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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Efficacy of isokinetic exercise on joint position sense and muscle strength in patellofemoral pain syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the impairment of knee joint position sense in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome and investigate the effects of isokinetic exercise on knee joint position sense and muscle strength. DESIGN: A total of 24 male patients complaining of anterior knee pain caused by overexertion and 24 male healthy individuals without symptoms were included for this investigation. Isokinetic exercise protocol was carried out at angular velocities of 60 degrees/sec and 180 degrees/sec. These sessions were repeated three times per week and lasted for 6 wks. At the beginning and after 6 wks of knee passive joint position sense, quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength and pain assessments were performed. RESULTS: After the isokinetic exercise, flexion peak torque (P < 0.05), extension peak torque (P < 0.01), flexion total work (P < 0.001), extension total work (P < 0.001), passive reproduction of knee joint position sense for 40 degrees of flexion (P < 0.05) and 50 degrees of extension (P < 0.01), and pain score (P < 0.001) improved significantly in the patellofemoral pain syndrome group. CONCLUSION: Isokinetic exercises have positive effects on passive position sense of knee joints, increasing the muscular strength and work capacity. These findings show that using the present isokinetic exercise in rehabilitation protocols of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome not only improves the knee joint stabilization but also the proprioceptive acuity.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Correlation of back pain, compression fracture and quadriceps muscle strength with bone mineral density in renal insufficiency patients.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD), bone parameters, complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, electrolyte values, back pain, compression fracture and quadriceps muscle strength in mild and moderate renal insufficiency patients. METHODS: Thirty-six female, 3 male, patients with the diagnosis of osteoporosis in addition to mild or moderate chronic renal insufficiency who were followed in Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Department, Osteoporosis and Nephrology Outpatient Clinics between March 2003 and March 2004, were included in the study. In the control group there were 17 female, 5 male patients with osteoporosis but without renal insufficiency. The inclusion criteria were to have osteoporosis, be aged between 40-70 with a creatinine clearance between 30-70 mL/min in the case group, >70 mL/min in the control group. The patients whose creatinine clearance was <30 mL/min, and whose BMD was normal or osteopenic even though creatinine clearance was >30 mL/min were excluded from the study. RESULTS: There was no significant difference with respect to back pain, compression fracture and quadriceps muscle strength between the 2 groups. The mean value of neck BMD, T and Z score were significantly lower in the case group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As a conclusion, PTH related bone disease had an important effect on BMD, although, the risk factors for osteoporosis were equally important. In various researches, the relationship between BMD values and history of fracture in renal osteodystrophy patients could not be shown. In our study, the history of prior fracture or fracture in the family were important risk factors for osteoporosis. Renal osteodystrophy patients had low BMD values in mild and moderate stages of the disease. Prior fracture as well as osteoporotic fractures in the family should be part of a comprehensive evaluation of the patient.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Comparison of muscle strength of posterior cruciate-retained versus cruciate-sacrificed total knee arthroplasty.

One of the most controversial issues in total knee arthroplasty is whether to retain or sacrifice the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Investigators have used various methods to evaluate the influence of the PCL after total knee arthroplasty, but muscle strength evaluation has not been reported. The purpose of this study is to compare the long-term effects of PCL retention or sacrifice on muscle strength. Isokinetic testings and isometric testings were studied in patients with three different types of prosthesis design: total condylar, low contact stress rotating platform (both sacrifice PCL), and low contact stress meniscal bearing (retains PCL). The results showed that in all testing conditions, the hamstring to quadriceps ratios did not significantly differ among the three prosthetic designs (P > .05) even after long-term (6-13 years) functional adaptation.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Increase in hand muscle strength of stroke patients after somatosensory stimulation.

