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PubMedDate not supplied

Quantitative determination of linoleic acid in infant formulas by gas chromatography.

A method has been developed for the quantitative determination of linoleic acid in infant formulas by gas chromatography (GC). A known amount of triheptadecanoin was spiked into the sample. Total lipid was extracted from the product by an ethyl ether-petroleum ether-ethanol system in a Mojonnier flask. The sample was saponified by methanolic KOH after the solvents were evaporated. Methyl esters of the fatty acids were prepared by boron trifluoride (BF3) in methanol and analyzed by gas chromatography. A glass column packed with 10% SP-2340 (75% cyanopropyl silicone) was used to separate and identify the methyl linoleate and the methyl heptadecanoate. The quantity of methyl linoleate was calculated by comparing the integrated peak areas of these 2 fatty acid methyl esters. This method was satisfactory for both milk protein-based and soy protein-based matrixes. The results obtained by this method are comparable to those obtained by the AOAC spectrophotometric method 28.082-28.085.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2003

[Acid and osmotic erythrocyte resistance in workers at a petroleum factory].

Data on the impact exerted by industrial products, i.e. pyromellitic dianhydride, on the acidic and osmotic resistance of erythrocytes in workers are described. The influence of hazardous factors of the oil-and-chemical production was found to result in a changing erythrocytes' resistance (of workers) to the osmotic and acidic hemolytics with regard for a labor record and duration of contact with toxicants. The shifts in acidic and osmotic resistance can serve as an early marker of changes in the functional erythron's status in workers occupied under hazardous industrial factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Phase modifiers promote efficient production of hydroxymethylfurfural from fructose.

Furan derivatives obtained from renewable biomass resources have the potential to serve as substitutes for the petroleum-based building blocks that are currently used in the production of plastics and fine chemicals. We developed a process for the selective dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) that operates at high fructose concentrations (10 to 50 weight %), achieves high yields (80% HMF selectivity at 90% fructose conversion), and delivers HMF in a separation-friendly solvent. In a two-phase reactor system, fructose is dehydrated in the aqueous phase with the use of an acid catalyst (hydrochloric acid or an acidic ion-exchange resin) with dimethylsulfoxide and/or poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone) added to suppress undesired side reactions. The HMF product is continuously extracted into an organic phase (methylisobutylketone) modified with 2-butanol to enhance partitioning from the reactive aqueous solution.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

[The level of mercapturic acids in the urine of workers in the petroleum refining industry].

Examination are carried out on 236 workers from three productions of oil-processing industry, who are exposed to the effect of hydrocarbons--saturated from the ethylene order, saturated (benzine), aromatic and sulphuric compounds--sulphur-containing organic, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide. The purpose of the study is to establish the risk of exposure to alkylating agents, which are potentially cancerogenic and mutagenic. Leading noxa in the production of high-octane aviation benzine (production "sulfur acidic alkylation", are the sulphur containing organic compounds, hydrogen sulphide, and in some working places--hydrocarbons (benzine and aromatic); in the production of "Ethylene" and "Polypropylene" leading noxae are the saturated hydrocarbons, and the sulphur-containing organic compounds as well as the unsaturated hydrocarbons (ethylene and propylene). The mercapturic acids in urine are determined after the method of Malonova and Bardoday (1983), and the creatinine by the Böringer test. Tobacco smoking and taking of drugs is also considered when data processing. A control group of 30 persons is also examined. In the workers from the 3 enterprises the average values of mercapturic acids in smokers and non-smokers are higher than that of the control group. The differences are statistically significant in the group of non-smokers. The highest per cent of workers with increased content of mercapturic acids (above 8 mumol/mmol creatinine) is established in the production of "Polypropylene".

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed2000

The petroleum-laced background

Using passive headspace concentration (ASTM E-1412) and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis as described in ASTM E-1618, the authors have studied the volatile components detectable in several kinds of otherwise uncontaminated substrata, including clothing, shoes, household products, building materials, paper products, cardboard, and adhesives. Due to the use of petroleum-derived liquids in the manufacture of these materials, it is frequently possible to detect the liquids, even when the products are several years old. These results point out the need for the use of comparison samples whenever possible.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Radioactivity concentration in liquid and solid phases of scale and sludge generated in the petroleum industry.

