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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Bladder retention of urine as a result of continuous intravenous infusion of fentanyl: 2 case reports.

Sedation has been commonly used in the neonate to decrease the stress and pain from the noxious stimuli and invasive procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit, as well as to facilitate synchrony between ventilator and spontaneous breaths. Fentanyl, an opioid analgesic, is frequently used in the neonatal intensive care unit setting for these very purposes. Various reported side effects of fentanyl administration include chest wall rigidity, hypotension, respiratory depression, and bradycardia. Here, 2 cases of urinary bladder retention leading to renal pelvocalyceal dilatation mimicking hydronephrosis as a result of continuous infusion of fentanyl are reported.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Metabolic and hematologic changes occurring after rapid intravenous infusion of gammaglobulin in patients with antibody deficiency syndromes.

OBJECTIVE: We wished to investigate whether increased IgG infusion rates are associated with metabolic and hematologic changes in pediatric patients with antibody deficiency syndromes. METHODS: We studied 7 patients (2-16 years old) with primary antibody deficiencies who had been on regular IgG replacement treatment, 350-600 mg/kg/dose every 3 weeks with a 3% IVIG preparation, for periods ranging from 6 months to 4 years. Initially, the IgG concentration of IVIG preparations was increased to 6, 9 and 12% in consecutive infusions at a constant IgG infusion rate of 4 mg/kg/min. Subsequently, the infusion rates were increased to 8, 12, and 16 mg/kg/min using the IVIG 12% preparation. RESULTS: Clinically, all patients tolerated increases in IVIG concentrations while the infusion rate was 4 mg/kg/min. However, 3 patients presented side effects when the infusion rate was increased to 8 and 16 mg/kg/min. CONCLUSION: We conclude that metabolic and hematologic sides effects occur with rapid infusion of IVIG even in patients who tolerate the increased infusion rate clinically. The advantages of using high infusion rates have to be re-evaluated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

New technology for continuous intravenous infusion via the central and portal veins in the rat.

Total parenteral nutrition via the central vein is a technique used extensively in basic and clinical research. Recent research has also focused on the administration of various drugs and nutrients via the portal vein. To date, however, no technique which would permit prolonged continuous infusion simultaneously through both the central vein and the portal vein in the rat has been reported. The development of such a technique would open up new possibilities for utilizing the advantages of each of these two routes and contribute to progress in metabolic and nutritional research. To establish such a technique, the authors implemented several unique improvements such as the application of clamps to minimize bleeding during catheter insertion and an increase in the number of sutures to prevent catheter dislodgment. With these improvements, it was possible to continuously administer specified doses of infusion solution in both veins for 6 days in 156 of 158 rats (99%) in the main experiment. We herein describe the techniques used and some of the results obtained with this experimental system.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of continuous rate intravenous infusion of butorphanol on physiologic and outcome variables in horses after celiotomy.

A randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial was performed to determine whether butorphanol administered by continuous rate infusion (CRI) for 24 hours after abdominal surgery would decrease pain and surgical stress responses and improve recovery in horses. Thirty-one horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy for abdominal pain were randomly assigned to receive butorphanol CRI (13 microg/kg/h for 24 hours after surgery; treatment) or isotonic saline (control). All horses received flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg IV q12h). There were no significant differences between treatment and control horses in preoperative or operative variables. Treatment horses had significantly lower plasma cortisol concentration compared with control horses at 2, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery. Mean weight loss while hospitalized was significantly less for treatment horses than control horses, whether expressed as total decrease in body weight (13.9+/-3.4 and 27.9+/-4.5 kg, respectively) or as a percentage decrease in body weight (2.6+/-0.7 and 6.3+/-1.1%, respectively). Treatment horses were significantly delayed in time to first passage of feces (median times of 15 and 4 hours, respectively). Treatment horses had significantly improved behavior scores during the first 24 hours after surgery, consistent with the conclusion that they experienced less pain during that time. Butorphanol CRI during the immediate postoperative period significantly decreased plasma cortisol concentrations and improved recovery characteristics in horses undergoing abdominal surgery.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1998

Prevention of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs by continuous intravenous infusion of PD156707.

