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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Increased glutamate-stimulated norepinephrine release from prefrontal cortex slices of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have behavioral characteristics (hyperactivity, impulsiveness, poorly sustained attention) similar to the behavioral disturbances of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We have previously shown that dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems are disturbed in the prefrontal cortex of SHR compared to their normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) control rats. It was of interest to determine whether the underlying neural circuits that use glutamate as a neurotransmitter function normally in the prefrontal cortex of SHR. An in vitro superfusion technique was used to demonstrate that glutamate caused a concentration-dependent stimulation of [3H]norepinephrine release from rat prefrontal cortex slices. Glutamate (100 microM and 1 mM) caused significantly greater release of norepinephrine from prefrontal cortex slices of SHR than from control slices. The effect of glutamate was not mediated by NMDA receptors, since NMDA (10 and 100 microM) did not exert any effect on norepinephrine release and MK-801 (10 microM) did not antagonize the effect of 100 microM glutamate. These results demonstrate that glutamate stimulates norepinephrine release from rat prefrontal cortex slices and that this increase is enhanced in SHR. The results are consistent with the suggestion that the noradrenergic system is overactive in prefrontal cortex of SHR, the animal model for ADHD.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Impulsive and compulsive self-injurious behavior in bulimia nervosa: prevalence and psychological correlates.

A specific link between self-injurious behavior and bulimia nervosa has been observed. In affective spectrum disorders, some authors propose a distinction between impulsive and compulsive self-injurious behavior. One of the aims of the present study is to examine how different kinds of self-injurious behavior, including purging behavior, may be classified in bulimia nervosa. The clinical impact of the different types of self-injury will be studied. The subjects of the study were 125 consecutive patients with bulimia nervosa, diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria. Subjects were evaluated by means of a semistructured interview and self-report questionnaires (Eating Disorders Inventory and Hopkins Symptom Checklist). In our sample, the distinction between compulsive and impulsive self-injurious behavior appeared to be confirmed by a principal component analysis. Self-induced vomiting loaded on the compulsive dimension and laxative abuse on the impulsive dimension. To study the clinical impact of the two kinds of behavior, bulimic subjects were divided according to their position in the two dimensions. The presence of impulsive self-injurious behavior is associated with a history of sexual abuse and with higher scores on the Symptom Checklist. The presence of both impulsive and compulsive behavior is associated with greater depression, whereas the presence of impulsive features in the absence of compulsive ones seems to be linked to a longer duration of illness and to a higher dropout rate. Both compulsive and impulsive self-injurious behaviors are associated with a greater lack of interoceptive awareness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

The role of anticipated deprivation in overeating.

With recent research supporting a cognitive explanation of overeating, two experiments were designed to test the theory that the anticipated deprivation associated with dieting may lead to overeating once restraint is broken. In each of 2 experiments, 50 female undergraduates were preloaded and randomly assigned to no deprivation and deprivation conditions. The latter group anticipated a 4-hour food deprivation between two experimental sessions, while the former did not. The amount of food consumed during a 15-minute free eating period served as the dependent measure. Restraint scale scores were used to divide subjects into low-restraint and high-restraint groups. In Experiment 1, deprivation subjects ate significantly more than no deprivation subjects, F(1, 56) = 5.02, p less than .05; in Experiment 2, high-restraint subjects ate significantly more than low-restraint subjects, F(1, 56 = 5.07, p less than .05. The possible role of contextual cues is explored, and implications for weight-reduction programs are outlined.

Cues↗
PubMed2006

The relationship between temporal discounting and the prisoner's dilemma game in intranasal abusers of prescription opioids.

Previous research on college students has found that cooperation in iterated prisoner's dilemma game is correlated with preference for delayed rewards in studies of temporal discounting. The present study attempted to replicate this finding in a drug-dependent population. Thirty-one individuals who intranasally abuse prescription opioids participated in temporal discounting and iterated prisoner's dilemma game procedures during intake for a treatment study. Rate of temporal discounting was determined for each participant at two hypothetical reward magnitudes, as well as proportion of cooperation in a 60-trial iterated prisoner's dilemma game versus a tit-for-tat strategy. Cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma game and temporal discounting rates were significantly correlated in the predicted direction: individuals who preferred delayed rewards in the temporal discounting task were more likely to cooperate in the prisoner's dilemma game.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2004

Familial influence on offspring gambling: a cognitive mechanism for transmission of gambling behavior in families.

BACKGROUND: The problem-gambling literature has identified a range of individual, cognitive, behavioral and emotional factors as playing important roles in the development, maintenance and treatment of problem gambling. However, familial factors have often been neglected. The current study aims to investigate the possible influence of parental factors on offspring gambling behavior. METHOD: A total of 189 families (546 individuals) completed several questionnaires including the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and the Gambling Related Cognition Scale (GRCS). The relationships were examined using Pearson product-moment correlations and structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses. RESULTS: Results showed that generally parents' (especially fathers') gambling cognitions and gambling behaviors positively correlated with offspring gambling behaviors and cognitions. However, SEM analyses showed that although parental gambling behavior was directly related to offspring gambling behavior, parental cognitions were not related to offspring gambling behavior directly but indirectly via offspring cognitions. CONCLUSION: The findings show that the influence of parental gambling cognition on offspring gambling behavior is indirect and via offspring cognitions. The results suggest a possible cognitive mechanism of transmission of gambling behavior in the family from one generation to the next.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Limit-setting and decision-making in the management of aggression.

