SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Intention”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

"Weight cycling" and mortality: how do the epidemiologists explain the role of intentional weight loss?

In the past 5 years, four prospective, epidemiologic studies of "weight cycling" found that mortality is higher for persons with unstable body weight than for persons whose body weight is relatively stable [1-3,5]. These findings have generated considerable interest and controversy in both the scientific community and the lay press because of the belief that the weight fluctuations were caused by intentional weight loss. None of these studies, however, collected information that would indicate whether the weight changes were intentional or unintentional. This review examines the reasons given by the authors of these studies to support the inference that intentional weight loss caused the increase in mortality. The authors acknowledged that weight loss can be caused by preexisting illness, and they usually made efforts to control for the confounding effects of illness in their analyses. However, they generally concluded that the weight fluctuations resulted from unsuccessful dieting, but no data were presented on the incidence or causes of weight fluctuation in the populations from which the samples were drawn. In none of the studies did the authors recommend that obese persons stop trying to lose weight. The reader is cautioned to await further studies in which intentionality of weight loss is directly assessed before concluding that dieting to reduce weight increases the risk of mortality.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

The role of sympathy on avoidance intention toward persons living with HIV/AIDS in Jamaica.

As the number of persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) continues to increase in Jamaica, concerns of attitudes become more important. As such, the objective of the present study is to examine the attitudes of university students in Jamaica toward PLWHA including sympathy and avoidance intentions. A large sample of university students (N=1,252) was surveyed between June 2001 and February 2002 using a 193-item questionnaire that measured HIV-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors. Results revealed that less than half of the students reported sympathetic attitudes toward homosexual males or female prostitutes living with HIV/AIDS (41% and 44%, respectively) while the majority reported sympathetic attitudes toward heterosexual males and non-prostitute females living with the disease (67% and 81%, respectively). Most students (80%) reported no avoidance intentions toward family members or friends living with the disease. Sympathy, HIV knowledge, education and awareness were associated with no avoidance intention of HIV-positive family members and friends. These findings suggest that sympathy could be important in improving prosocial intentions toward PLWHA and warrants further research.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Effect of television advertising of alcohol on alcohol consumption and intentions to drive.

The alcohol consumption of 120 male and female college students was measured as they viewed a 90-min videotape of popular prime-time television programmes. Independent measures were the sex of the student, their drinker classification (light or moderate-heavy) and the number of alcohol advertisements (0, 6, 12) shown during the screening of the television programmes. Dependent measures were the number of drinks consumed, and the intentions of students to drive a motor vehicle after viewing the videotaped programmes. As predicted, males consumed more alcohol than females, and moderate-heavy drinkers consumed more than light drinkers. Male and female students who viewed six alcohol advertisements consumed more alcohol than students shown no alcohol advertisements or 12 alcohol advertisements. Analysis of intentions to drive after viewing the programmes revealed that the number of drinks consumed was not a significant covariate of driving intentions. Rather light drinkers of both sexes were less likely to intend to drive than moderate-heavy drinkers. Males exposed to alcohol advertisements were less likely to intend to drive than males who did not view alcohol advertisements. Different levels of exposure to alcohol advertisements did not influence the driving intentions of college females.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Reducing the saliency of intentional stimuli results in greater contextual-dependent performance.

Wright and Shea (1991) described intentional stimuli as explicitly identified information necessary to successfully perform a task, whereas incidental stimuli are not explicitly identified as crucial to task performance but have the potential to become associated with particular responses because of their selective presence in the training environment. Shea and Wright (1995), using a speeded-choice RT task, indicated that manipulating the strength of association between incidental information and the responses, by changing the discriminability of incidental stimuli while fixing the strength of the association between the intentional stimuli and each response, had a significant impact on task performance. The present experiment further examined the role played by incidental stimuli when the strength of association between the intentional stimuli and the associated responses was reduced, by minimising stimulus-response compatibility. It was assumed that this latter manipulation would have a similar impact as increasing the strength of incidental stimuli-response relationships. That is, the relative contribution of the incidental stimuli would increase, resulting in an increase in context-dependent behaviour during tests in which the intentional and incidental stimuli activated different responses. The results were in agreement with this prediction and consistent with a model for contextual-dependent performance proposed by Shea and Wright (1995) as well as with the outshining hypothesis forwarded by Smith (1988, 1994).

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1993

Recollecting naturally-occurring intentions: a study of cognitive and affective factors.

