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PubMed1980

Acetylcholinesterase activity and its molecular forms in selected regions of the dog's nervous system.

Acetylcholinestrase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) activity and its molecular forms were studied in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellar cortex, medulla oblongata, the various parts of spinal cord, the spinal ganglia and the sciatic nerve in intact adult dogs. The number and the proportion of different molecular forms of AChE in these regions of the dog's nervous system varied considerably. The highest AChE activity was found in the basal ganglia, where only one molecular forms was detected. Activity was also high in the cerebellar cortex (2 isoenzymes), the thalamus (4 isoenzymes) and the medulla oblongata (5 isoenzymes), and was lower in the cerebral cortex (3 isoenzymes). AChE activity in the spinal cord was highest in the sacral part (4 isoenzymes); in the other parts (3 isoenzymes) it was equal. Five molecular forms were found in the spinal ganglia and two in the sciatic nerve. The significance of the multiple molecular forms of AChE is discussed.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1990

Segmental motor and sensory innervation of muscles in anterior leg compartment as revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing technique was used to label and localize motor and sensory neurons innervating tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of the anterior leg compartment of the rat. The tibialis anterior sensory neurons were located in the ipsilateral L4 and L5 spinal ganglia. Cells of origin of tibialis anterior motor endings were also found in the ipsilateral ventral horn of the same cord segments as the labeled sensory ganglia. Extensor hallucis longus sensory neurons were located in L4 to L6 spinal ganglia, while its labeled motor neurons were located in L4 and L5 spinal cord segments. The motor neurons innervating the extensor digitorum longus muscle were located in L4 to L6 spinal cord segments; its sensory neurons were previously localized. All labeled motor and sensory neurons were present on the ipsilateral side. Almost all motoneurons innervating the 3 muscles were present in the dorsolateral nucleus of the ventral horn.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Implantation of ganglionic cells into peripheral nerves].

The author tried to implant live ganglion cells into a peripheral nerve. They implanted in an experiment 6-8 spinal ganglia of 5-6-day-old rats into the distal part of the n. ischiadicus of an operated full grown rat. Part of the cells of implanted spinal ganglia was unaltered and in their vicinity were numerous groups of non-myelinized axons, probably regenerated processes of these cells. In the perikarya of neurons these were structures of the apparatus of Golgi and granulated endoplasmatic reticula. The mitochondria were in some perikarya large oval, dilated with impaired cristae mitochondriales. These cells were more numerous 42 days after implantation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Neuropathic pain is associated with alterations of nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity and catalytic activity in dorsal root ganglia and spinal dorsal horn.

Previous experiments have suggested that nitric oxide may play an important role in nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. To assess the possible roles of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in spinal sensitization after nerve injury, we examined the distribution of nNOS immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and dorsal horn of the corresponding spinal segments. NOS catalytic activity was also determined by monitoring the conversion of [3H]arginine to [3H]citrulline in the lumbar (L4-L6) spinal cord segments and DRGs in rats 21 days after unilateral loose ligation of the sciatic nerve. Behavioral signs of tactile and cold allodynia developed in the nerve-ligated rats within 1 week after surgery and lasted up to 21 days. Immunocytochemical staining revealed a significant increase (approximately 6.7-fold) of nNOS-immunoreactive neurons and fibers in the DRGs L4-L6. No significant changes were detected in the number of nNOS-positive neurons in laminae I-II of the spinal segments L4-L6 ipsilateral to nerve ligation. However, an increased number of large stellate or elongated somata in deep laminae III-V of the L5 segment expressed high nNOS immunoreactivity. The alterations of NOS catalytic activity in the spinal segments L4-L6 and corresponding DRGs closely correlated with nNOS distribution detected by immunocytochemistry. No such changes were detected in the contralateral DRGs or spinal cord of sham-operated rats. The results indicate that marked alterations of nNOS in the DRG cells and in the spinal cord may contribute to spinal sensory processing as well as to the development of neuronal plasticity phenomena in the dorsal horn.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2005

Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide in the uterine cervix, lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of rats during pregnancy.