It has been proposed that somatosensory input in the form of peripheral nerve stimulation can influence functional measures of motor performance. We studied the effects of median nerve stimulation on pinch muscle strength (a function mediated predominantly by median nerve innervated muscles) in the affected hand of chronic stroke patients. A 2-hour period of median nerve stimulation elicited an increase in pinch strength that outlasted the stimulation period. The improvement in muscle strength correlated with stimulus intensity and was identified in the absence of motor training. These results suggest that somatosensory stimulation may be a promising adjuvant to rehabilitation of the motor deficits in stroke patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Gender and age differences in plasma carnitine, muscle strength, and exercise tolerance in haemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Haemodialysis patients have impaired exercise tolerance that may be related to impaired carnitine availability and/or alterations in carnitine metabolism. As carnitine metabolism is sex- and age-related, we examined plasma free and esterified carnitine concentrations, muscle strength, and estimated exercise tolerance in female (n=51) and male (n=63) patients of different ages (18-86 years). METHODS: Concentrations of free carnitine and acetylcarnitine were determined in the plasma of patients. Isometric handgrip strength was measured using a dynamometer while exercise tolerance was predicted from scores for self-reported walking distance on the level and on an incline. RESULTS: Plasma total carnitine concentration in the females was significantly lower than that of males (35.4+/-1.3 and 42.4+/-1.4 micro mol/l, respectively, P<0.01). This was almost entirely due to the lower plasma free carnitine concentration of females when compared with the males (20.6+/-0.9 and 26.3+/-1.1 micro mol/l, respectively, P<0.05). Furthermore, plasma free carnitine concentrations were negatively correlated with age in females (r=-0.45, P<0.001) even when the linear effects of haemoglobin, albumin, body weight, time on dialysis, and muscle strength were removed from the regression analysis (partial correlation coefficient; pcc=-0.43, P=0.018), but not in the males (r=0.03, P>0.05). Isometric handgrip strength and estimated exercise tolerance on the level were lower in females than males (138.9+/-10.9 and 259.0+/-15.2 N, P<0.001; and 3.5+/-0.2 and 4.3+/-0.2, P<0.05, respectively). Isometric handgrip strength and estimated exercise tolerance (walking distance on the level and on an incline) were positively correlated with plasma free carnitine concentrations in females, but not in the males. CONCLUSIONS: There was a strong relationship between plasma free carnitine concentrations and age in female patients, but not in males. It is unlikely that the reduction in plasma free carnitine in females was a direct causative factor in their reduced exercise tolerance, but probably reflects greater muscle de-conditioning/atrophy with age in female patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Aerobic power and muscle strength among young and elderly workers with and without physically demanding work tasks.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of waste collection on the physical capacity of the workers. A total of 19 young and 28 elderly male waste collectors and two age-matched control groups participated. The aerobic power was estimated. The maximal isometric muscle strength was measured for back extension and flexion, shoulder elevation and abduction, and handgrip. The aerobic power was lower among the elderly workers compared with the young workers of both groups. No differences were found between waste collectors and control groups. A general tendency to larger muscle strength was found for both young and elderly waste collectors compared with the control groups. Waste collectors generally have a higher physical capacity than the control groups which is an indication of an early selection of the young waste collectors. With respect to the elderly waste collectors, the job seems to have a training effect especially for the shoulder muscles. No training effect is found for the aerobic power, and a discrepancy between work demand and individual aerobic capacity may occur among elderly workers resulting in a negative health effect unless the work task is evaluated according to age dependent criteria.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Measurement of isometric wrist muscle strength--a systematic review of starting position and test protocol.

BACKGROUND: Isometric strength of the wrist musculature is frequently used in the clinical setting as a primary outcome measure following a wrist disorder. OBJECTIVE: A systematic search of the literature was undertaken to review published starting positions and test protocols used in assessing isometric strength of the wrist musculature. METHODS: AMED, CINAHL, Current Contents, EMBASE and MEDLINE computerized databases were searched for literature published between January 1980 and September 2002 that described the methodologies used to assess isometric wrist muscle strength. Papers were excluded if they explored motor unit recruitment, strength was assessed via manual muscle testing or no information regarding starting position or test protocol was included. RESULTS: A total of 15 papers met the inclusion criteria. Starting position varied between papers, with little justification for the positions assumed. Test protocols used also were variably described, with some not meeting accepted standards for the assessment of isometric strength. Many of the reports lacked information regarding starting position and test protocol used, which precluded replication of the methodology. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is required to determine the optimum starting position and test protocol for the assessment of isometric wrist muscle strength. These should subsequently be assessed for reliability, to ensure that consistent results are produced over different occasions of testing.

Humans↗

PubMed1980

The decline of aerobic capacity and muscle strength following fractures of the lower limb.

Aerobic capacities and muscle strengths of the uninjured limbs have been measured in patients who had suffered fractures of the lower limb. In patients treated in plaster-of-Paris aerobic capacity and strength fell rapidly following injury, to an extent greater than might be expected as a result of resting in bed. Before removal of the plaster-of-Paris, both aerobic capacity and strength had improved. Further improvement occurred in the injured limb after resuming use of the injured limb. In patients treated by traction and thus subjected to long periods in bed, the reductions of aerobic capacity and strength, measured shortly after resuming movements, were more profound than in patients treated with plaster-of-Paris.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Isokinetic muscle strength predicts maximum exercise tolerance in renal patients on chronic hemodialysis.

