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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources

PubMed2006

Effect of inclusion of tree leaves in feed on nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation in sheep.

The effect of inclusion of tree leaves in mustard (Brassica campestris) straw (MS) based complete feed blocks (CFB) on nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation was studied in adult male sheep. Four types of CFB diets (Roughage:Concentrate:Molasses, 70:25:5) were prepared. The compaction process increased bulk density (g/cm(3)) of MSB, MSNL, MSSL and MSAL by 2.9, 1.79, 2.40 and 2.26 times, respectively. The dry matter intake (g/day) was higher (P<0.05) in MSSL and MSAL than in MSB. Digestibility coefficients of crude protein and hemicellulose increased (P<0.05) due to inclusion of tree leaves, while digestibility of dry matter and organic matter showed small improvement. However, inclusion of tree leaves did not affect digestibility of neutral detergent fibre, cellulose and energy. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids in rumen was significantly higher in MSAL than in MSB or MSSL. Blood bio-chemical parameters were within the normal physiological range in all the groups.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2006

Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells immobilized on orange peel as biocatalyst for alcoholic fermentation.

A biocatalyst was prepared by immobilizing a commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (baker's yeast) on orange peel pieces for use in alcoholic fermentation and for fermented food applications. Cell immobilization was shown by electron microscopy and by the efficiency of the immobilized biocatalyst for alcoholic fermentation of various carbohydrate substrates (glucose, molasses, raisin extracts) and at various temperatures (30-15 degrees C). Fermentation times in all cases were low (5-15 h) and ethanol productivities were high (av. 150.6 g/ld) showing good operational stability of the biocatalyst and suitability for commercial applications. Reasonable amounts of volatile by-products were produced at all the temperatures studied, revealing potential application of the proposed biocatalyst in fermented food applications, to improve productivities and quality.

Alcohols↗

PubMed2006

Protein enrichment of potato processing waste through yeast fermentation.

Potato starch obtained from waste waters of chips manufacturing was used as a fermentation substrate for yeast protein enrichment. Among 18 yeast strains, 6 strains were screened according to their biomass yield and protein content after fermentation for 16 h at 30 degrees C in an aerated glucose-based liquid media (4.5 Ls). Using concentrated media (25% solids) made from potato starch pre-hydrolyzed with malt flour and batch-fermented for 20 h at 26 degrees C under aerobic conditions, Candida utilis ATCC 9256 was the most efficient protein-forming strain. Scaled-up at the 100 Ls level, the aerobic batch process was improved under fed-batch conditions with molasses supplementation. After drying, fermented starch contained 11-12% protein, including 7-8% yeast protein.

Candida↗

PubMed2007

Citric acid production by a novel Aspergillus niger isolate: I. Mutagenesis and cost reduction studies.

Ultraviolet-irradiation (UV), ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and acridine orange (AO) were used to induce citric acid overproduction mutations in Aspergillus niger UMIP 2564. Among 15, eight of the mutant derivatives, were improved with respect to citric acid production from sucrose in batch cultures. Maximum product yield (60.25%) was recorded by W5, a stable UV mutant, with approximately 3.2-fold increase when compared to the parental wild type strain. In terms of the kinetic parameters for batch fermentation processes, the mutation doubled the specific substrate uptake rate and achieved 4.5- and 7.5-fold improvements in citric acid productivity and specific productivity, respectively. For reduction of the fermentation medium cost, corn steep liquor and calcium phosphate pre-treated beet molasses were successfully used as substituents of nitrogen and carbon sources in the growth medium, respectively. These medium substitutions resulted in a W5 citric acid fermentation culture with a product yield of 74.56%.

Acridine Orange↗

PubMed2007

Characterization of a simple bacterial consortium for effective treatment of wastewaters with reactive dyes and Cr(VI).