This randomized, blinded study tested the prophylactic effect of PD156707, a nonpeptide competitive antagonist of endothelin A receptors, against vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs. Twenty-two dogs were allocated on day 0 to undergo cerebral angiography followed by injection of arterial blood (0.5 ml/kg) into the cisterna magna. Dogs had central venous catheters implanted for continuous infusion of drug vehicle (n = 10) or PD156707 (n = 12). Cisternal blood injection was repeated on day 2. Drug levels were measured in plasma on days 2, 4, 6, and 7 and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on days 2 and 7. Angiography was repeated on day 7 to assess vasospasm. After angiography on day 7, acute effects of infusion of PD156707, 100 mg, or drug vehicle on established vasospasm were assessed. Analysis of physiological variables within (analysis of variance) groups across time and between (unpaired t-test) groups at each time showed that drug-treated animals had significantly increased heart rate on day 7 compared to day 0 (p < 0.005). Comparison of basilar artery diameters at day 7 showed that PD156707 significantly decreased the degree of basilar artery vasospasm (placebo: -47 +/- 5% reduction [mean +/- SE] versus PD156707: -28 +/- 7%, p < 0.05, unpaired t-test). There was, however, significant vasospasm when comparing within groups (paired t-test, placebo: p < 0.0001, PD156707: p < 0.005). Mean plasma PD156707 levels (322 +/- 123 ng/ml) were adequate to block responses of endothelin-1 on endothelin A receptors in vitro although CSF levels (11 +/- 7 ng/ml) were substantially lower. Infusion of PD156707 into the basilar artery on day 7 caused a small but significant 10 +/- 3% (paired t-test, p < 0.01) increase in diameter compared to placebo (3 +/- 3% increase, p = 0.32). This infusion also was associated with a substantial increase in CSF drug levels to 19 +/- 9 mg/ml. These results suggest that endothelin A receptors mediate some of the vasospasm that occurs after SAH in dogs and that blockade of these receptors may be a beneficial treatment for vasospasm.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of intravenous infusion of guaifenesin on electroencephalographic variables in pigs.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the sedative effects of guaifenesin in pigs by use of electroencephalography. ANIMALS: 10 Norwegian Landrace pigs (5 castrated males and 5 sexually intact females). PROCEDURE: Guaifenesin (150 mg/kg of body weight, IV) was administered during a 5-minute period. Using a 2-channel referential electrode configuration, electroencephalograms were recorded before, during, and after infusion of guaifenesin. Changes in spectral edge frequency 95% (SEF), median frequency (MED), and total power were evaluated. RESULTS: After administration of guaifenesin, SEF decreased significantly, and total power increased significantly; however, MED did not change significantly. Analysis of the data did not reveal differences between pigs on the basis of sex. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We concluded that guaifenesin synchronized the patterns of electroencephalograms. This is a strong indication that the drug has a sedative effect in pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Alterations in systemic and local colonic hemodynamic variables associated with intravenous infusion of ATP-MgCl2 in healthy anesthetized horses.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize alterations in systemic and local colonic hemodynamic variables associated with IV infusion of ATP-MgCl2 in healthy anesthetized horses. ANIMALS: 12 adult horses. PROCEDURE: Six horses were given ATP-MgCl2, IV, beginning at a rate of 0.1 mg of ATP/kg of body weight/min with incremental increases until a rate of 1.0 mg/kg/min was achieved. The remaining 6 horses were given an equivalent volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution over the same time period. Colonic and systemic hemodynamic variables and colonic plasma nitric oxide (NO) concentrations were determined before, during, and after infusion. RESULTS: Infusion of ATP-MgCl2 caused a rate-dependent decrease in systemic and colonic vascular resistance, principally via its vasodilatory effects. A rate of 0.3 mg of ATP/kg/min caused a significant decrease in systemic and colonic arterial pressure and colonic vascular resistance without a significant corresponding decrease in colonic arterial blood flow. Consistent alterations in NO concentrations of plasma obtained from colonic vasculature were not detected, despite profound vasodilatation of the colonic arterial vasculature. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results revealed that IV infusion of ATP-MgCl2 may be beneficial in maintaining colonic perfusion in horses with ischemia of the gastrointestinal tract, provided a sufficient pressure gradient exists to maintain blood flow.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2001

Pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of butorphanol administered by single intravenous injection or continuous intravenous infusion in horses.

