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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Fallout Pu in the Japanese diet.

The ingestion of fallout Pu from seven or six separate food groups collected in Japan during 1962 and 1983-84 are reported. The contribution of ingested Pu from algae was the highest among the food groups studied: approximately 60% of the total ingested Pu during 1962, and 74% in 1983-84. The contribution from whole marine products, i.e. algae and fish/shellfish, was approximately 70% of the total Pu ingested in 1962, and more than 90% in 1983-84. The higher Japanese ingestion rate than that of the United States is attributable to the higher consumption rate of marine food products in Japan. Also reported in this paper are the ingestion rate for 137Cs from fallout through the same food groups, and the concentration of Pu and other radioactive nuclides in specific individual foodstuffs and algae samples.

Food Contamination, Radioactive↗
PubMed2001

Exposure of red bone marrow to ionising radiation from natural and medical sources in France.

This paper presents a review of available data on the average level of equivalent dose to the red bone marrow in France, due to natural and some medical exposures. The sources of exposure to ionising radiation which were studied are medical examinations involving x-rays (diagnostic radiology), inhalation of radon and thoron, cosmic irradiation, terrestrial irradiation and intakes of natural radionuclides. This review is based, where possible, on specific data for France. The influence of age on exposure levels is studied when data are available. The total equivalent dose to the red bone marrow is estimated at 2.4 mSv year(-1), 2.7 mSv year(-1) and 5.4 mSv year(-1) respectively for adults (> or =18 years old), children (3-17 years old) and infants (0-1 year old). The high level of exposure for infants is explained by the important contribution of 210Po. The average equivalent dose to the red bone marrow for adults is also compared with the average committed effective dose due to the same exposure sources. The importance of medical exposure and natural exposure due to intake of natural radionuclides emphasises the importance of obtaining more information about these sources of exposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Comments on "Breast cancer: evidence for a relation to fission products in the diet".

For over 30 years, Ernest Sternglass (recently joined by Jay Gould) has claimed that large occurrences of health effects result from small exposures to ionizing radiation. A recent study published in the Journal claimed to show a "supralinear" dose-effect relationship versus curies per million persons. The authors of this article show that Sternglass and Gould did not follow accepted scientific methods, never calculated the dose equivalent to the population studied, misinterpreted the raw data, and did not evaluate any possible confounding factors that could influence the observed breast cancer mortality. The reanalysis of the raw data shows that, while there may have been changes in the mortality patterns from breast cancer in the four geographical regions reported, Sternglass and Gould failed to demonstrate a relationship between the operational histories of the Haddam Neck, Millstone, and Indian Point reactors and breast cancer mortality.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1993

Breast cancer: evidence for a relation to fission products in the diet.

To establish the possible relation between breast cancer mortality and low doses of radiation due to fission products in the environment, the mortality rates in the nine census regions of the United States for the years 1984-1988 were correlated with the cumulative airborne releases from all the nuclear plants in each region for the period 1970-1987. A high correlation coefficient of 0.91 was obtained for a logarithmic dependence on the total releases, consistent with an indirect action via free-radical oxygen at very low dose rates, in contrast to a direct action on DNA at high dose rates, explaining the wide differences in risk per unit dose obtained in earlier studies. The recent temporal changes of breast cancer rates in the New York metropolitan area including nearby Connecticut, Westchester, and Long Island were examined in relation to the releases from nearby nuclear plants and found to be consistent with a dominant role of short-lived fission products in drinking water and fresh milk. The results support a major role for nuclear plant releases in industrial countries in the recent rises of breast and other forms of cancers not related to smoking, especially among older persons, and strongly support the need to replace nuclear reactors with more benign ways to generate electricity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Environmental radioactivity in the Faroes in 1977.

Measurements of fallout radioactivity in the Faroes in 1967 are presented. Strontium-90 (and 137Cs in most cases) was determined in regularly collected samples of precipitation, grass, milk, fish, sea water, bread, and drinking water. In addition, analyses were made of spot samples of lamb, sea birds, potatoes, sea plants, vegetables, eggs, and human bone. Estimates are given of the mean contents of 90Sr and 137Cs in the human diet in the Faroes in 1977.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[The radioecology of the grapevine. 2. Effects of the nuclear reactor accident in Chernobyl on the radioactivity in the soil, leaves, grapes and wine].

Natural (tritium, 14C, 40K, 226Ra) and man-made radionuclides (90Sr, 134Cs, 137Cs) were determined in soil (top 30 cm), vine leaves, grapes and wine in eight locations of the most important viticultural regions in the Federal Republic of Germany. The results obtained in 1983-1985 have been published previously. Part II of this study presents results obtained in 1986 and 1987, i.e. after the reactor accident at Chernobyl in the Soviet Union. The mean content of 137Cs before (after) Chernobyl was 4 (9) Bq/kg dry matter in soil, 0.07 (3) Bq/kg fresh matter in leaves, 0.02 (0.4) Bq/kg in grapes, and 0.008 (0.9) Bq/L in wine. As compared with 1986, distinctly lower levels were found in leaves, grapes and wine in 1987. In 1986 the content of 134Cs was about half that of 137Cs. Owing to its shorter half-life, 134Cs was below the detection limit in many of the 1987 samples. Transfer factors such as from soil to leaves and from soil to grapes for caesium agreed well in 1983-1985 and 1987, but showed considerable deviations in 1986, due to the ubiquitous contamination of the environment. Results of 90Sr determinations confirmed other reports showing this radionuclide to be a very minor contributor to the total radioactivity released at Chernobyl. No effect of the reactor accident on levels of the other radionuclides was detected.

Accidents↗