This paper is concerned with the recall of naturally-occurring intentions during the interval between their formulation and their enactment, hours, days, or months later. When these intentions were spontaneously recalled, subjects recorded the prevailing cognitive and affective circumstances, and current events and actions. This task was undertaken for a period of five consecutive days. A subsequent task elicited similar information from the same subjects, on randomly sampled occasions that did not coincide with the recall of an intention, during a comparable time period. The results indicate that on occasions on which subjects report these spontaneous recollections, they often judge themselves to be concentrating less on a concurrent activity that requires less attention, compared to occasions on which behaviour is randomly sampled. The results suggest also that this prototypical 'recollective state' may vary with the type of intention that is recalled. The advantages and disadvantages of the methodology adopted in this study for research on prospective memory processes are considered.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol advertising exposure and perceptions: links with alcohol expectancies and intentions to drink or drinking in underaged youth and young adults.

This study tests whether the impact of alcohol advertising exposure on intentions to drink and actual consumption is mediated by cognitive responses to advertising messages and positive expectancies about alcohol use. The model was tested using survey data of two important age cohorts, 15 to 20 years (n=608) and 21 to 29 years (n=612). The findings show that alcohol advertising was influential in shaping young people's attitudes and perceptions about alcohol advertising messages. The attitudes and perceptions predicted both positive expectancies and intentions to drink of those under the legal drinking age, but did not affect the young adults' expectancies and consumption. Positive expectancies were powerful predictors of intentions to drink and consumption for both groups. The effects of alcohol advertising on intentions to drink of those aged 15 to 20 years were mediated by cognitive responses to advertising messages and positive expectancies. The mediation effect was not evident among those between 21 and 29 years.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The influence of depressive symptoms on experimental smoking and intention to smoke in a diverse youth sample.

Numerous studies have shown associations between smoking and depression, but the generalizability of the relationship across ethnic groups remains unknown. The present study assessed the association between depression and smoking intention and experimentation among adolescents from four ethnic groups in the Los Angeles area-Chinese/Chinese American, Latino/Hispanic, Persian/Iranian, and White. Over 800 7th graders in the Los Angeles area completed measures of depressive symptoms, experimentation with smoking, intention to smoke, and sociodemographic covariates. Chinese/Chinese American students had the lowest levels of depressive symptoms, whereas Latinos/Hispanics had the highest levels. Latinos/Hispanics also were the most likely to intend to smoke in the next year and were the most likely to have started experimenting with cigarette smoking. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with intention to smoke even after controlling for language use acculturation, socioeconomic status, gender, and ethnicity. The association between depressive symptoms and intention to smoke did not vary significantly across ethnic groups. These results indicate that the association between depressive symptoms and adolescent smoking generalizes across diverse ethnic groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Mindfulness and healing intention: concepts, practice, and research evaluation.

This paper deals with the role of the health care professional in creating an optimal healing environment (OHE), with a special focus on which inner state and way of being in the world can create a healing intention. A core thesis is that every healing effort and every healing intention starts within the health care professional. An accepting, mindful, and warm-hearted relationship with self is primary to any healing intention. Important concepts to develop such an attitude are mindfulness, love, compassion, and awareness. The concept of a healing attitude toward the self is described, as is the mirror principle that states there is symmetry between someone's relationship with the outer world and his or her inner world. The mindfulness concept is outlined through a set of mental and heart qualities. Mindfulness is strongly related to compassion, and it is compassion that serves as a source for all healing intentionality. Compassion connects the suffering of the patient with the healer's own suffering, and this emotional connection instantiates a healing relationship. The power and importance of mindfulness and compassion for healing are explored along the Frank model of nonspecific therapeutic components. This is the approach whereby a health care professional can elicit self-healing powers in patients through his or her inner attitudes. Finally, a research program and some hypotheses on how to implement and research this specific approach toward the creation of an OHE are outlined.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2002

Internet-based risk assessment and decision support for the management of familial cancer in primary care: a survey of GPs' attitudes and intentions.