Scales and sludge generated during oil extraction and production can contain uranium, thorium, radium and other natural radionuclides, which can cause exposure of maintenance personnel. This work shows how the oil content can influence the results of measurements of radionuclide concentration in scale and sludge. Samples were taken from a PETROBRAS unit in Northeast Brazil. They were collected directly from the inner surface of water pipes or from barrels stored in the waste storage area of the E&P unit. The oil was separated from the solids with a Soxhlet extractor by using aguarras at 90+/-5 degrees C as solvent. Concentrations of 226Ra and 228Ra in the samples were determined before and after oil extraction by using an HPGe gamma spectrometric system. The results showed an increase in the radionuclide concentration in the solid (dry) phase, indicating that the above radionuclides concentrate mostly in the solid material.

Background Radiation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of Mimosa tenuiflora bark extracts on WI38 and KB human cells in culture.

The effects of three extracts from barks of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd) Poir, Leguminosae, on the growth rate of two human cell lines were investigated. The plant material was extracted with petroleum ether, ethylacetate and butanol, and the obtained products were evaluated in their ability to modify growth of WI38 normal embryonic fibroblasts, and KB cells from a nasopharyngeal carcinoma in tissue culture conditions. The ethylacetate and butanol extracts produced growth rate inhibition with a different pattern depending on the cell line studied; in contrast, the petroleum ether extract markedly increased proliferation of the same cells in vitro.

Cell Division↗
PubMed2024

Strategies in engineering sustainable biochemical synthesis through microbial systems.

Growing environmental concerns and the urgency to address climate change have increased demand for the development of sustainable alternatives to fossil-derived fuels and chemicals. Microbial systems, possessing inherent biosynthetic capabilities, present a promising approach for achieving this goal. This review discusses the coupling of systems and synthetic biology to enable the elucidation and manipulation of microbial phenotypes for the production of chemicals that can substitute for petroleum-derived counterparts and contribute to advancing green biotechnology. The integration of artificial intelligence with metabolic engineering to facilitate precise and data-driven design of biosynthetic pathways is also discussed, along with the identification of current limitations and proposition of strategies for optimizing biosystems, thereby propelling the field of chemical biology towards sustainable chemical production.

Metabolic Engineering↗
PubMed1983

Evaluation of the performance and response of the bacharach TLV sniffer and H-Nu photoionization gas analyzer to common hydrocarbon solvents.

Two direct reading instruments, the H-Nu PI 101 photoionization analyzer and the J.W. Bacharach TLV Sniffer, were evaluated under laboratory conditions to determine their performance characteristics when challenged by vapors of common hydrocarbon solvent mixtures. Each instrument was evaluated against the manufacturer's recommended test solvent for rise time, fall time, noise, span drift, zero drift, position sensitivity, battery life, and recharge time. The precision, accuracy, and operating linear range were also determined for the test solvents and some petroleum solvent mixtures which are common refinery products. For these latter mixtures, correction factors are presented which allow for an improved estimate of ambient concentrations when monitoring with each of these instruments. All tests except operating humidity range were performed by challenging each instrument with a known concentration of hydrocarbon generated by evaporating calculated liquid volumes into a static chamber. Humidity tests were performed using a dynamic dilution apparatus generating a fixed concentration of hydrocarbon while relative humidity was varied. Concentrations in both systems were verified by gas injection into gas chromatograph. Each instrument performed well when challenged by manufacturers' recommended test solvents. Humidity was shown to influence each instrument's readings. Also, the instruments were shown to have application as monitors of airborne concentrations of common hydrocarbon solvent mixtures.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1994

Establishing generic remediation goals for the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: critical issues.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were one of the first classes of compounds identified as carcinogens and are often chemicals of concern at hazardous waste sites. Remediation goals established by regulatory agencies for carcinogenic PAHs in soil are generally either risk based or based on the method detection limits. PAHs are products of incomplete combustion, are components of petroleum, and as such, are prevalent in the environment from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Background concentrations are often above risk- or detection limit-based criteria, and therefore these remediation goals are of limited practical use as target criteria. In addition, the approaches used to establish target criteria do not account for several factors that may produce over- or underestimates of risk associated with the PAHs. Because of the frequency with which these compounds are detected, it is imperative that reasonably achievable and practical remediation goals be established. This paper examines the various factors that contribute to over- and underestimates of risks associated with PAHs and presents an approach for establishing cleanup criteria that takes into account health risks, background concentrations, and achievability.