OBJECTIVE: To determine an infusion rate of butorphanol tartrate in horses that would maintain therapeutic plasma drug concentrations while minimizing development of adverse behavioral and gastrointestinal tract effects. ANIMALS: 10 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE: Plasma butorphanol concentrations were determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography following administration of butorphanol by single IV injection (0.1 to 0.13 mg/kg of body weight) or continuous IV infusion (loading dose, 17.8 microg/kg; infusion dosage, 23.7 microg/kg/h for 24 hours). Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated, and changes in physical examination data, gastrointestinal tract transit time, and behavior were determined over time. RESULTS: A single IV injection of butorphanol was associated with adverse behavioral and gastrointestinal tract effects including ataxia, decreased borborygmi, and decreased defecation. Elimination half-life of butorphanol was brief (44.37 minutes). Adverse gastrointestinal tract effects were less apparent during continuous 24-hour infusion of butorphanol at a dosage that resulted in a mean plasma concentration of 29 ng/ml, compared with effects after a single IV injection. No adverse behavioral effects were observed during or after continuous infusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Continuous IV infusion of butorphanol for 24 hours maintained plasma butorphanol concentrations within a range associated with analgesia. Adverse behavioral and gastrointestinal tract effects were minimized during infusion, compared with a single injection of butorphanol. Continuous infusion of butorphanol may be a useful treatment to induce analgesia in horses.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of the effects of morphine administered by constant-rate intravenous infusion or intermittent intramuscular injection in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare physiologic and analgesic effects of morphine when given by IV constant-rate infusion or by IM injection to dogs undergoing laparotomy and to determine pharmacokinetics of morphine in dogs following IV constant-rate infusion. DESIGN: Prospective randomized controlled trial. ANIMALS: 20 dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs undergoing laparotomy were treated with morphine beginning at the time of anesthetic induction. Morphine was administered by IV infusion (0.12 mg/kg/h [0.05 mg/lb/h] of body weight) or by IM injection (1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb]) at induction and extubation and every 4 hours thereafter. Treatments continued for 24 hours after extubation. RESULTS: Blood gas values did not indicate clinically significant respiratory depression in either group, and degree of analgesia (determined as the University of Melbourne Pain Scale score) and incidence of adverse effects (panting, vomiting, defecation, and dysphoria) were not significantly different between groups. Dogs in both groups had significant decreases in mean heart rate, rectal temperature, and serum sodium and potassium concentrations, compared with preoperative values. Mean +/- SEM total body clearance of morphine was 68 +/- 6 ml/min/kg (31 +/- 3 ml/min/lb). Mean steady-state serum morphine concentration in dogs receiving morphine by constant-rate infusion was 30 +/- 2 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that administration of morphine as a constant-rate IV infusion at a dose of 0.12 mg/kg/h induced effects similar to those obtained with administration at a dose of 1 mg/kg, IM, every 4 hours in dogs undergoing laparotomy. Panting was attributed to an opioid-induced resetting of the hypothalamic temperature set point, rather than respiratory depression.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1990

Effects of intravenous infusion of high levels of potassium and sodium on mineral metabolism in sheep.