BACKGROUND: Computer decision support systems have been proposed as a suitable method to enable primary care practitioners to manage familial cancer and advise about other developments in clinical genetics. OBJECTIVE: To investigate GPs' preferences, attitudes and intentions regarding the use of Genetic Risk Assessment on the Internet and Decision Support (GRAIDS) in clinical practice. METHODS: GPs were recruited through a physician Internet portal for UK GPs (www.ukpractice.net). Electronic questionnaires assessed the respondents' current practice regarding family history taking and risk assessment, preferences about particular attributes of GRAIDS, intentions to use GRAIDS for familial cancer management and factors associated with these intentions. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-eight GPs completed the electronic survey (adjusted response rate = 51.2%). Seventy-two GPs participated in a telephone survey of non-respondents (adjusted response rate = 63%). Ninety-two per cent of respondents in the electronic survey and 68% in the telephone survey stated that they would be either extremely or fairly likely to use GRAIDS. Intentions were associated with positive attitudes toward GRAIDS, beliefs that colleagues and patients would find the tool acceptable, perceived control and perceived confidence about conducting risk assessment and making appropriate decisions about patient management. Key attributes for the implementation of GRAIDS in practice were the authoritativeness of the guideline, easy user interface, the validity and reliability of risk estimation and specific advice about patient management. CONCLUSION: GP users of the physician portal www.ukpractice.net value GRAIDS as an aid for the management of familial cancer in primary care. These Internet-literate GPs are likely to be early adopters of GRAIDS in clinical practice and could be important in promoting the use of such technology to support high quality advice about genetic issues in primary care.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1996

Factors associated with screening mammography and breast self-examination intentions.

The factors associated with the use of two methods for the early detection of breast cancer were assessed using a theoretical framework derived from the theory of reasoned action and the Health Belief Model. Telephone interviews were conducted with 170 women aged between 50 and 70 years, randomly selected from the telephone directory of a provincial city in Victoria, Australia. The model explained 47% of the variance in intentions to have a mammogram and 22% of the variance in intentions to practise breast self-examination (BSE). The data supported the prediction that different variables would be associated with each method of early detection of breast cancer. Intentions to have a mammogram were associated with perceived susceptibility to breast cancer, knowing a woman who has had a mammogram, previous mammography history and Pap test history. Intentions to do BSE were associated with self efficacy, knowledge of breast cancer issues, concern about getting breast cancer and employment status. Both screening methods were associated with prior behaviour and concern about getting breast cancer.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Understanding the intention to permanently follow a high folate diet among a sample of low-income pregnant women according to the Health Belief Model.

Despite folate fortification of the US food supply beginning January 1, 1998, evidence indicates that a substantial proportion of women of child-bearing age will continue to have folate intakes inadequate for the prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs). Therefore, health education remains an essential component of this public health campaign. The purpose of this study was to determine the applicability of the Health Belief Model (HBM) to understanding the intention to permanently follow a high folate diet among low-income pregnant women. A convenience sample of 251 low-income pregnant women participated in individual 15 min interviews assessing their folate attitudes and beliefs according to the model. Correlations consistent with the HBM were found between the perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy and cues to action constructs, and participants' intention to permanently follow a high folate diet (folate intention). In regression analyses, the perceived benefits construct was consistently the most predictive of folate intention. Participants were generally unfamiliar with and had many misperceptions concerning both folate and NTDs. The HBM may offer an effective foundation for development of tailored educational interventions promoting permanent consumption of a high folate diet among low-income women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Predictors of intention to adhere to physiotherapy among women with urinary incontinence.

During the last decade, pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) therapy has proved its short-term efficacy among women with urinary incontinence. Long-term success with PFME therapy is hampered by non-adherence. So far, specific knowledge on determinants of adherence behavior has been scarce. A cross-sectional study was conducted to elucidate the relative importance of determinants of the intention to adhere to PFME therapy in women with urinary incontinence. Based on behavioral theories, literature research and interviews, a questionnaire measuring determinants of the intention to adhere to PFME therapy was developed. In total, 129 women, aged 17 years or over, with symptoms of urinary incontinence, completed this questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis with backward elimination was carried out to identify determinants that predict intention. Significant predictors of the intention to adhere to PFME therapy were the amount to urinary loss per wet episode and women's perception of their ability to do the exercises as recommended under various circumstances. Building self-efficacy might be a good starting point for health education interventions aiming to promote adherence to PFME therapy, which can be used by physiotherapists and general practitioners.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Subjective norms about condoms are better predictors of use and intention to use than attitudes.

In a study of the applicability of the Theory of Reasoned Action to condom use, 173 homosexually active men were administered a questionnaire assessing attitudes toward and intentions to use condoms, behavioral beliefs about condoms, and subjective norms and normative behavior regarding condom use. Results indicated that attitudes toward condoms were poor predictors of intention to use condoms, but that subjective norms were good predictors of intention. Previous condom use was a good predictor of intention to use. These data suggest that interventions which emphasize peer-based education are likely to be more useful than those which attempt to alter behavioral beliefs about, and attitudes toward, condoms.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Intention-to-treat analysis: implications for quantitative and qualitative research.