Carcinogens, Environmental↗
PubMed1998

Safer sips: removing arsenic from drinking water.

U.S. researchers are developing technologies that may someday protect millions of people worldwide whose drinking water is tainted with arsenic. Arsenic is released into water from soil and rock erosion, and is also a by-product of industrial processes including semiconductor manufacturing, petroleum refining, and mining and smelting operations.

Arsenic↗
PubMed1997

Condoms: still the most popular contraceptive.

Condoms can be used as a barrier contraceptive and/or to protect against many sexually-transmitted diseases. They are easy to buy and use and free from medical risk. Carefully used, and used in conjunction with a spermicide, condoms have similar reliability to IUDs, progesterone-only pills and the diaphragm. The condom must be put on before the penis touches the vaginal area. The penis should not touch the vaginal area after the condom has been taken off. Oil-based products, eg baby oil, massage oil, lipstick, petroleum jelly, suntan oil, can damage the condom. If a lubricant is required, use one that is water-based.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Batch (one- and two-stage) production of biodiesel fuel from rapeseed oil.

Biodiesel fuel is an alternative and renewable energy source, which may help to reduce air pollution, as well as our dependence on petroleum for energy. Several processes have already been developed for the production of biodiesel. Alkali-catalyzed transesterification with short-chain alcohols, for example, generates high yields of methyl esters in short reaction times. In this study, we have evaluated the efficacy of batch (one- and two-stage) transesterification of rapeseed oil in the production of rapeseed methyl ester. The conversion of rapeseed oil exhibited similar reaction patterns and yields in 30- and 1-L reaction systems. Approximately 98% of the rapeseed oil was converted at 400 rpm within 20 min, under the following conditions: 1% (w/w) KOH, 1:10 methanol molar ratio, and at 60 degrees C. In the 30-L, two-stage transesterification process, approx 98.5% of the rapeseed oil was converted at a 1:4.5 molar ratio and 1% (w/w) KOH at 60 degrees C for 30 min (first reaction condition), and at a 1:1 molar ratio and 0.2% (w/w) KOH at 60 degrees C for 30 min (second reaction condition).

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed2006

Crude petroleum-oil biodegradation efficiency of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from a petroleum-oil contaminated soil from North-East India.

The efficiency of Bacillus subtilis DM-04 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa M and NM strains isolated from a petroleum contaminated soil sample from North-East India was compared for the biodegradation of crude petroleum-oil hydrocarbons in soil and shake flask study. These bacterial strains could utilize crude petroleum-oil hydrocarbons as sole source of carbon and energy. Bioaugmentation of TPH contaminated microcosm with P. aeruginosa M and NM consortia and B. subtilis strain showed a significant reduction of TPH levels in treated soil as compared to control soil at the end of experiment (120 d). P. aeruginosa strains were more efficient than B. subtilis strain in reducing the TPH content from the medium. The plate count technique indicated expressive growth and biosurfactant production by exogenously seeded bacteria in crude petroleum-oil rich soil. The results showed that B. subtilis DM-04 and P. aeruginosa M and NM strains could be effective for in situ bioremediation.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1970

Production of chlorflavonin, an antifungal metabolite of Aspergillus candidus.

Production of chlorflavonin, a new antifungal antibiotic, by strains of Aspergillus candidus is described. Two wild strains of the fungus had distinctly different chlorflavonin-producing capabilities. One strain produced 25 mug of chlorflavonin per ml per 4 to 5 days in a pilot scale fermentor with stirring, using a medium containing corn steep liquor and glucose. Production of antibiotic was favored by high rates of agitation-aeration. Crude chlorflavonin was extracted from the whole brew with a hydrocarbon solvent and then purified by recrystallization from benzene and petroleum ether. The overall yield from fermentation brew to pure product was 50%.

Antifungal Agents↗