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PubMed1994

Early family relationships, intergenerational solidarity, and support provided to parents by their adult children.

This research investigated the effects of early family experiences on the quality of the adult child-parent relationship and on the extent of instrumental and emotional support provided elderly parents by their adult children. The analysis was based on adult children's reports regarding 1,135 aging parents. Panel data were used to reduce method effects attributable to transient mood states. Health of aging parent, geographical proximity of parents and children, and parent's living situation were controlled in the models. The findings indicated that the propensity of adult children to provide instrumental support (e.g., transportation and health care when parents were ill) and emotional support was indirectly affected by the influence of the early parent-child relationship on contemporary filial concern and relationship quality.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Middle generation roles and the well-being of men and women.

Sociological literature on gender, work, and families has focused on both conflict and benefits created by combining the spouse, parent, and paid worker roles, whereas research by family gerontologists has focused on stress experienced by those who provide care to frail elderly parents as well as other roles associated with being in the "middle generation." We examine consequences of adding middle generation roles to other major life roles during the middle years. We find that giving help to parents increases men's distress, while giving help to adult children enhances women's well-being. When help to biological parents is examined separately, it is found to increase both men's and women's distress. Women are unaffected by the multiplicity of roles while, for men, there is evidence of both role buffering and strain from conflicting demands. We discuss further directions for research on consequences of roles for well-being.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Parental dependence and filial responsibility in the nineteenth century: Hial Hawley and Emily Hawley Gillespie, 1884-1885.

This paper examines diaries written by an Iowa farm woman and her daughter in the 1880s that focus on care of the former's father. It highlights the problems intergenerational living arrangements could produce in the 19th century. In addition, it examines three general themes: the impact on adult children of financial responsibility for elderly parents, the responses of elderly people to structures of subordination, and the significance of hierarchies of gender as well as generation.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1992

Black grandparents rearing children of drug-addicted parents: stressors, outcomes, and social service needs.

This article reports findings from two qualitative studies of black grandparents and great-grandparents who are rearing their children's children as a consequence of parental drug addiction. Data were collected in two urban black communities from 60 grandmothers, grandfathers, and great-grandmothers (ages 43-82). Only 3% of the respondents received consistent, reliable familial support in their role as surrogate parents. Although respondents found parenting their grandchildren an emotionally rewarding experience, they also incurred psychological, physical, and economic costs in performing their roles.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The unquiet future of intergenerational politics.

Empirical studies of political opinion and behavior about national issues affecting the aging have not revealed the intergenerational conflicts often predicted in recent decades. Using public opinion studies of attitudes about the aging at the community level in Florida, this study does identify significant cleavages in attitude and belief between generations, suggesting intergenerational political conflict may be likely in the future. The research implies the most important source of this conflict may be the community level and the "image" of the aging that is developing among younger community residents.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Age integration and the lives of older people.

This research-based essay argues, as a stimulus to Forum discussion, that our currently age-differentiated society will give way to an age-integrated one. Age will lose its power to constrain people's entry, exit, and performance in such basic social institutions as education, work, and retirement. Revolutionary changes toward age integration are needed to reduce the "structural lag," in which the dynamism of human aging is outpacing the dynamism of structural change. To guide these changes, aging research is beginning to complement existing knowledge about human lives with new and deeper understanding of the social structures which shape and are shaped by these lives.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

The two faces of age and the resolution of generational conflict.

The aged are often regarded as exploiters of youth, selfishly clinging to a disproportionate share of wealth, power, and resources. Paradoxically, they are also viewed as helpless victims as they fall into physical decline. These two faces of age appear in a number of literary texts, including works by Shakespeare, Balzac, and Dickens. Although these two perceptions of old age suggest unresolved conflict between youth and age, there often appear young characters in these works who mediate between these polar extremes, thus becoming instruments of generational continuity.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Patterns and determinants of social service utilization: comparison of the childless elderly and elderly parents living with or apart from their children.

Approximately one out of five elderly persons are childless. In the absence of children who provide important emotional and instrumental cohort , are childless elderly more likely to use social services than are elderly parents? Analysis of data from the Longitudinal Survey of Aging shows that the childless elderly were more likely to say that they lacked informal instrumental support at times of illness than were the elderly parents. Nevertheless, the childless were no more likely to use social services than were the elderly parents. Strategies to improve the childless elderly's social service use are recommended.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Journalistic elder abuse: it's time to get rid of fictions, get down to facts.

The public debate on health care, as reported and carried on in the popular media, is frequently framed in terms of age. The assumption is that old age can be equated with high health care costs, and that increases in health care costs are determined solely by the growing numbers of older people in our society. A variety of studies suggest, however, that high-tech, high-cost care is not inevitably associated with advancing age. The public debate on health care must stop confusing demographic issues with health care cost issues, and focus instead on the real and complex problems of rising health care costs.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

The perceived benefits and problems associated with intergenerational exchanges in day care settings.