The uterine cervix is highly innervated by the sensory nerves containing neuropeptides which change during pregnancy and are regulated, in part, by estrogen. These neuropeptides act as transmitters both in the spinal cord and cervix. The present study was undertaken to determine the expression pattern of the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) in the cervix and its nerves during pregnancy and the influence of estrogen on this expression using immunohistochemistry, radioimmunoassay and RT-PCR. PACAP immunoreactivity was detected in nerves in the cervix, lumbosacral (L6-S1) dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord. PACAP immunoreactivity was highest at day 15 of pregnancy in the cervix and dorsal spinal cord, but then decreased over the last trimester of pregnancy. However, levels of PACAP mRNA increased in the L6-S1 DRG at late pregnancy relative to early pregnancy. DRG of ovariectomized rats treated with estrogen showed increased PACAP mRNA synthesis in a dose-related manner, an effect partially blocked by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780. We postulate that synthesis of PACAP in L6-S1 DRG and utilization in the cervix and spinal cord increase over pregnancy and this synthesis is the under influence of the estrogen-ER system. Since PACAP is expressed by sensory nerves and may have roles in nociception and vascular function, collectively, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that sensory nerve-derived neuronal factors innervate the cervix and play a role in cervical ripening.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Ultrastructure of interneuronal junctions in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia of cats].

The structure of the synaptic contacts of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion was studied both in intact cats and following the section of the cervical sympathetic nerve and removing the Th12, L1, L2 spinal ganglia. The analysis of degenerating synaptic terminals showed that most of them belong to the cervical sympathetic nerve axons. Some of such terminals remain intact and belong to another source. Certain part of dendro-dendritic and dendro-somatic contacts are formed by dendrites of the Th12, L1, L2 spinal ganglia neurons. It is supposed that the dendro-dendritic contacts could function as synapses. The dendro-dendritic contacts establish complexes consisting of an axon and several dendrites. Such complexes might be a substrate for ensuring the synchronization of the rhythmic neuronal activity in the cellular glomeruli of the ganglion. The discovered enlarged structures (from 6 to 20 microns in diameter) seem to represent receptor endings of afferent neurons of the spinal ganglia; these structures may establish synaptic contacts both with axon terminals and dendrites of the ganglionic neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Two patterns of persistence of herpes simplex virus DNA sequences in the nervous systems of latently infected mice.

The number of herpes simplex virus (HSV) genome equivalents recovered from latently infected mouse spinal ganglia was compared with the proportion of neurons containing latency-associated transcripts (LATs). Two distinct patterns of HSV persistence were observed, depending on the anatomical location of ganglia with respect to the site of cutaneous inoculation. The location of the bulk of latent viral DNA did not correspond with the highest prevalence of LAT+ neurons. Viral DNA was most abundant in spinal ganglia directly innervating the inoculation site and the amount recovered, which was similar to that found previously in human trigeminal ganglia, suggested that LAT+ neurons each contain hundreds of copies of HSV DNA. In stark contrast, although LAT+ neurons were most abundant in neighbouring ganglia, viral DNA was scarce (approx. 20 copies/LAT+ cell). These data indicate that amplification of HSV DNA sequences is greatest in ganglia previously shown to be associated with viral antigen expression during the productive phase of primary infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Acute ischemic transection of peripheral axons in angiopathic neuropathy. No demyelination of fasciculus gracilis or decreased number or size of cytons of spinal ganglion neurons.

Demyelination (loss of myelin profiles) of posterior columns of the spinal cord in patients with neuropathy coming to autopsy usually has been interpreted as secondary to distal degeneration of peripheral nerve fibers. Previous experiments to test whether these pathologic changes could result from transecting peripheral nerves produced conflicting results. In a patient with necrotizing angiopathy in whom extensive regions of fiber transection began proximally at midthigh level, the density and diameter distribution of myelinated fibers of the fasciculus gracilis and the number and size distribution of cytons of L3 and L5 spinal ganglia have been obtained and compared with normative measurements. No discernible alteration was found, suggesting that acute degeneration of peripheral nerve fibers is not associated with loss or decrease in size of cytons of spinal ganglia or with loss or decrease in size of myelinated fibers in the fasciculus gracilis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neurofibrillary tangles in the peripheral sympathetic ganglia of non-Alzheimer elderly individuals.

AIM AND METHODS: To clarify whether neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation in the peripheral nervous system is related to that in the central nervous system (CNS), we examined the sympathetic and spinal ganglia from 20 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 8 with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and 100 non-demented individuals, all older than 60 years of age. RESULTS: NFTs were found in the sympathetic ganglia in two elderly (72- and 84-year-old) individuals without AD pathology. Ultrastructurally, these NFTs were composed of paired helical filaments which showed positive immunohistochemical staining with antibodies against ubiquitin and phosphorylation-dependent and -independent epitopes of tau protein. They were identical to those observed in the CNS. No NFTs were detected in the sympathetic or spinal ganglia in AD and PSP patients. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that NFTs in the peripheral ganglia are uncommon and develop independently of the neurofibrillary pathology that occurs in the CNS.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Effects of repeated administration of low doses of cisplatin on the rat nervous system.