Patients with end-stage renal disease receiving chronic hemodialysis have impaired exercise tolerance. To distinguish between a central cardiorespiratory and a peripheral skeletal muscular origin for this fatigue, we measured exercise performance and peak oxygen consumption during a maximum exercise test in 10 patients receiving chronic hemodialysis. Skeletal muscle function was measured with an isokinetic cycle ergometer and a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer. Peak rates of oxygen consumption (17.7 +/- 3.6 [mean +/- SD] mL O2/kg/min), blood lactate concentrations (3.4 +/- 0.9 mmol/L), peak heart rates (168 +/- 12 beats/min), and rates of ventilation (37.3 +/- 14.6 L/min) were low, but respiratory exchange ratios (1.1 +/- 0.1) were compatible with maximal effort. There was a significant correlation between isokinetic muscle strength and VO2 peak, exercise duration, peak ventilation, and peak blood lactate concentrations (P less than 0.05 to less than 0.001), but not between hemoglobin concentration, total blood hemoglobin content, or hematocrit and these variables. Therefore, in renal dialysis patients, isokinetic muscle strength is a better predictor of exercise capacity than are variables determining blood oxygen carrying capacity. This suggests that altered skeletal muscle function explains the impaired exercise tolerance of anemic patients with end-stage renal disease receiving chronic hemodialysis.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Quadriceps muscle strength and voluntary activation after polio.

Quadriceps strength, maximal anatomical cross-sectional area (CSA), maximal voluntary activation (MVA), and maximal relaxation rate (MRR) were studied in 48 subjects with a past history of polio, 26 with and 22 without postpoliomyelitis syndrome (PPS), and in 13 control subjects. It was also investigated whether, apart from CSA, MVA and MRR were determinants of muscle strength. Polio subjects had significantly less strength, CSA, and MRR in the more-affected quadriceps than control subjects. MVA was reduced in 18 polio subjects and normal in all controls. PPS subjects differed from non-PPS subjects only in that the MVA of the more-affected quadriceps was significantly lower. Both CSA and MVA were found to be associated with muscle strength. Quadriceps strength in polio subjects was dependent not only on muscle mass, but also on the ability to activate the muscles. Since impaired activation was more pronounced in PPS subjects, the new muscle weakness and functional decline in PPS may be due not only to a gradual loss of muscle fibers, but also to an increasing inability to activate the muscles.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Respiratory muscle strength and endurance in individuals with tetraplegia.

The purpose of this study was to assess the strength and endurance capacity of the respiratory muscles in individuals with tetraplegia and to compare these properties to those in able-bodied subjects. In addition, the relationship between respiratory muscle properties and respiratory function, ie, ventilation and gas exchange, was examined. Fifteen individuals with tetraplegia (TP) and 15 able-bodied controls (AB) participated in this study. Respiratory muscle strength was assessed by measuring static inspiratory (Pi-max) and expiratory (Pe-max) mouth pressure, whereas inspiratory endurance capacity (Pendu) was determined using an incremental ventilatory threshold loading test. Results were significantly lower in TP compared to AB: Pi-max (5.9 vs 8.4 kPa), Pre-max (5.6 vs 12.3 kPa), Pendu (2.7 vs 6.9 kPa), vital capacity (3.1 vs 5.5 l) and rest oxygen uptake (0.21 vs 0.29 ml/min) and significant correlations were found between the respiratory muscle properties and the respiratory function. Of note is the fact that the ratio Pendu/Pi-max was significantly lower in TP (0.49) compared to AB (0.82). This implies that the capacity to generate pressure during the endurance test was not fully used in TP, probably due to an early onset of muscle fatigue and an altered force-length relationship of the diaphragm muscle. Results of this study demonstrate a limited ability in individuals with tetraplegia to ventilate.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Respiratory muscle strength may explain hypoxia-induced decrease in vital capacity.

PURPOSE: High altitude exposure has consistently been reported to decrease forced vital capacity (FVC), but the mechanisms accounting for this observation remain incompletely understood. We investigated the possible contribution of a hypoxia-related decrease in respiratory muscle strength. METHODS: Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP), sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP), FVC, peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) were measured in 15 healthy subjects before and after 1, 6, and 12 h of exposure to an equivalent altitude of 4267 m in a hypobaric chamber. RESULTS: Hypoxia was associated with a progressive decrease in FVC (5.59 +/- 0.24 to 5.24 +/- 0.26 L, mean +/- SEM, P < 0.001), MIP (130 +/- 10 to 114 +/- 8 cm H2O, P < 0.01), MEP (201 +/- 12 to 171 +/- 11 cm H2O, P < 0.001), and SNIP (125 +/- 7 to 98 +/- 7 cm H2O, P < 0.001). MIP, MEP, and SNIP were strongly correlated to FVC (r ranging from 0.77 to 0.92). FEV1 didn't change, and PEF increased less than predicted by the reduction in air density (11-20% of sea-level value compared with 32% predicted). CONCLUSION: We conclude that a decrease in respiratory muscle strength may contribute to the decrease in FVC observed at high altitude.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

The value of sniff esophageal pressures in the assessment of global inspiratory muscle strength.