A metabolism trial was conducted with 18 crossbred (Finn x Dorset x Suffolk) wethers, fitted with indwelling jugular catheters and abomasal and ileal cannulas, to determine the effects of high levels of i.v.-infused K and Na on mineral metabolism. The wethers (40 kg) were fed 800 g daily of a 60% concentrate diet in two equal portions at 0800 and 1900. Six wethers were infused randomly with 19 g K+, six with 10.6 g Na+ (chloride salts) and the other six with physiological saline solution (1.2 g Na) per day. Potassium chloride or NaCl infusion had no effects on apparent absorption, retention, flow or partial absorption of Mg, Ca and P in the digestive tract compared with physiological saline infusion. With all treatments, Mg and Ca were absorbed proximal to the abomasal cannula. Magnesium was secreted into, whereas Ca and P were absorbed from, the small intestine. Phosphorus was secreted both in the stomach and large intestinal regions of the digestive tract. Major sites of K and Na absorption were the small and large intestines, respectively. Infusion of K increased (P less than .05) retention of K compared with Na infusion. Infusion of Na increased (P less than .05) excretion and retention of Na compared with K infusion. Serum minerals were not changed by K or Na infusion compared with saline. The results of this experiment indicate that the depressing effects of K on Mg absorption are not attributable to high levels of absorbed K, but rather to K present in the digestive tract prior to the small intestine.

Absorption↗
PubMed1992

Tracer studies of urea kinetics in growing pigs: I. The effect of intravenous infusion of urea on urea recycling and the site of urea secretion into the gastrointestinal tract.

Four gilts (average BW 80 kg) were used in the first experiment to study the effect of i.v. infusion of urea on urea kinetics by means of a radioisotope dilution technique. The pigs were fed twice daily 600 g of a cornstarch-based diet formulated to contain 16% CP by supplementation with isolated soy protein. Infusion of urea, compared with saline, increased (P < .05) plasma urea concentration, urea pool size, urea entry, urea excretion, and urea degradation rates; urea turnover rate and urea space were not affected (P > .05). Expressed as a percentage of the total entry rate, a lower (P < .05) percentage of urea was recycled in pigs infused with urea. The urea infused was almost completely excreted in urine, so there were no differences (P > .05) in N balance. In the second experiment, four gilts (average BW 40 kg), fitted with ileocecal reentrant cannulas, were used to determine whether the upper or the lower digestive tract represents the preferential site of urea secretion in pigs. Two pigs were fed twice daily 600 g of a cornstarch-based diet, formulated to contain 16% CP from soybean meal. The other two pigs were fed the same diet in which 15% cornstarch was replaced by beet pulp. After labeling the body urea pool of one pig on each treatment with [15N]urea, the reentrant cannulas were disconnected to prevent the flow of digesta from the small into the large intestine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Plasma insulin and glucagon responses to intravenous infusion of propionate and their autonomic control in sheep.

Propionate (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 mumol.kg BW-1 x min-1 for 30 min) was infused i.v. to investigate the physiological effects of propionate on insulin and glucagon responses in sheep. An i.v. propionate infusion (32 mumol.kg BW-1 x min-1 for 30 min) with adrenergic and cholinergic blockades was also conducted to clarify the role of autonomic innervation in the control of propionate-induced insulin and glucagon responses. In the experiment in which we studied responses to propionate infusion, the concentrations of plasma insulin and glucagon during propionate infusion increased (P < .05) from the preinfusion concentrations at infusion rates of > 4 and 8 mumol.kg BW-1 x min-1, respectively. The incremental response areas of plasma insulin and glucagon during propionate infusion increased (P < .05) at infusion rates of > 16 and 32 mumol.kg BW-1 x min-1, respectively. In the experiment studying the effects of adrenergic and cholinergic blockades on responses to propionate, the insulin incremental response area during propionate infusion was suppressed (P < .05) by atropine infusion but it was not influenced by phentolamine, propranolol, or hexamethonium infusions. The glucagon response area was suppressed (P < .05) by phentolamine infusion, but it was not influenced by propranolol, atropine, or hexamethonium infusions. It is concluded that in sheep 1) propionate may have a physiological role in stimulating insulin and glucagon responses, 2) the propionate-induced insulin response is partly due to the parasympathetic nervous system through activation of a muscarinic receptor, and 3) the propionate-induced glucagon response is stimulated by adrenergic alpha-receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Technical note: tissue residues of mimosine and 2,3-dihydroxypyridine after intravenous infusion in goats.

