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PubMed2002

Adverse effects of acid rain on the distribution of the Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina in North America.

Research into population declines of North American bird species has mainly focused on the fragmentation of habitat on the breeding or wintering grounds [Robinson, S. K., Thompson, F. R., Donovan, T. M., Whitehead, D. R. & Faaborg, J. (1995) Science 267, 1987-1990]. In contrast, research into declines of European species has mainly focused on intensification of agriculture [Donald, P. F., Green, R. E. & Heath, M. F. (2001) Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 268, 25-29] and the role played by the atmospheric deposition of pollutants, in particular, acid rain [Graveland, J. (1998) Environ. Rev. 6, 41-54]. However, despite widespread unexplained declines of bird populations in regions of heavy wet acid ion deposition [Sauer, J. R., Hines, J. E. & Fallon, J. (2001) The North American Breeding Bird Survey Results and Analysis 1966-2000 (Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD)], no North American studies have presented evidence linking such widespread terrestrial bird declines to acid rain. To address the question of the role played by acid rain in population declines of eastern North American songbird species, we combine data from several sources. We use a multiple logistic regression model to test for adverse effects of acid rain on the Wood Thrush, while controlling for regional abundance, landscape-level habitat fragmentation, elevation, soil pH, and vegetation. We show a strong, highly significant, negative effect of acid rain on the predicted probability of breeding by this species, and interactions with elevation, low pH soils, and habitat fragmentation that worsen these negative effects. Our results suggest an important role for acid rain in recent declines of some birds breeding in the eastern United States, particularly in high elevation zones with low pH soils, and show the need to consider other large-scale influences, in addition to habitat fragmentation, when addressing bird population declines.

Acid Rain↗
PubMed2004

Emergency department visits for home medical device failure during the 2003 North America blackout.

OBJECTIVES: During a widespread North American blackout in August 2003, the authors identified a cluster of patients presenting to their northern Manhattan emergency department (ED) with complaints related to medical device failure. The characteristics of this group with respect to presenting complaint, type of device failure, time spent in the ED, and disposition are described in an effort to better understand the resource needs of this population. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review for all patients evaluated in an urban teaching ED during a 24-hour period spanning the duration of regional power failure. Charts for patients presenting with medical device failure as part of their triage complaint were abstracted. RESULTS: Twenty-three of 255 patients coming to the ED during the 24-hour period presented with medical device failure. Nineteen of the device failures were due to nonfunctioning oxygen conservers, three to ventilator failure, and two to airway suction device failure (one patient had two devices fail). Thirteen of these patients were admitted to the hospital and accounted for 22% of all admissions during the study interval. Discharged patients spent a mean of 15.1 hours (range: 3.8-24.4 hours) in the ED. CONCLUSIONS: Patients using electrical medical devices seek care in the ED when power failure occurs, and they require significant ED and hospital resources. Effective disaster planning should anticipate the needs of this population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Candida dubliniensis fungemia: the first four cases in North America.

We report the first four North American cases of Candida dubliniensis fungemia, including the first isolation of this organism from the bloodstream of an HIV-infected person. All isolates were susceptible in vitro to commonly used antifungal drugs. This report demonstrates that C. dubliniensis can cause bloodstream infection; however, the incidence of disease is not known.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The politics of nutrition in North America.

In the 100-odd years since the rise of modern nutritional science, North American' ideas about food and health have been influenced by much more than the scientists' findings. They have invariably been affected by political considerations. War, fear of revolution, leftist ideology, and the enormous financial stakes of giant food producers have all played important roles in shaping ideas about nutrition.

Humans↗