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PubMed1977

Temperature-sensitive and other mutants of the Essex 70 strain of Newcastle disease virus as vaccines.

The most reliable method of distinguishing strains of low virulence amongst a collection of stock strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was by their failure to produce a good c.p.e. in monolayers of baby hamster kidney cells and of chick embryo cells. This method was of no help in identifying avirulent mutants that emerged in the Essex 70 strain of NDV following ultraviolet light, nitrous acid, hydroxylamine or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) treatment. A marked reduction in the ability to kill developing chick embryos at 41 degrees C was a much more reliable indicator. Several of these temperature-sensitive mutants, most of which had been isolated from NTG-treated virus, were non-lethal for young chicks but they did have a depressive effect on their growth rate. The immunity produced by three of these mutants in chicks free of NDV antibody, but not in chicks possessing appreciable amounts of antibody, was probably even better than that produced by Hitchner B1 strain. All three mutants reverted to virulence during passage in chicks, although in no case were the revertants as virulent as the original Essex 70 strain. The virulent revertants obtained from one of the mutants had lost their temperature-sensitivity and proliferated in large numbers in the tissues of infected chicks. Those obtained from the other two had either not lost, or only partly lost, their temperature-sensitivity; they were found only in low concentrations in the tissues of infected chicks, their concentrations being little different from that found in the tissues of chicks infected with the mutants from which they were derived.

Animals↗
PubMed1966

Virus replication and high-titered interferon production in human leukocyte cultures inoculated with Newcastle disease virus.

Wheelock, Frederick E. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio). Virus replication and high-titered interferon production in human leukocyte cultures inoculated with Newcastle disease virus. J. Bacteriol. 92:1415-1421. 1966.-High titers of interferon (20,480 culture-protecting units per ml) are produced in freshly prepared human leukocyte cultures inoculated with a Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-cell multiplicity of 1:1. NDV replicates to low titers in these cultures. Incubation of leukocytes at 37 C for 24 hr prior to inoculation of NDV results in almost complete loss of detectable interferon production, but virus replicates to higher titers than in the freshly prepared cultures. In contrast, no diminution of interferon production in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) occurs on 24 hr of incubation of cultures prior to addition of PHA. Experiments with cultures of predominantly pure cell fractions of peripheral blood indicate that the lymphocyte fraction produces interferon in response to either NDV or PHA, and that polymorphonuclear leukocytes produce no interferon in response to these agents. These studies suggest a hitherto unsuspected ability of human lymphocytes to produce high titers of interferon in vivo.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Immunological traits in generations 7 to 12 of two lines of Japanese quail selected for high or low antibody response to Newcastle disease virus.

Several immunological traits were compared in lines of Japanese quail selected for high and low secondary immune responses to anti-Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The high line of quail, selected for high ability to produce antibodies, was more responsive in both their primary response to NDV antigen used in the selection as well as to other antigens used in selection process including NDV (Ishi strain), tissue culture-derived Newcastle disease (TCND strain), NDV strain B1, influenza virus, sheep erythrocytes, and Salmonella pullorum than the low line, selected for low ability to produce antibody titers. Mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin mitogen in the blood lymphocytes from high line quail was more reactive than those from low line quail. Significant line differences were also found in the number of spontaneous rosette cells produced by blood lymphocytes with both fowl and rabbit erythrocytes; the number in the high line exceeded those in the low line.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Influence of Newcastle disease virus on the severity of Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in turkeys.

This study was designed to examine whether vaccine or virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) would potentiate the disease caused by Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in turkeys. The studies were conducted in turkeys of two age groups. There were three experiments. In two experiments four-week-old turkeys were exposed either to vaccine or virulent strains of NDV after experimental P anatipestifer infection. In the third experiment 14-week-old turkeys were first exposed to virulent NDV and superimposed with P anatipestifer infection. In experiment 1, one bird died where P anatipestifer was given in combination with the vaccine strain of NDV. However, there was no difference in the clinical signs, gross lesions and histopathology compared with turkeys given P anatipestifer alone. In experiment 3 where turkeys received a virulent strain of NDV in combination with P anatipestifer, birds became dyspnoeic and showed signs of illness. There was a difference in the course of the disease, gross lesions and histopathology when compared with turkeys that received P anatipestifer only.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Optimum conditions for in vitro chicken IL-2 production and its in vivo role in Newcastle disease vaccinated chickens.