A microbial consortia consisting of three bacteria isolated from tanning and textile wastewaters revealed high capacity to simultaneously bioaccumulate dye and Cr(VI). The identity of the bacteria were determined by 16S rRNA gene analysis to be closely related to Ochrobactrium sp., Salmonella enterica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Dependence of initial pH values and range of concentrations of the dye Reactive Black B (33.2-103.1 mg l(-1)) and Cr(VI) (19.9-127.6 mg l(-1)) were examined to find the effect of pH on the dye and Cr(VI) bioaccumulation. Optimal pH for growth of the consortia in media containing 35 mg l(-1) dye and 50 mg l(-1) Cr(VI) was determined to be around 8. The Cr(VI) bioaccumulation by the consortia was rapid in media containing molasses with or without reactive dye with a maximum Cr(VI) bioaccumulation yield ranging from 90% to 99% within a 2-4d period. A slightly lower yield for the dye bioaccumulation was measured with a maximum dye bioaccumulation of 80% at 59.3 mg l(-1) dye and 69.8 mg l(-1) Cr(VI). The highest specific Cr uptake value was obtained as 76.7 mg g(-1) at 117.1 mg l(-1) Cr(VI) and 50.8 mg l(-1) dye concentration. This ability to bioaccumulate dye and Cr(VI) was more efficient than the enriched sludge from which they were isolated.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed2004

Simulated and experimental evaluation of factors affecting the rate and extent of reductive dehalogenation of chloroethenes with glucose.

Carbohydrates such as molasses are being added to aquifers to serve as electron donors for reductive dehalogenation of chloroethenes. Glucose, as a model carbohydrate, was studied to better understand the processes involved and to evaluate the effectiveness for dehalogenation of different approaches for carbohydrate addition. A simulation model was developed and calibrated with experimental data for the reductive dehalogenation of tetrachloroethene to ethene via cis-1,2-dichloroethene. The model included fermentors that convert the primary donor (glucose) into butyrate, acetate and hydrogen, methanogens, and two separate dehalogenator groups. The dehalogenation groups use the hydrogen intermediate as an electron donor and the different haloethenes as electron acceptors through competitive inhibition. Model simulations suggest first that the initial relative population size of dehalogenators and H(2)-utilizing methanogens greatly affects the degree of dehalogenation achieved. Second, the growth and decay of biomass from soluble carbohydrate plays a significant role in reductive dehalogenation. Finally, the carbohydrate delivery strategies used (periodic versus batch addition and the time interval between periodic addition) greatly affect the degree of dehalogenation that can be obtained with a given amount of added carbohydrate.

Biomass↗

PubMed2005

Decolorization of a baker's yeast industry effluent by Fenton oxidation.

Baker's yeast industry is an important industry in Turkey. Molasses is used as a raw material, which is an end product of sugar industry. Baker's yeast industry effluents contain various pollutants and are generally characterized with high chemical oxygen demand (COD), TKN, dark color and non-biodegradable organic pollutants. The objective of this study was to investigate the decolorization and the removal of non-biodegradable organic pollutants measured as mainly DOC, SUVA(254), SUVA(280) and COD parameters. Fenton oxidation was applied to biologically pre-treated effluent of full-scale wastewater treatment plant. Jar test method was used to determine the best operating conditions. The 600 mg/L H(2)O(2)/600 mg/L Fe(2+) dosage was quite enough to obtain a high color removal efficiency of 97%. However, the best Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2) dosage was 1200 mg/L Fe(2+)/800 mg/L H(2)O(2) at pH 4 and in reaction time of 20 min for mineralization of DOC and COD. For these conditions, the maximum color removal efficiency was obtained as 99%, maximum DOC and COD removal efficiencies were obtained as 90 and 88%, respectively. Also, SUVA(254) and SUVA(280) values decreased.

Color↗

PubMed2006

Mathematical modelling of 4-chlorophenol inhibition on COD and 4-chlorophenol removals in an activated sludge unit.