Cisplatin is a very effective antineoplastic drug. To date its major toxic dose-limiting effect is peripheral neuropathy. Whereas the clinical and neurophysiological features of cisplatin-induced neuropathy are fairly well known, its pathogenesis is still unclear. We treated a group of Wistar rats with low doses of cisplatin for 70 days in order to evaluate the light-microscopic and ultrastructural changes induced by chronic cisplatin administration in the spinal cord, spinal ganglia and peripheral nerves. Although the most striking pathological alterations were observed in the spinal ganglia neurons, initial axonal neuropathy was also demonstrated, whereas the spinal cord neurons were completely normal. Our findings further support the hypotheses that spinal ganglion neurons are the primary target of cisplatin peripheral neurotoxicity and that peripheral nerve damage is secondary to this neuronopathy.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Glutamate transporter EAAC1 is expressed in neurons and glial cells in the rat nervous system.

Oligonucleotide and cRNA probes were used for non-radioactive in situ hybridization, carried out to identify the cell types in the nervous system of rat expressing the glutamate transporter EAAC1 mRNA. The results were compared with immunocytochemical data obtained using an antibody against a synthetic EAAC1 peptide. The present data confirm that EAAC1 is expressed in neurons of the CNS. Additionally, our findings indicate the localization of EAAC1 mRNA and protein in peripheral neurons (spinal ganglia) and in glial cells, i.e., oligodendrocytes in various white matter regions of the CNS, ependymal cells, and epithelial cells of the plexus choroideus of the four ventricles, as well as in satellite cells of spinal ganglia. Immunolabeling revealed a preferentially cytoplasmic staining of neurons and glial cells. The cytoplasmic staining was frequently granular, suggesting a localization of EAAC1 protein in vesicle membranes. A membrane localization of EAAC1 was also indicated by Western blotting, which showed immunoreactivity only in the 100,000 x g pellet of brain homogenate. We conclude that the glutamate transporter EAAC1 is not restricted to neurons but may also play an important role in glial cells, particularly in oligodendrocytes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

[Central afferent projections from the rat sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. A study using transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase].

Primary afferent fibers from the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles were transganglionically labeled with HRP, using rats anesthetized with urethane. All labelings were found ipsilaterally; retrogradely labeled cells were located in the C2 to C4 spinal ganglia, and transganglionic labelings in the C1 to the rostral C6 spinal segments and in the medulla oblongata. Labeled terminal fields were the lamina VI, the central cervical nucleus and the ventral horn in the cervical spinal cord, and in the medulla oblongata, many labeled fibers projected to the lateral (Cul) and medial cuneate nuclei (Cum), with a few of them projecting to the vestibular nucleus and the intermediate nucleus of Cajal. In the lateral cuneate nucleus, the terminal field was located in the medial portion at rostral levels, but it gradually shifted laterally as traced caudally; in the medial cuneate nucleus, the terminal field was located rostrally in the dorsolateral portion, but caudally in the ventrolateral portion. Although the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles displayed a similar afferent projection pattern, the projection from the former muscle differed from that of the latter in the following respects: 1) Levels of projections to the spinal ganglia and the cervical spinal cord were located slightly more rostrally. 2) The terminal field in the lamina VI was located slightly more medially. 3) In the ventral horn, the sternocleidomastoid muscle afferents projected rostrally to the dorsomedial portion and caudally to the ventrolateral portion, but the trapezius muscle afferents projected solely to the ventrolateral portion at more caudal levels. 4) The terminal fields in the external cuneate nucleus were more extensive. 5) The projection area in the rostral medial cuneate nucleus was located slightly more medially, and projection to the ventromedial portion of the caudal medial cuneate nucleus and that to the intermediate nucleus were considerably fewer.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

P2X receptors in the rat uterine cervix, lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia, and spinal cord during pregnancy.