Optimum conditions for in vitro chicken interleukin-2 (IL-2) production were studied. IL-2 containing culture supernatants were generated by mitogen stimulation of splenic mononuclear cells (SMC) and the samples were tested on 72 h Concanavalin A (ConA) blasts for their proliferative ability. 3H-thymidine incorporation was used as a measurement of proliferation. Higher stimulation indices and thus maximal IL-2 production were obtained with the following culture conditions: 5 x 10(6) cells ml(-1) cultured for 24 h in the presence of 10 microg ml(-1) ConA in serum free Iscove's modified Dulbecco medium. The molecule responsible for IL-2 activity was found to have a molecular weight of 14000 as estimated by size exclusion chromatography. SMC obtained from chickens inoculated with Newcastle disease virus were used to study the immunomodulatory role of IL-2. The lymphocyte transformation test was used as an in vitro correlate of cell mediated immunity in these chickens. The mitogen responses of cells obtained from virus inoculated and control chickens were similar on the basis of stimulation indices. Antigen specific lymphocyte proliferation was demonstrated using SMC obtained from virus inoculated chickens. Uptake of exogenous IL-2 by 72 h ConA blasts was of similar magnitude in both virus inoculated and control chickens indicating that uptake of IL-2 by T lymphocytes was normal in Newcastle disease virus inoculated chickens.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathology of the trachea in turkeys exposed by aerosol to lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus.

Five groups of 4-week-old turkey poults were each infected by aerosol with a different lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus. Four days postinfection, sections of tracheas were collected for histopathologic characterization and virus titration. The most prominent lesions were fibrinopurulent exudate in tracheal lumens, hyperplasia of epithelial cells, and infiltration by lymphocytes. All strains multiplied to high titers and produced similar microscopic lesions, but the number of poults with severe microscopic lesions varied among groups.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aerosol vaccination against Newcastle disease. II. Effect of vaccine diluents.

Three diluents (deionized water, 2% dry milk, and 20% buffered glycerin) were used to suspend the Newcastle disease vaccine for aerosol-vaccination studies. Particle size and the effect on humoral antibody response in chickens was determined for each diluent. For all diluents, the greatest number of particles were found in the size range of 0.5-3 mum. Total particle counts were higher with glycerin than with either milk or water. Antibody response and resistance to challenge, however, were higher with water or milk.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2004

Rapid pathotyping of Newcastle disease virus from allantoic fluid and organs of experimentally infected chickens using two novel probes.

A system including RNA isolation, primers and two novel oligonucleotide probes (NC22 and VC22) was established to rapidly pathotype Newcastle disease virus (NDV) from infected allantoic fluid; The sequence of the probes is: VC22, 5'-AAGGAGGCAGAAACGCTTTATA-3'; NC22, 5'-GGGGAGACAGG GGCGCCTTATA-3'. Application efficacy of the probes was verified by differentiating NDV that derived from experimentally infected organs. NC22 and VC22 both were labeled with digoxigenin (DIG) and were successful in differentiating NDV strains from the infected allantoic fluid and organs of experimentally infected SPF chickens. The RT-PCR products of NDV isolates and strains were dotted onto nylon membrane and then hybridized with two specific probes separately. The VC22 probe is specific to virulent strains, and the NC22 probe is specific to avirulent strains. The results of hybridization coincide with viral intracerebral pathologenicity index (ICPI). The specificity of two probes and sensitivity of NC22 probe were evaluated. NC22 could detect down to 10(-8) dilution from 10(7.5) EID(50)/ml or 800 fg of viral RNA. The system could be completed within 1 day to conduct experiment from clinical sample to the result of assay, and its potential practical application in clinical assay was discussed basing on specificity, sensitivity and rapidness.

Allantois↗
PubMed2006

Use of FTA filter paper for the molecular detection of Newcastle disease virus.