A mathematical model was developed for an activated sludge unit treating 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) containing synthetic wastewater composed of diluted molasses, urea, KH(2)PO(4) and MgSO(4) with COD and 4-CP contents of 2500 and 500 mg l(-1), respectively. The model included 4-CP inhibition on COD and 4-CP removals. Experimental data obtained at different hydraulic residence times (HRT=5-30h) and sludge ages (SRT, 3-30 days) were used to estimate the kinetic and inhibition constants for COD and 4-CP removal rates. 4-CP inhibition on COD removal was negligible while the inhibition on 4-CP removal was significant. The specific rate constant (k), saturation constant (K(s)) for COD oxidation were found to be 2.64 day(-1) and 559 mg l(-1), respectively. A similar model was used for 4-CP oxidation in the activated sludge unit and the constants were found to be k'=1.44 day(-1), K'(s)=25.7 mgl(-1), K"(CP)=559 mg l(-1),and K(I,CP)=17 mg l(-1). Increases in death rate constant because of 4-CP inhibition was also quantified and the inhibition constants were determined for both COD and 4-CP removals. Model predictions with the estimated kinetic constants were in good agreement with the experimental data. Developed model can be used to estimate the performance of an activated sludge unit treating 4-CP containing wastewater under the specified experimental conditions.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed2005

Cellular diagnostics and coral health: declining coral health in the Florida Keys.

Coral reefs within the Florida Keys are disappearing at an alarming rate. Coral cover in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary declined by 38% from 1996 to 2000. In 2000, populations of Montastraea annularis at four sites near Molasses Reef within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and one reef within Biscayne National Park were sampled on a quarterly basis. Anecdotal observations showed corals at Alina's Reef in Biscayne National Park appeared healthy in March, but experienced an acute loss of coral cover by August. Cellular Diagnostic analysis indicated that Alina's Reef corals were in distress: they had been afflicted with a severe oxidative damaging and protein-denaturing stress that affected both the corals and their symbiotic zooxanthellae. This condition was associated with a significant xenobiotic detoxification response in both species, reflecting probable chemical contaminant exposure. These results demonstrate that applying a Cellular Diagnostic approach can be effective in helping to identify stress and its underlying causes, providing diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of coral health.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

Ethanol fermentation of mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.) flowers using free and immobilized yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

There is a growing interest to find alternate bioresources for production of ethanol, apart from cane/sugar beet molasses and starchy crops like sweet sorghum, cassava and sweet potato. Mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.) is a forest tree abundantly available in the Indian subcontinent and its flowers are very rich in fermentable sugars (28.1-36.3 g 100 g(-1)). Batch fermentation of fresh and 12-month-stored flowers with free (whole cells) and immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain CTCRI) was carried out in 2-l Erlenmeyer flasks. The ethanol yields were 193 and 148 g kg(-1) (using free cells) and 205 and 152 g kg(-1) (using immobilized cells) from fresh and 12-month-stored mahula flowers, respectively.

Cells, Immobilized↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of natural and enhanced PCP biodegradation at a former pesticide manufacturing plant.

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been used in the past as a pesticide, herbicide, antifungal agent, bactericide, and wood preservative. Thus, PCP is among the most ubiquitous chlorinated compounds found in groundwater contamination. A former pesticide manufacturing plant located in southern Taiwan has been identified as a PCP spill site. In this study, groundwater samples collected from the PCP site were analyzed to assess the occurrence of natural PCP biodegradation. Microcosm experiments were conducted to (1) evaluate the feasibility of biodegrading PCP by indigenous microbial consortia under aerobic and cometabolic conditions, and (2) determine the potential of enhancing PCP biodegradation using cane molasses and biological sludge cake as the substitute primary substrates under cometabolic conditions. The inocula used in this microcosm study were aquifer sediments collected from the PCP site and activated sludges collected from the municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants. Results from this field investigation indicate that the natural biodegradation of PCP is occurring and causing the decrease in PCP concentration. Microcosm results show that the indigenous microorganisms can biodegrade PCP under both aerobic and aerobic cometabolism conditions. A PCP-degrading bacterium was isolated from the collected aquifer sediments and identified as Pseudomonas mendocina NSYSU via some biochemical tests and further conformation of DNA sequencing. In batch cultures, P. mendocina NSYSU used PCP as its sole source of carbon and energy. The isolated bacterium, P. mendocina NSYSU, was capable of completely degrading PCP as indicated by the increase in biomass formation with the decrease in PCP concentrations occurred in the carbon-free medium simultaneously. Results indicate that the in situ or on-site aerobic bioremediation using indigenous microorganisms or inoculated bacteria would be a feasible technology to clean up the studied PCP-contaminated site. Results from this study will be useful in designing a scale-up in situ or on-site PCP bioremediation system (e.g., on-site bioreactor) for field application.