The universe of current adult day care center administrators (n = 36) and a stratified random sample of child day care center administrators (n = 300) in Virginia were surveyed to gather information about professionals' perceptions of the benefits and problems associated with providing regular intergenerational exchanges in day care settings. Findings of a qualitative analysis revealed that problems attributed to generational differences and organizational/service delivery issues were counterbalanced by sociocultural and organizational benefits.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1994

Changing criteria in old-age programs: the introduction of economic status and need for services.

For more than a decade, incremental changes have gradually eroded the traditional approach in many policies that have relied primarily on specific old-age categories to determine eligibility for public benefits and the amount of those benefits. These changes, and other recent policy proposals, have introduced need-based criteria as well as the principle of asking wealthier older persons to pay greater taxes or share more heavily in financing services and benefits than those older people who have less income and accumulated wealth. This discussion of such modifications in policies on aging begins with a depiction of the political context in which they have emerged. It then reviews the emergence of the new approaches, and concludes with commentary on the political viability of these and other possible changes in the mixture of criteria used in old-age benefit programs.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Age norms, the timing of family role transitions, and intergenerational caregiving among aging African American women.

This article reports findings from two exploratory qualitative studies of the relationship between age norms, family role transitions, and the caregiving responsibilities of mothers, grandmothers, and great-grandmothers in multigeneration African American families. Families defined as having "normative on-time" transitions (n = 23) to the roles of mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother were compared to families that were classified as having "early non-normative" (n = 18), and "early normative" transitions to the respective roles (n = 20). Results indicate that both the "on-time" and "early" normative transition families had an equitable distribution of caregiving duties for women across generations. In families where the transitions to mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother were considered "early" non-normative, the responsibilities for family caregiving were centered in the young great-grandparent generation. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Mutual attraction: demography and life-course analysis.

Bringing together a life course and demographic perspective provides a useful framework for studying aging. This perspective conceptualizes aging as the dynamic process of cohorts moving through the life course in historical time. Each cohort is embedded in a social structure that regulates how it ages, and the social structure changes as the cohort advances through the life course over time. This view of aging provides a strategy for developing research on such basic questions as: Why is the life course structured the way it is? How, and why, does the experience of aging differ between cohorts? And how, and why, is aging experienced differentially by various segments of a cohort?

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Religious attendance and psychological well-being in Mexican Americans: a panel analysis of three-generations data.

This study examined the effects of religious attendance on three dimensions of psychological well-being using panel data from a three-generations study of Mexican Americans from Texas (N = 624). Well-being dimensions included life satisfaction (the 13-item LSIA), and respective seven- and four-item depressed and positive affect subscales of the CES-D. Two-wave path analyses revealed a cross-sectional association between religious attendance and life satisfaction in the two oldest generations, and a salutary longitudinal effect of religious attendance on subsequent depressed affect in the youngest generation. Findings for life satisfaction and depressed affect withstood controlling for health and five sociodemographic correlates of religious attendance and well-being.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1996

Caregiving for parents and parents-in-law: is gender important?

This article analyzes cross-sectional data collected from 1,585 employed caregivers of parents and parents-in-law. Hierarchical regression models were used to examine the additive and multiplicative effects of relationship status (parent or parent-in-law) and gender on caregiving activities, resources, and costs. Findings indicate that both the caregiver's gender and the elder's gender are associated with care provided to and from parents and parents-in-law. Results also show that daughters-in-law are especially vulnerable because they receive few resources from elders. Practice implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The politics of mixing older persons and younger persons with disabilities in Federally assisted housing.

Beginning in the late 1980s, government-assisted housing for elderly persons, a popular and successful housing type, began to experience an in-movement of younger persons with disabilities. Advocates for the elderly population expressed alarm about the negative consequences for elderly persons of such "mixing" and of the turnover of this housing to other groups. Based on interviews with key participants and an analysis of documents, this article uses interest group theory and a model of agenda setting to explain why "mixing populations" attained prominence on the Federal housing agenda, the different perspectives of advocates for elderly individuals and younger persons with disabilities concerning the issue, and the implications of the conflict for housing policy and interest group politics.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Understanding the well-being of care receivers.

A model in which the contributions made by older care receivers to their family members predicted personal control and ultimately psychological well-being of older people living in multigenerational households was proposed and tested. Data from 129 people over the age of 60 reveals that physical health predicts the extent to which elders contribute to the family, with those in poorer health giving less help to family members than those in better health. Elder contributions to the family increased the sense of control experienced by the older person. Although personal control increased the overall sense of psychological well-being experienced by the older care receivers, there was no direct relationship between the elder's contributions to the family and their psychological well-being.

Adaptation, Psychological↗