The feasibility of using Flinders Technology Associates filter papers (FTA cards) to collect allantoic fluid and chicken tissue samples for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) molecular detection was evaluated. Trizol RNA extraction and one-step reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used. FTA cards allowed NDV identification from allantoic fluid with a titre of 10(5.8) median embryo lethal doses/ml. The inactivated virus remained stable on the cards for 15 days. NDV was detected from FTA imprints of the trachea, lung, caecal tonsil and cloacal faeces of experimentally infected birds. RT-PCR detection from FTA cards was confirmed by homologous frozen-tissue RT-PCR and virus isolation. Direct nucleotide sequence of the amplified F gene allowed prediction of NDV virulence. No virus isolation was possible from the FTA inactivated samples, indicating viral inactivation upon contact. The FTA cards are suitable for collecting and transporting NDV-positive samples, providing a reliable source of RNA for molecular characterization and a hazard-free sample.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Role of macrophages in bypassing the inhibitory activity of Newcastle disease virus on the T-suppressor-cell circuit which regulates contact sensitivity to picryl chloride.

The interaction between the paramyxovirus of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and the T-suppressor-cell circuit which regulates the expression phase of contact sensitivity reaction to picryl chloride was investigated. NDV infection impairs the T-acceptor-cell (Tacc) activity, as demonstrated by the failure of Tacc from mice infected with NDV both on Day 0 and on Day 3 to release the nonspecific inhibitor of the passive transfer of contact sensitivity. Tacc from NDV-infected mice fail to bind appreciable amounts of exogenous T suppressor factor, so indicating that the virus eliminates this T-cell population. However, macrophages from mice infected with NDV are able to release a nonspecific inhibitor of the passive transfer of contact sensitivity, indicating that the inhibition of Tacc activity in mice infected with NDV is bypassed by macrophages, so that the T-suppressor circuit is functionally active in NDV-infected mice. The mechanism of the selective inhibition of the Tacc activity by NDV is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

A skim milk stabilized water vaccine for Newcastle disease (B1-type LaSota): its effectiveness under modern commercial cage layer methods of delivery.

For flock vaccination, B1-type LaSota Newcastle disease water vaccine was used in chicken under commercial cage layer conditions using two different methods, Swish Corporation pipes and cups, and stainless stell troughs, in an effort to determine their effectiveness. The concentration of virus in trough and cup samples collected at the beginning and the end of the lines were the same except in one instance where little or no virus was transported to the end of the trough. Satisfactory results were obtained when the test was repeated a year later. Serum HI titers determined before and after vaccination demonstrated adequate flock serum titers and indicated that both methods of application were reasonably effective. In laboratory trials, different water pipes (black, polyvinyl chloride pipe and Hart cups, green, polyvinyl chloride pipe and Swish cups, and old, rusty, galvanized pipe) normally used in cage operations were tested. Our findings indicated that dried skim milk powder (DSMP) was essential in stabilizing vaccine virus in the containers tested and that an adequate vaccine virus concentration was maintained in the three types of pipe tested when DSMP was used. Without DSMP the vaccine titers were adversely affected.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Genome sequence of the thermostable Newcastle disease virus (strain I-2) reveals a possible phenotypic locus.

The complete genome sequence of the Australian I-2 heat-tolerant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine (master seed stocks) was determined and compared to the sequence of the parent virus from which it had been derived after exposure of the parent stock at 56 degrees C for 30 min. Nucleotide changes were observed at a number of positions with synonymous mutations being greater than those observed for non-synonymous mutations. Sequence data for the HN gene of a parental culture of V4 and two heat-tolerant variants of V4 were obtained. These were compared with the data for the I-2 viruses and with published sequences for parental V4 and for a number of ND vaccine strains. Sequence analyses did not reveal the ARG(303) deletion in the HN protein, previously claimed to be responsible for the thermostable phenotype. No consistent changes were detected that would indicate involvement of the HN protein in heat resistance. The majority of alterations were observed in the L protein of the virus and it is proposed that these alterations were responsible for the heat-tolerant phenotype of the I-2 NDV vaccine.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Laboratory evaluation of Newcastle disease vaccination programs for broiler chickens.

