk sac tumor are often flattened with compressed nuclei and lack the typical prominent nucleoli of seminoma cells. Paucity of lymphocytes and intracystic edema, however, are not differentially helpful, although basophilic fluid favors yolk sac tumor. A panel of immunostains (AE1/AE3, OCT-3/4, and alpha-fetoprotein) is helpful in the differential with yolk sac tumor in especially problematic cases. The edema and paucity of lymphocytes may suggest spermatocytic seminoma, but the varied cell types of that neoplasm are absent.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Mediastinal immature teratoma with yolk sac tumor and myelomonocytic leukemia associated with Klinefelter's syndrome.

A 14-year-old male presenting with a short history of right subclavicular chest pain was found to have a mediastinal tumor. Hematologic investigations and bone marrow examination showed features of myelomonocytic leukemia. The mediastinal tumor was excised, but the surgery was complicated by massive hemorrhage. The patient's condition deteriorated postoperatively and he died a week later. The histology of the mediastinal tumor showed the typical features of an immature teratoma with a yolk sac tumor. A prominent infiltrate of leukemic blast cells was present within blood vessels and in close proximity to the yolk sac component. The karyotypic analysis of leukemic cells isolated and cultured from the bone marrow showed 50XXY, +8, +21, +iso G-group marker chromosome karyotype.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Yolk sac tumor].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed2000

The vulvar mass in the prepubertal child.

The differential diagnosis of the vulvar mass in the prepubertal patient is extensive and reported cases of a vulvar hamartoma in the literature are limited. The case presented in this work and review of the literature demonstrate that when considering the differential diagnosis of vulvar masses in the prepubertal female, hamartoma should be included. This review outlines the differential diagnosis of the vulvar mass and gives a comprehensive review of benign masses arising from embryonic remnants, those of mesenchymal origin as well as sarcoma botryoides-embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and the embryonal sinus tumor.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Novel epigenetically deregulated genes in testicular cancer include homeobox genes and SCGB3A1 (HIN-1).

Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) are classified into two main histological subgroups: seminomas and non-seminomas. The latter comprise several subtypes: embryonal carcinomas, yolk sac tumours, choriocarcinomas, and teratomas. These embryonal and extra-embryonal-like differentiation lineages represent a caricature of early normal development, and inactivation of gene expression through promoter hypermethylation may therefore be of particular importance in germ cell tumourigenesis. The promoter methylation status of ten candidate genes-CDH13, DLX6, EMX2, HOXA9, HOXB5, MSX1, MSX2, RASSF1A, RUNX3, and SCGB3A1 (alias HIN-1)-was assessed by methylation-specific PCR in seven intratubular germ cell neoplasias and 55 primary TGCTs. Furthermore, by a discovery-based global approach, comparing cDNA microarray expression profiles of two germ cell tumour cell lines before and after treatment with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, a gene list of potentially epigenetic targets was identified, from which CGGBP1, CGRRF1, SMARCC2, SORBS1, and XPA were analysed further. Overall, the non-seminomas were significantly more often methylated than were seminomas (p < 0.001). The three most frequently methylated genes among this subtype were SCGB3A1 (54%), RASSF1A (29%), and HOXA9 (26%). CDH13 and HOXB5 were methylated at low frequencies (10-15%), and EMX2, MSX1, RUNX3, SORBS1, and XPA only rarely (<10%). In conclusion, this study has identified several novel epigenetically deregulated target genes in TGCT development, including homeobox genes and SCGB3A1, suggesting that epigenetic inactivation of key genes in normal development also has an important role in TGCTs.

Carcinoma, Embryonal↗
PubMed1998

Germ cell tumors of the mediastinum and testis: a comparative immunohistochemical study of 120 cases.

An immunohistochemical study was performed in 120 cases of mediastinal and testicular germ cell tumors from archival, paraffin-embedded material to compare the patterns of expression between the two groups with a panel of markers, including broad-spectrum keratin, CAM 5.2 low-molecular-weight cytokeratin, placental-like alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human beta-chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), vimentin, and CD30 (Ki-1 antigen). Significant differences were observed between mediastinal and testicular seminomas: mediastinal seminomas showed strong dot-like paranuclear positivity of the tumor cells with antibodies to CAM 5.2 low-molecular-weight keratin in 80% of cases (32 of 40), as compared with only 20% positivity (5 of 24) in testicular seminomas; placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) was also found to be less commonly expressed in testicular seminomas (12 of 24) than in mediastinal seminomas (37 of 40); a similar pattern of expression was also observed for vimentin, which was present in scattered tumor cells in a higher proportion of mediastinal seminomas (28 of 40) than in testicular seminomas (11 of 24). The staining pattern and distribution of these markers did not show significant differences between the two groups for the various other tumor categories studied, including yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma, and choriocarcinoma. The tumor cells in both testicular and mediastinal embryonal carcinoma showed strong positivity for the CD30 antigen; however, strong positivity for this marker was also observed in 6 of 25 yolk sac tumors and in scattered individual tumor cells in 4 of 63 seminomas. The results of this study show that significant differences exist between the immunostaining patterns of mediastinal and testicular seminomas, suggesting that the former may be characterized by a more mature phenotype than their testicular counterparts. Also, CD30 expression may not be necessarily restricted to embryonal carcinomas and occasionally may be observed in yolk sac tumors and seminoma cells, supporting the close histogenetic relationship that exists among these tumor types.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

New developments in sex cord-stromal and germ cell tumors of the ovary.