BACKGROUND: Several published research studies have suggested that inpatient aggression against nursing staff may be directly precipitated by common nurse-patient interactions. This study sought to examine the structure of nurses' judgements in situations of conflict. METHOD: Seventy practising United Kingdom psychiatric nurses were presented with a number of conflict scenarios and were asked to rate a range of intervention options for each scenario according to how appropriate they perceived those interventions to be. Their responses were analysed using multidimensional scaling techniques. RESULTS: The results suggest that issues associated with limit setting and autonomy were perceived as most important by the nurses and that these issues are most likely to lead to disagreements in judgement between nurses of different status. Nurses of higher grades (levels) showed a significantly greater preference for respectful and autonomy-confirming interventions than their more junior nurses. These results have training and policy implications and further research should examine the effects of such nursing judgements on patient care.

Aggression↗
PubMed1982

The Yale Neuropsycho-educational Assessment Scales.

The Yale Neuropsychoeducational Assessment Scales (YNPEAS) represent a newly developed tool designed to test the hypothesis that homogeneous subgroups of children with the more subtle neuropsychiatric disorders may be discerned and classified through shared historical, behavioral, familial, anatomic, neuromaturational, and biochemical characteristics. Consisting of a series of parent, physician, and school-related integrated assessment scales, the YNPEAS provide for the creation of a broad, multidimensional data base for each child. A major innovation of the YNPEAS is the provision of a mechanism for the orderly processing of the mass of clinical information into operational statements compatible with DSM-III constructs. This article presents the development of each of the component parts of the YNPEAS while also providing the historical perspective necessary to better comprehend the role of each of the scales. This instrument should be useful to both researcher and clinician as a tool with which to follow the natural history of a phenomenon; relate clinical dimensions across different diagnostic subgroups; and elucidate the genetic, social, and physiological interrelationships in the emergence or continuation of a disorder.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1999

A meta-analysis of clonidine for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Meta-analysis was used to review the literature on the clinical use of clonidine to treat symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD: A review of the literature from 1980 to 1999 revealed 39 studies that reported clonidine's efficacy and side effects for symptoms of ADHD and comorbid conditions. Of these, 11 reports provided sufficient information to be included in a meta-analysis. RESULTS: Meta-analysis using weighted variables revealed clonidine demonstrates a moderate effect size of 0.58 +/- 0.16 (95% confidence interval = 0.27-0.89) on symptoms of ADHD in children and adolescents with ADHD and ADHD comorbid with conduct disorder, developmental delay, and tic disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Clonidine may be an effective second-tier treatment for symptoms of ADHD, but it has an effect size less than that of stimulants. Clinical use of clonidine is associated with many side effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Are juvenile offenders extreme future discounters?

It has been the prevailing view that young offenders are more present oriented than their peers, but this view has little empirical basis other than the actions that have defined these youth as offenders. In the present study, we used a decision task with actual monetary consequences to assess the tendency of young offenders and a control group of high school students to discount the future. The young offenders were not significantly different from the students in discounting the future, even though the young offenders scored significantly higher on a sensation-seeking personality scale, were less likely to have lived with their fathers, and had changed schools more often. Young offenders and control participants were also similar in the extent to which they manifested a clear vision of the future by anticipating which future milestones would occur sooner, in a task pairing milestones with each other and with year markers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Prosocial behavior and psychopathology in emotionally disturbed boys.

Relationships between dimensions of problem behavior and observations of prosocial behavior were explored among a sample of emotionally disturbed boys. Results indicate that anxious/inhibited boys are more likely than less inhibited boys to engage in prosocial behavior. This may be due to their greater empathy in observing the needs of others or, alternatively, to an effort at ingratiation or an overreaction to social distress. The latter possibility suggests that prosocial behavior may reflect or compound the interpersonal difficulties of anxious/inhibited boys.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2003

The Life Attitudes Schedule-Short Form: psychometric properties and correlates of adolescent suicide proneness.

The goals of the present study were to describe the psychometric properties of the Life Attitudes Schedule-Short Form (LAS-SF) in adolescents and provide criterion and construct validity data, including bivariate and multivariate associations with related risk behaviors. Anonymous questionnaires containing the LAS-SF and related measures were administered to 1,742 high school students in three states. Psychometric properties for LAS-SF items and total score were very good, and the LAS-SF was correlated with almost all of the examined risk behaviors, illustrating the broad range of problems measured by the instrument. LAS-SF total scores were associated with past suicide attempt, even after controlling for the impact of current depression. Clinical and research uses for the LAS-SF are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

A comparison of delays and ratio requirements in self-control choice.

In a discrete-trial procedure, pigeons could choose between 2-s and 6-s access to grain by making a single key peck. In Phase 1, the pigeons obtained both reinforcers by responding on fixed-ratio schedules. In Phase 2, they received both reinforcers after simple delays, arranged by fixed-time schedules, during which no responses were required. In Phase 3, the 2-s reinforcer was available through a fixed-time schedule and the 6-s reinforcer was available through a fixed-ratio schedule. In all conditions, the size of the delay or ratio leading to the 6-s reinforcer was systematically increased or decreased several times each session, permitting estimation of an "indifference point," the schedule size at which a subject chose each alternative equally often. By varying the size of the schedule for the 2-s reinforcer across conditions, several such indifference points were obtained from both fixed-time conditions and fixed-ratio conditions. The resulting "indifference curves" from fixed-time conditions and from fixed-ratio conditions were similar in shape, and they suggested that a hyperbolic equation describes the relation between ratio size and reinforcement value as well as the relation between reinforcer delay and its reinforcement value. The results from Phase 3 showed that subjects chose fixed-time schedules over fixed-ratio schedules that generated the same average times between a choice response and reinforcement.

Animals↗