Experiments were conducted to examine the efficacy of various commercial vaccination programs for the prevention of Newcastle disease (ND) in broilers. In all, chicks were from breeders vaccinated against ND via drinking water at 75-day intervals. Vaccination was by company personnel on company premises. In Expt. 1, the initial ND vaccination programs tested were vaccination at 1 day by coarse spray with the Spra-Vac machine or by tracheal instillation with the Beak-o-Vac machine, and vaccination at 7 days via drinking water. In Expts. 2-4, birds initially vaccinated via one of the three previously mentioned methods (Spra-Vac in Expt. 2, Beak-o-Vac in Expt. 3, and drinking water in Expt. 4) were revaccinated against ND by either drinking water or coarse spray with one of two commercial portable machines (ULVA Fan or Spray Master). Serologic and challenge data in Expt. 1 indicated that although broilers vaccinated by any of the three initial routes failed to produce measurable antibody to NDV, all methods resulted in protection against NDV challenge at 35 and 49 days. However, resistance to challenge with virulent ND was greatest in birds initially vaccinated by coarse spray with the Spra-Vac machine. Results in Expts. 2-4 indicated that NDV hemagglutination-inhibition titers were highest and resistance to challenge greatest in birds initially vaccinated at day 1 by coarse spray (Spra-Vac) and then revaccinated at 14 days by coarse spray. There were no differences, however, between the portable coarse spray machines in efficacy in reimmunizing broilers against NDV.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Susceptibility and protection of naive and vaccinated racing pigeons (Columbia livia) against exotic Newcastle disease virus from the California 2002-2003 outbreak.

The susceptibility, immune response, and protection to challenge after vaccination in racing pigeons (Columbia livia) was assessed with the 2002-2003 exotic Newcastle disease (END) virus responsible for the most recent major outbreak in Southern California. Immunologically naïve pigeons appeared resistant to disease, regardless of dose, after a natural route of exposure. Twenty percent morbidity was observed in each group of birds receiving between 10(2.1) and 10(8.1) 50% embryo infectious dose (EID50) per bird, with one bird succumbing to challenge in the 10(8.1) EID50/bird group at day 12 postinoculation. Although resistant to disease, birds in all groups continued to shed virus from either oral or cloacal route at the end of the 14-day sampling period, and seroconversion was only observed in birds receiving > or =10(6.1) EID50. Single or double vaccination of juvenile and adult birds with pigeon paramyxovirus virus type 1 (PPMV-1) vaccine followed by END challenge with 10(6.1) EID50/bird decreased the duration, incidence, and viral load. A positive correlation was observed between the presence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titers at challenge and decreased viral shedding. Overt clinical signs of disease were not observed in any PPMV-1-vaccinated birds after challenge.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

Modification of low virulent Newcastle disease virus infection in chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus.

One-day-old SPF chicks were inoculated with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) which had been isolated from contaminated Marek's disease vaccine. Then they were subjected to super infection with the B1 or TCND strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and examined for virus recovery, antibody response and the appearance of symptoms. Regardless of the time, from 0 to 8 weeks, of inoculation with the NDV-B1 strain after the REV infection, the antibody response was suppressed and the duration of the NDV recovery prolonged. Specific death preceded by severe respiratory or neural signs occurred more frequently to chicks inoculated with REV than to uninoculated controls after inoculation with the NDV-B1 strain in the neonatal stage or with the NDV-TCND strain at 5 weeks of age.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Serological response and resistance to Newcastle disease in vaccinated poultry].

Studies was the titer of antihemagglutinins of a total of 3263 serum samples taken from birds routinely vaccinated against Newcastle disease, originating from various poultry farms of the country. Chosen were 139 birds in which a weak serologic response was established through spray, aerosol, and injectable live vaccines (strain La Sota, Komarov). These birds were challenged by intramuscular application of 10(6) ELD50/bird of a velogenic viscerotropic virus of ND. High specific resistance was established in the various groups of birds regardless of the low level of serum antihemagglutinins. In all such cases individual birds of the flock responded after vaccination with a high titer of serum antibodies, so the application of an active vaccine was indicated.

Animals↗