Esophageal pressure generated during a maximal sniff (sniff Pes) was compared with mouth pressure generated during a maximal inspiration against a closed airway (Pimax) as a measure of global inspiratory muscle strength in 61 patients referred for investigation of respiratory muscle function. Transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) was also measured during both maneuvers to compare maximal diaphragmatic strength. Sniff Pes (males, 68 +/- 27 cm H2O; normal greater than 53; females, 66 +/- 21; normal greater than 48) was greater than Pimax (males, 45 +/- 24 cm H2O; normal greater than 42; females, 42 +/- 24; normal greater than 17) in 55 of the 61 patients, both in absolute values and as a percentage of normal. In 36 patients Pimax and sniff Pes were both normal (mean +/- 2 SD), whereas in 13 patients they were both low. In 11 patients, Pimax was low, but sniff Pes was normal. One patient had a reduced sniff Pes but a Pimax at the lower limit of normal. In the 36 patients in whom both Pimax and sniff Pes were normal, Pdi was also normal or only moderately reduced, and in the 13 patients in whom both Pimax and sniff Pes were reduced, Pdi was very low. However, in the group of 11 patients with a low Pimax but a normal sniff Pes, Pdi was normal or only moderately reduced, suggesting that Pimax was falsely low, perhaps because of difficulties with the technique. Conversely, in the single patient with a low sniff Pes but a Pimax just within the normal range, Pdi was very low. We conclude that measurement of esophageal pressure during a maximal sniff is a useful test of inspiratory muscle strength and overcomes the difficulty some patients have in carrying out the Pimax maneuver.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Lean and fat mass as determinants of muscle strength and insulin sensitivity in Chilean elderly subjects.

PURPOSE: To report the association of lean body mass with nutritional, social and economic factors and its functional consequences in free living healthy elderly subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Healthy elderly subjects of low socioeconomic level were studied. Monthly income, marital status, anthropometric measures and fall risk were assessed. Mini Nutritional Assessment score was calculated. Body composition and bone mineral density were measured by double beam X ray absorptiomentry. Fasting serum lipids, fasting and postprandial insulin and glucose levels were measured. Hand grip, quadriceps and biceps strengths and maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures were measured. RESULTS: One hundred and nine subjects (56 women), aged 75 +/- 4 years old were studied. Lean body mass was 34.1 +/- 4 and 49.2 +/- 5.4 kg in women and men respectively (p < 0.001), fat mass was 22.8 +/- 7.1 and 20.7 +/- 6.4 kg in women and men respectively (p= NS). Lean body mass correlated with hand grip, quadriceps and biceps muscle strengths in men and with quadriceps and biceps strength in women. Men that exercised regularly had higher quadriceps strength and maximal expiratory pressure. Total body fat correlated positively with fasting and postprandial serum insulin levels. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample, lean body mass is directly related to muscle strength mostly in men. On the other hand, total fat mass is related to serum insulin levels.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2003

Trunk muscle strength in flexion, extension, and axial rotation in patients managed with lumbar disc herniation surgery and in healthy control subjects.

STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted. OBJECTIVE: To compare maximal flexion, extension, and rotation strength as well as force-time characteristics of trunk muscles in patients who undergo lumbar disc herniation with those in healthy control subjects 2 months after surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Insufficient attention has been paid to muscle strength characteristics after lumbar disc herniation surgery. METHODS: For this study, 30 postoperative patients with lumbar disc herniation and 30 healthy control subjects volunteered to participate. Isometric trunk flexion, extension in the standing position, and seated rotation strength were tested bilaterally in a neutral posture and at 30 degrees axial prerotation. The area under the curve was calculated to analyze explosive force capacity. Dynamic endurance strength was measured by calculating the repetition maximum. Pain during the strength measurements was assessed by a visual analog scale. RESULTS: The healthy control subjects showed 44% and 36% higher isometric trunk flexion (P < 0.001) and extension (P < 0.001) forces, respectively, than the patients. The respective values for the area under the curve were 41% and 37% higher for the trunk flexors (P < 0.001) and extensors (P < 0.001) in the healthy control subjects than in the patients. The differences in trunk rotation force between the groups were statistically significant when the lower body was rotated 30 degrees to the right (P = 0.023) or to the left (P = 0.043) and the upper body was rotated in the opposite direction. Furthermore, in the dynamic endurance strength test, the healthy control subjects performed 70% more repetitions both for trunk flexors and extensors than did the patients. Some of the patients reported mild pain during the strength measurements, but the level of pain did not correlate with the strength values. CONCLUSIONS: The recovery of maximal endurance and explosive type strength characteristics is incomplete in patients with lumbar disc herniation 2 months after surgery. Active strength training is recommended to restore muscle function in these patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Are unilateral and bilateral patellar tendinopathy distinguished by differences in anthropometry, body composition, or muscle strength in elite female basketball players?

BACKGROUND: Overuse injury to the patellar tendon (patellar tendinopathy) is a major reason for interrupted training and competition for elite athletes. In both sexes, the prevalence of unilateral and bilateral tendinopathy has been shown to differ. It has been proposed that bilateral pathology may have a different aetiology from unilateral pathology. Investigation of risk factors that may be unique to unilateral and bilateral patellar tendinopathy in female athletes may reveal insights into the aetiology of this condition. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether anthropometry, body composition, or muscle strength distinguished elite female basketball players with unilateral or bilateral patellar tendinopathy. METHODS: Body composition, anthropometry, and muscle strength were compared in elite female basketball players with unilateral (n = 8), bilateral (n = 7), or no (n = 24) patellar tendinopathy. Body composition was analysed using a dual energy x ray absorptiometer. Anthropometric measures were assessed using standard techniques. Knee extensor strength was measured at 180 degrees /s using an isokinetic dynamometer. z scores were calculated for the unilateral and bilateral groups (using the no tendinopathy group as controls). z scores were tested against zero. RESULTS: The tibia length to stature ratio was approximately 1.3 (1.3) SDs above zero in both the affected and non-affected legs in the unilateral group (p<0.05). The waist to hip ratio was 0.66 (0.78) SD above zero in the unilateral group (p<0.05). In the unilateral group, leg lean to total lean ratio was 0.42 (0.55) SD above zero (p<0.07), the trunk lean to total lean ratio was 0.63 (0.68) SD below zero (p<0.05), and leg fat relative to total fat was 0.47 (0.65) SD below zero (p<0.09). In the unilateral group, the leg with pathology was 0.78 (1.03) SD weaker during eccentric contractions (p<0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral patellar tendinopathy has identifiable risk factors whereas bilateral patellar tendinopathy may not. This suggests that the aetiology of these conditions may be different. However, interpretation must respect the limitation of small subject numbers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Relationship between chest expansion and respiratory muscle strength in patients with primary fibromyalgia.

In this paper the assessment of the relationship between chest expansion with maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory pressures (MEP) in primary fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome is discussed. Chest expansion (CE) measurements, spirometric values, and MIP and MEP values in 30 female patients with primary FM are compared with 29 healthy age-matched female controls. Patients with FM had lower CE, MEP and MIP values than controls. CE correlated significantly with MIP and MEP values. There was no significant difference between groups in spirometric values. Our results indicate that patients with FM have impaired respiratory muscle strength, and measurement of CE may be a useful clinical parameter. Despite its limitations CE may reflect respiratory muscle strength. It is worth following up these data in a wider and controlled series, with ancillary tests in addition to the MIP and MEP.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

The effects of growth hormone and sex steroid on lean body mass, fat mass, muscle strength, cardiovascular endurance and adverse events in healthy elderly women and men.

Decreases in growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I occur with age, in addition to oestrogen deficiency in women and a reduction in the levels of testosterone in men. These age-related hormonal changes may contribute to reductions in lean body mass, muscle strength and cardiac endurance, which can be partially reversed in elderly people with GH treatment, and testosterone supplements and oestrogen/progestin hormone replacement therapy in men and women, respectively. These treatments are, however, thought to have potentially serious adverse effects. We conducted a study to evaluate the separate and interactive effects of GH and sex steroids on body composition, muscle strength and cardiac endurance as well as the rate of adverse events in healthy elderly people. The results of the study showed that although there were beneficial effects with GH and sex steroid treatment, a high percentage of adverse effects occurred after 26 weeks of treatment, demonstrating a need for more research on the safety of hormonal therapy in the elderly population.

Adipose Tissue↗