Accidents↗

PubMed2004

Long-term effects of operating temperature and sulphate addition on the methanogenic community structure of anaerobic hybrid reactors.

The diversity, population dynamics, and activity profiles of methanogens in anaerobic granular sludges from two anaerobic hybrid reactors treating a molasses wastewater both mesophilically (37 degrees C) and thermophilically (55 degrees C) during a 1081 day trial were determined. The influent to one of the reactors was supplemented with sulphate, after an acclimation period of 112 days, to determine the effect of competition with sulphate-reducing bacteria on the methanogenic community structure. Sludge samples were removed from the reactors at intervals throughout the operational period and examined by amplified ribosomal DNA (rDNA) restriction analysis (ARDRA) and partial sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. In total, 18 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, 12 of which were sequenced. The methanogenic communities in both reactors changed during the operational period. The seed sludge and the reactor biomass sampled during mesophilic operation, both in the presence and absence of sulphate, was characterised by a predominance of Methanosaeta spp. Following temperature elevation, the dominant methanogenic sequences detected in the non-sulphate supplemented reactor were closely related to Methanocorpusculum parvum. By contrast, the dominant OTUs detected in the sulphate-supplemented reactor upon temperature increase were related to the hydrogen-utilising methanogen, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. The observed methanogenic community structure in the reactors correlated with the operational performance of the reactors during the trial and with physiological measurements of the reactor biomass. Both reactors achieved chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies of over 90% during mesophilic operation, with or without sulphate supplementation. During thermophilic operation, the presence of sulphate resulted in decreased reactor performance (effluent acetate concentrations of >3000 mg/l and biogas methane content of <25%). It was demonstrated that methanogenic conversion of acetate at 55 degrees C was extremely sensitive to inhibition by sulphide (50% inhibition at 8-17 mg/l unionised sulphide at pH 7.6-8.0), while the conversion of H(2)/CO(2) methanogenically was favoured. The combination of experiments carried out demonstrated the presence of specific methanogenic populations during periods of successful operational performance.

Acetates↗

PubMed2004

Treatment of phenol and cresols in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process: a review.

Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process has been successfully applied in the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters. Several researchers have investigated the suitability of the process for the treatment of phenols and phenolic wastewaters. The anaerobic treatment of phenols is still at an investigative stage. With increasing recognition of the UASB process, feasibility studies on the treatment of wastewater containing phenol and cresols (o-, m- and p- isomers) in UASB have been reviewed. It is reported that phenol concentration up to a range of 500-750 mg/L is generally not inhibitory to the UASB process. Phenol concentrations greater than 500 mg/L can be effectively treated with acclimatization of inocula, recirculation of the treated effluent and/or supplementing with co-substrates such as glucose, VFA and dilute molasses. The degradability of phenol is more than p-cresol, which in turn is more than m- and o-cresol.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed2005

Comparative study of laboratory-scale thermophilic and mesophilic activated sludge processes.

Laboratory-scale mesophilic (20-35 degrees C) and thermophilic (55 degrees C) activated sludge processes (ASPs) treating diluted molasses wastewater were compared in effluent quality, removal of different COD fractions, sludge yield, floc size, and sludge settleability. The effect of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) with high cationic charge on sludge settleability and effluent quality was also studied. In the ASPs, the hydraulic retention time was 12h in both processes, corresponding to a volumetric loading rate of 3.2+/-1.0 kg COD(filt) m(-3)d(-1). The mesophilic ASP gave 79+/-18% and 90+/-2% and the thermophilic ASP gave 50+/-6% and 67+/-11% total COD (COD(tot)) and GF/A-filtered COD (COD(filt)) removals, respectively. The higher COD values in the thermophilic effluent were due to dispersed particles, such as free bacteria, measured as colloidal COD (COD(col)=difference between soluble COD (COD(sol)) and COD(filt)). Both ASPs gave high (90%) COD(sol) removals. Aeration (24-h) of the thermophilic ASP effluent at 35 degrees C reduced the density of the free bacteria by half, which was also measured as 90% COD(col) removal. Post-aeration of thermophilic effluent at 55 degrees C had no influence either on the density of free bacteria or on the COD(col) values. The use of PAC did not increase COD(tot) or COD(filt) removals in either process, but reduced the mesophilic and increased the thermophilic sludge volume index values.