ATP, an intracellular energy source, is released from cells during tissue stress, damage, or inflammation. The P2X subtype of the ATP receptor is expressed in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, spinal cord dorsal horn, and axons in peripheral tissues. ATP binding to P2X receptors on nociceptors generates signals that can be interpreted as pain from damaged tissue. We have hypothesized that tissue stress or damage in the uterine cervix during late pregnancy and parturition can lead to ATP release and sensory signaling via P2X receptors. Consequently, we have examined sensory pathways from the cervix in nonpregnant and pregnant rats for the presence of purinoceptors. Antiserum against the P2X3-receptor subtype showed P2X3- receptor immunoreactivity in axon-like structures of the cervix, in small and medium-sized neurons in the L6/S1 DRG, and in lamina II of the L6/S1 spinal cord segments. Retrograde tracing confirmed the projections of axons of P2X3-receptor-immunoreactive DRG neurons to the cervix. Some P2X3-receptor-positive DRG neurons also expressed estrogen receptor-alpha immunoreactivity and expressed the phosphorylated form of cyclic AMP response-element-binding protein at parturition. Western blots showed a trend toward increases of P2X3-receptor protein between pregnancy (day 10) and parturition (day 22-23) in the cervix, but no significant changes in the DRG or spinal cord. Since serum estrogen rises over pregnancy, estrogen may influence purinoceptors in these DRG neurons. We suggest that receptors responsive to ATP are expressed in uterine cervical afferent nerves that transmit sensory information to the spinal cord at parturition.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The neuronal endomembrane system. I. Direct links between rough endoplasmic reticulum and the cis element of the Golgi apparatus.

This is the first of three papers describing new components and structural relationships within the neuronal endomembrane system. This system includes: the nuclear envelope, rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, axoplasmic reticulum, and discrete cytoplasmic compartments such as vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and so on. Previous high voltage electron microscope studies of osmium-impregnated Golgi apparatus have shown that small varicose tubules often arise from the cis element. In bullfrog spinal ganglia, these tubules have been seen to extend into cytoplasmic domains occupied by rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). This study was undertaken to determine whether varicose tubules form direct connections with RER and to measure cytoplasmic density of varicose tubules. Spinal ganglia from Rana catesbeiana were fixed by osmium impregnation and, in some cases, were then stained en bloc with lead aspartate. Sixty- to 3000-nm-thick sections of this tissue, as well as of ganglia prepared by conventional protocol, were studied using standard and high voltage electron microscopy. Quantitative analysis revealed that 9% of the varicose tubules connected with the Golgi cis element. To determine whether continuities existed between RER and any of these tubules, more than 50 tubules were fully reconstructed from images of serial sections. The "ends" of these reconstructed tubules were then studied by high magnification stereoscopy. This was facilitated by the en bloc lead staining which allowed visualization of unimpregnated RER elements along with the impregnated tubules. Small varicose tubules as well as larger smooth tubules were found to have formed confluent bridges between the cis element and RER. In addition, the varicose tubules were found to bridge widely separated elements of RER. Finally, numerous examples of varicose and smooth tubules were seen to extend from RER and from cis elements to eventually form blind endings. These findings raise the possibility that the tubules form highly dynamic transitory connections between RER and the Golgi apparatus as well as between separated elements of RER. Those between RER and Golgi apparatus are ideally positioned to play a major role in the transfer of protein or lipid components first assembled in RER to the Golgi apparatus for terminal synthetic modification.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the local neurotoxicity of lidocaine following epidural administration].

The morphological and histoenzymological changes in spinal neuron and in the spinal ganglia of outbred dogs were analyzed in the epidural administration of 2% solution of lydocaine. The results showed a lack of pathological or structural-and-metabolic changes in the nervous tissue. The morpho-functional reshaping occurring in the spinal cord cells and in the spinal ganglia was in line with that when the 0.9% solution of sodium chloride was in use. The registered changes ranging within the physiological deviations' limits witnessed to a functional reaction of the studied nervous-tissue structures to epidural drugs' injections.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1984

The dynamics of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase changes in dog spinal cord during ischemia.

Activities of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured in several regions of the spinal cord, spinal ganglia and the sciatic nerve following ligation of the abdominal aorta just below the renal arteries for 20; 40; 80 and 120 min. Aortic ligation for 40 min produced a significant increase in the activities of both enzymes in the lumbar spinal cord. After ligation lasting 80 min the activity of CAT dropped under the control level and that of AChE remained elevated and returned to the control level in animals sacrificed 120 after the ligation. Similar but smaller AChE elevation was also found in the lower thoracic and the sacral spinal cord, respectively. In ischemic spinal ganglia and the sciatic nerve a decrease in AChE activity was found.

Acetylcholinesterase↗