This article examines unusual and recently described neoplasms such as variants of Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, monodermal teratomas, and small cell carcinoma, both the hypercalcemic and pulmonic types. Additionally, clues to assist in differentiating metastatic from primary tumors of the ovary are discussed.

Carcinoid Tumor↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (neprilysin) in human hepatocellular carcinomas by immunocytochemistry.

BACKGROUND: We have reported previously that neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (neprilysin; NEP; CALLA, CD10) activity was very high in rat hepatomas and a cultured human hepatocarcinoma cell line (SK-HEP1). MATERIALS AND METHODS: While continuing these studies, we detected the presence of NEP in SK-HEP 1 cells by immunocytochemistry and in paraffin-embedded human hepatocellular carcinomas as well. IgG purified from polyclonal antisera to human NEP was employed as a source of antibody. RESULTS: SK-HEP 1 cells gave a strong positive reaction to the IgG fraction of the antisera. In control studies, where IgG was preabsorbed with recombinant NEP, the results were negative. Of the 18 hepatocellular carcinomas tested, NEP was expressed in 14 (78%) malignant tumors, while adjacent liver tissue did not show the presence of NEP. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that, because none of the known hepatocellular carcinoma markers are highly specific, the detection of NEP in these malignant cells can be an additional useful diagnostic tool.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

Vaginal neoplasms in infancy: the combined role of chemotherapy and conservative surgical resection.

This retrospective review of nine infants treated for vaginal tumors between 1964 and 1986 identifies the spectrum of lesions and examines the trend toward more conservative surgical therapy. Our patients' ages ranged from 1 to 30 months. Symptoms of vaginal bleeding or protruding tissue prompted examination under general anesthesia in all cases. Two children had benign protruding polypoid masses treated by simple excision. Seven had malignant tumors, two with endodermal sinus lesions and five with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Early in this series, surgical therapy for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma consisted of either anterior or complete pelvic exenteration, with adjuvant chemotherapy given in two of the three patients. One patient was operated on prior to the development of effective chemotherapy, and died of recurrent tumor 14 months after surgery. A second patient died from cardiac failure secondary to adriamycin toxicity 6 years after initial therapy. A third patient underwent total pelvic exenteration followed by successful reanastomosis of the colon to the anal verge. This patient, a female, is the oldest survivor and is free of disease 14 years after therapy. The most recent therapeutic approach used in two patients with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma consisted of local tumor excision followed by postoperative chemotherapy. Both patients are alive and disease-free 9 and 11 years after therapy. Two patients with endodermal sinus tumor were treated with chemotherapy after simple excisional biopsy. They were then followed with serial vaginal biopsies at 3-month intervals. One required a partial vaginectomy for local recurrence 21 months after initial presentation. Both patients are alive and disease-free 18 months and 4 years after surgery.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed1993

Germ cell neoplasms of the testis.

Testicular germ cell neoplasia, a disease predominantly of young men, is, for unknown reasons, increasing in incidence. Cryptorchidism, a prior testicular germ cell tumor, a family history of testicular germ cell tumors, and somatosexual ambiguity syndromes remain well-established risk factors. Intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the unclassified type represents the common precursor to the great majority of testicular germ cell tumors, and its identification in testicular biopsies reliably identifies those patients who will often progress to an invasive lesion. Seminoma appears to represent the invasive derivative of intra-tubular germ cell of neoplasia of the unclassified type; problematic variants include seminomas with tubular, granulomatous, and edematous patterns. Spermatocytic seminoma is an essentially nonmetastasizing neoplasm unless complicated by the rare development of a sarcomatous component. Embryonal carcinomas usually occur admixed with other germ cell tumor types. The combination of positivity for placental alkaline phosphatase and negativity for epithelial membrane antigen can assist in the distinction of embryonal carcinomas from somatic carcinomas. The treatment of clinical stage I patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumor with "surveillance only" may be contraindicated depending on features that include the proportion of embryonal carcinoma and the presence of lymphovascular invasion in the orchiectomy specimen. It is important to be aware that pure, mature teratomas in postpubertal patients may be associated with metastases of teratomatous or nonteratomatous type Yolk sac tumor is characterized by numerous patterns including glandular, myxomatous, sarcomatoid, hepatoid, and parietal variants. Choriocarcinomas classically have a biphasic pattern of syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast; trophoblastic proliferations lacking a biphasic pattern also occur but are difficult to classify unless this category is broadened. Mixed germ cell tumors, consisting of two or more different elements, are quite common. The polyembryoma is a distinctive, well-organized form of mixed germ cell tumor consisting of embryonal carcinoma and yolk sac tumor.

Choriocarcinoma↗
PubMed1976

[Malignant stem-cell tumor of the pineal region with unusual differentiation (author's transl)].

Report on a boy aged 10 with a malignant mixed stem-cell tumor of the pineal region. The tumor consists of an adult teratoma, circuscribed teratocarcinoma, endodermal sinus-tumor-like, choriocarcinomatous and germinoma (pinealoma) tous parts. The various parts of this tumor demonstrate the multipotentiality of stem-cells. Stem-cells produce similarly composed tumors also in other region.

Autopsy↗