Intention-to-treat analysis is an important aspect of randomized controlled trials of health care interventions. The concept is now widely accepted in theory, but not always implemented in practice. Failure to analyse by intention-to-treat can give misleading and indeed life-threatening interpretations. In some studies, a case is put for estimating the effect that would have been observed if all patients had received the allocated treatment. Situations where this is valid are rare, but an example is given of such an exceptional study. The relevance of the intention-to-treat concept is not always taken into account in qualitative research. Interviews with new mothers who delivered their babies at home in a hypothetical controlled trial of home versus hospital confinement would provide fascinating accounts of the pleasure of successful delivery at home. But by definition the interviews would exclude the hazard and drama of necessary transfers to hospital due to complications in late pregnancy and early labour. The intention-to-treat approach would avoid this bias.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Children's attitudes and behavioral intentions toward a peer presented as obese: does a medical explanation for the obesity make a difference?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of information on children's attitudes and behavioral intentions toward a peer presented as obese. METHODS: Children (N = 184) were randomly assigned to observe a video of a boy or girl in one of three conditions: average-weight, obese, obese with medical information explaining the obesity. They rated stereotypical attitudes on the Adjective Checklist and behavioral intentions on the Shared Activities Questionnaire (SAQ-B). RESULTS: Ratings were generally more favorable for the average-weight than for the obese condition. However, provision of medical information had a positive effect on attitudes toward the obese peer only for younger children and a negative effect on willingness of older children to share academic activities with the peer. Boys and girls showed more positive behavioral intentions toward the same-sex target child regardless of obesity condition. CONCLUSIONS: Information explaining obesity has a minimal positive effect on children's attitudes and behavioral intentions toward a peer presented as obese.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2001

Predictors of intentions to use tobacco among adolescent survivors of cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between knowledge of tobacco-related health risks, perceptions of vulnerability to these health risks, and future intentions to use tobacco in a sample of adolescent survivors of cancer. METHODS: Written self-report questionnaires were administered to 46 survivors, 10-18 years of age (61% males, 93.5% Caucasian). RESULTS: Overall, survivors were generally knowledgeable about tobacco-related health risks, perceived themselves to be vulnerable to these health risks, and reported low future intentions to use tobacco. Regression analyses indicated that demographic factors, treatment-related variables, knowledge, and perceived vulnerability explained 28% of the variance in intentions scores, F:(6, 39) = 2.52, p <.05. Age and knowledge were significant predictors, indicating that older adolescent survivors and those with lower knowledge scores reported greater intentions to use tobacco. CONCLUSIONS: Young survivors will benefit from risk counseling interventions that educate them about their susceptibility to specific tobacco-related health risks secondary to their cancer treatment. Intensive tobacco prevention programs that target older adolescents should be developed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Comparison of literal, inferential, and intentional text comprehension in children with mild or severe closed head injury.

BACKGROUND: Children with head injury have impairments in pragmatic language at the level of both single words and texts. Text comprehension deficits are likely to be the more consequential for everyday and academic function, yet the relative magnitudes of literal and nonliteral text comprehension deficits have not been measured. DESIGN: We compared the magnitude of the impairment in three forms of text comprehension for children with mild or severe head injury relative with controls: literal language (understanding literal text information), inferential language (making pragmatic inferences, textual coherence inferences, or enriching inferences), and the language of mental states and intentions (eg, producing speech acts, appreciating irony, and understanding deception). MEASURES: Effect sizes were used to measure the magnitude of the difference between children with head injury and age-matched controls. RESULTS: Children with severe closed-head injury were significantly impaired on tasks of literal text understanding, inferencing, and intentionality. Children with mild head injury were impaired on some inferencing and all intentionality tasks, although they had no literal text comprehension deficits. CONCLUSIONS: For both groups, the greatest deficits (ie, the largest effect sizes) were on tasks requiring understanding of the language of mental states and intentions. The data bear on the long-term effects of childhood closed-head injury on text- and discourse-level language and also on the nature and timing of language rehabilitation in children with head injury.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Brain regions supporting intentional and incidental memory: a PET study.

Regional brain activity associated with intentional and incidental memory retrieval was studied with PET. Previously studied and new words were presented in either an intentional or an incidental memory task. Type of task was crossed with an encoding manipulation ('deep' vs 'shallow') which varied the probability that studied items would be remembered. In both tasks, deeply encoded items were associated with greater activation in the left hippocampus than were items that had received shallow encoding, suggesting that the involvement of the hippocampus in memory retrieval is independent of whether remembering is intentional or incidental. Right prefrontal and bilateral parietal cortex were more activated during the international task than during the incidental task, irrespective of encoding condition. Thus, these regions play a more extensive role in memory retrieval when remembering is intentional.

Brain↗