Aluminum Hydroxide↗

PubMed1981

Automated on-line multi-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic techniques for the clean-up and analysis of water-soluble samples.

The application of an automated on-line multi-dimensional liquid-liquid chromatographic technique for the clean-up and analysis of water-soluble samples was investigated. The use of microparticulate aqueous-compatible steric exclusion columns as the primary separation step coupled to either reversed-phase, normal-phase or ion-exchange columns as the secondary step allowed the direct injection of complex samples without prior clean-up. The entire operation was automatically controlled by a microprocessor-based liquid chromatograph with time-programmable events which allowed precise switching of high-pressure pneumatically operated valves. Both heart-cutting and on-column concentration methods were used. The heart-cutting technique had the advantage of selectivity but lacked sensitivity; more successful was the on-column concentration technique, which, by the concentration of the solute from a larger volume of exclusion column effluent on to the secondary column, gave better sensitivity. The technique was applied to the analysis of theophylline and caffeine in biological fluids, catecholamines in urine, vitamins in a protein food supplement and sugars in molasses and candy bars.

Body Fluids↗

PubMed2002

Applications of ion chromatography in cane sugar research and process problems.

Ion chromatography (IC) offers the sugar technologist a simple, reliable technique for the simultaneous separation and determination of inorganic and organic ions in complex process mixtures. Identification and measurement of ions present in sugar liquors are important factors in understanding and maximising sugar recovery. Choice of IC column packing, eluent composition and pH, and detection mode (suppressed and non-suppressed) are shown to be useful variables when analysing sugar factory products, especially the multivalent ions such as phosphate and organic acids (aconitic and oxalic acid). The IC methods show good agreement with conventional analysis methods (potentiometric titration, atomic emission and absorption). IC also produced excellent repeatability and recovery from these matrices. Examples of the application of IC analysis in applied sugar research and processing problems include clarification studies, degradation of molasses, sugar solution colour removal and factory process problems.

Carbohydrates↗

PubMed2000

Design of a simulated moving bed unit for sucrose-betaine separations.

The results of a series of pulse experiments carried out in a fixed bed column packed with a strongly acid ion-exchange resin and with reference to the separation of an aqueous sucrose-betaine mixture are presented. These data were used to evaluate equilibrium and diffusion parameters for both key components in the frame of linear chromatography theory. The estimated values were used to design a simulated moving bed plant aimed to separate betaine from sucrose in beet molasses.

Betaine↗

PubMed2000

Evolution of ammonia and urea tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster: resistance and cross-tolerance.

We examined whether populations of Drosophila melanogaster could evolve a genetically based tolerance to high levels of toxic compounds (urea or ammonia) added to their larval food medium. We also examined whether tolerance to one compound may impart cross-tolerance to other compounds. Five populations selected for ammonia tolerance (AX), five populations selected for urea tolerance (UX), and five unselected controls (AUC) were assayed for developmental time, viability, and female fertility. These characteristics were measured on each of the 15 populations reared on one of three larval food conditions (plain banana-molasses, 0.35 M NH(4)Cl, or 0.266 M urea). On urea-supplemented media, the urea-selected populations developed fastest and expressed the highest viability; the ammonia-selected populations developed significantly faster and had a higher viability than the controls. Similarly, on ammonia-supplemented media, the ammonia-selected populations developed fastest and expressed the highest viability; the urea-selected populations developed significantly faster and had a higher viability than the controls. This suggests that a cross-tolerance exists for resisting different toxic compounds. Urea-selected females reared on urea-containing food media displayed superior fecundity, without any observable cross-tolerance effect. When all populations were reared on food containing 0.266 M urea, the urea-selected populations had the lowest levels of urea in their tissues. All populations reared on food containing 0.37 M ammonia or 0.266 M urea, contained more ammonia in their tissues than did populations reared on plain food.

Journal Article↗