Sixteen growing Alpine wethers (average BW 35 +/- 2 kg) were assigned to one of four treatments to evaluate tissue retention of the leucaena toxins mimosine (MIM) and 2,3-dihydroxypyridine (2,3-DHP). Treatments were infused i.v. for 2 d and were 1) saline control, 2) MIM (200 mg.kg BW-.75.d-1), 3) 2,3-DHP (200 mg.kg BW-.75.d-1), or 4) MIM (100 mg.kg BW-.75.d-1) + 2,3-DHP (100 mg.kg BW-.75.d-1). Immediately after the infusion, the goats were slaughtered and tissue concentrations of MIM and 2,3-DHP were determined via HPLC. No detectable levels of either toxin were found in spleen, heart, lung, or muscle; however, appreciable amounts of MIM and 2,3-DHP were found in plasma, kidney, and liver samples. Kidney MIM content was greater (P < .01) than that of liver, although liver tended to retain slightly more 2,3-DHP (P > .05). Infusion of MIM resulted in a plasma MIM content of 39 to 54 mumol/L and reduced (P < .01) plasma PHE and LEU. Infusion of 2,3-DHP resulted in a plasma 2,3-DHP content of 9.4 mumol/L and increased plasma THR, ARG, VAL, PHE, ILE, LEU, and LYS concentrations (P < .10). Humans consuming offals from ruminants consuming large amounts of the leguminous forage leucaena may be exposed to appreciable quantities of MIM and 2,3-DHP.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Pulmonary edema in association with an intravenous infusion of sulprostone.

We encountered a patient with pre-eclampsia who developed pulmonary edema whilst receiving an infusion of sulprostone. Recent evidence suggests that pulmonary hypertension following the administration of prostaglandins may result from stimulation of an EP3 or thromboxane receptor in the pulmonary artery. This has implications for therapeutic use of prostaglandins.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗
PubMed1990

Platinol (CDDP) and continuous intravenous infusion 5-fluorouracil in refractory stage IV breast cancer: a phase II study.

Twenty-four patients with refractory Stage IV breast cancer were treated with platinol (100 mg/m2 i.v. Day 1) and 5-fluorouracil (1000 mg/m2 as a continuous infusion over 24 h daily for 5 days). Objective responses occurred in 12 of 24 patients (50%). The median duration of response was 4.9 months. Platinol and 5-fluorouracil in combination are active agents in patients with refractory breast cancer, and clinical trials are warranted in previously untreated patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma methotrexate levels following high-dose regimen given as a 3-hour intravenous infusion in children with nonHodgkin's lymphoma.

In the French nonHodgkin's lymphoma protocols, central nervous system prophylaxis is provided by high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX), given as a 3-hour IV infusion of 3 g/m2 MTX along with intrathecal MTX injection. The incidence of CNS relapse is less than 3%. We designed a study to evaluate the MTX transfer across the blood brain barrier in terms of cytotoxic concentrations, during these short-term infusions. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma MTX levels were measured during 61 courses in 29 children with nonHodgkin's lymphoma; none of them had central nervous system disease. Samples were obtained either 4, 12, 18, or 24 hours after the start of HD-MTX IV infusion. A potentially cytotoxic MTX level (10(-6)M) was reached in all courses at 4 hours (median: 2.3 X 10(-6)M) and remained available in 8/16 courses at 12 hours (median: 1.0 X 10(-6)M) and in only 2/17 courses at 18 hours (median: 0.29 X 10(-6)M). Twenty-four hours after the start of HD-MTX IV infusion, CSF MTX level was always less than 10(-6)M. The plasma MTX levels were 260, 1.3, 1.0, and 1.7 X 10(-6)M at 4, 12, 18, and 24 hours, respectively. There was no correlation between plasma and CSF MTX levels. These data show that potentially cytotoxic MTX concentrations can be reached in CSF after a 3-hour IV infusion of 3 g/m2 in every patient and remain available for at least 8 hours in half of them.

Adolescent↗