SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Partially Identified Models”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Morphological changes of cerebral penetrating arteries in a canine double hemorrhage model.

BACKGROUND: Morphological presentations of cerebral vasospasm, such as dystrophy and desquamation of endothelial cells, corrugation of the internal elastic layer, and necrotic changes in smooth muscle cells, are well defined in large cerebral arteries. This study was undertaken to examine pathological changes in cerebral penetrating arteries in a canine double hemorrhage model. METHODS: Eighteen mongrel dogs were subjected to an autologous arterial blood (0.4 mL/kg) injection into the cisterna magna on day 0 and day 2 after withdrawal of an equivalent amount of cerebrospinal fluid. Angiogram was performed on day 0 before the blood injection and on the day the dogs were sacrificed. The dogs were divided into four groups: control (day 0) (n = 4), hemorrhage and sacrificed on day 3 (n = 4), day 5 (n = 5), and day 7 (n = 5). The penetrating arteries were removed and found to be spastic on days 3, 5, and 7, but not in the control group. RESULTS: Endothelial dystrophy and partial desquamation were recorded in all dogs sacrificed on days 5 and 7. Condensation of chromatin, blebbing of the membrane, and condensation of cytoplasm were identified in many endothelial cells, features that are consistent with apoptosis. The morphological changes in the penetrating arteries were more pronounced on days 5 and 7. CONCLUSIONS: Vasospasm occurred in cerebral penetrating arteries in a canine double hemorrhage model. The morphological change in penetrating arteries, especially apoptosis in endothelial cells, is consistent with an early phase of vasospasm. Vasospasm in a penetrating artery may contribute to the cerebral ischemia that occurs during vasospasm.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Novel compound heterozygous POR variants in a neonate with Antley-Bixler syndrome and 46,XY DSD: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency (PORD) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive disorder within the congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) spectrum, characterized by a broad clinical spectrum involving steroidogenesis defects, genital anomalies, and skeletal abnormalities. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a phenotypically female neonate with a 46,XY karyotype whose postnatal diagnostic evaluation was initiated after newborn screening revealed elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) concentration. The patient presented with mild hypertelorism, mild nasal hypoplasia, and low-set bilateral ears, along with female external genitalia consistent with disorder of sex development (DSD) and anal atresia. Radiological evaluation revealed femoral bowing and subsequent fracture. The craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities were consistent with the features of Antley-Bixler syndrome (ABS). Endocrine evaluation revealed elevated progesterone, markedly reduced testosterone, and secondary hyperaldosteronism. Genetic analysis identified three novel variants in the POR gene (NM_001395413.1): the patient harbored a paternal c.1187_1195dup (p.Pro396_Glu398dup) variant and two maternally inherited variants in cis, c.1447G>A (p.Gly483Ser) and c.1806 + 4_1806 + 28del. Protein structural modeling predicted that the p.Pro396_Glu398dup and p.Gly483Ser may disrupt the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-binding domain. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) confirmed that the intronic variant c.1806 + 4_1806 + 28del caused aberrant splicing, resulting in partial intron retention and predicted impairment of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-binding domain. According to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines and incorporating functional evidence, c.1187_1195dup and c.1806 + 4_1806 + 28del were reclassified as likely pathogenic (LP), whereas c.1447G>A remained a variant of uncertain significance (VUS). CONCLUSIONS: This study describes a neonate with PORD caused by three novel POR variants and expands the known clinical spectrum of PORD by identifying rare manifestations including anal atresia and hearing loss. RNA-seq provided valuable functional evidence for variant interpretation and facilitated accurate molecular diagnosis. These findings highlight the importance of integrating genetic phasing, transcript-level functional analysis, and comprehensive clinical evaluation for precise diagnosis and counseling in rare endocrine disorders.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

Structure and mechanical properties of Cresco-Ti laser-welded joints and stress analyses using finite element models of fixed distal extension and fixed partial prosthetic designs.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The Cresco-Ti System uses a laser-welded process that provides an efficient technique to achieve passive fit frameworks. However, mechanical behavior of the laser-welded joint under biomechanical stress factors has not been demonstrated. PURPOSE: This study describes the effect of Cresco-Ti laser-welding conditions on the material properties of the welded specimen and analyzes stresses on the weld joint through 3-dimensional finite element models (3-D FEM) of implant-supported fixed dentures with cantilever extensions and fixed partial denture designs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty Grade III (ASTM B348) commercially pure titanium specimens were machine-milled to the dimensions described in the EN10002-1 tensile test standard and divided into test (n = 10) and control (n = 10) groups. The test specimens were sectioned and laser-welded. All specimens were subjected to tensile testing to determine yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and percent elongation (PE). The Knoop micro-indentation test was performed to determine the hardness of all specimens. On welded specimens, the hardness test was performed at the welded surface. Data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test and Student's t test (alpha=.05). Fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy to characterize the mode of fracture and identify defects due to welding. Three-dimensional FEMs were created that simulated a fixed denture with cantilever extensions supported by 5 implants (M1) and a fixed partial denture supported by 2 implants (M2), 1 of which was angled 30 degrees mesio-axially. An oblique load of 400 N with 15 degrees lingual-axial inclinations was applied to both models at various locations. RESULTS: Test specimens fractured between the weld and the parent material. No porosities were observed on the fractured surfaces. Mean values for YS, UTS, PE, and Knoop hardness were 428 +/- 88 MPa, 574 +/- 113 MPa, 11.2 +/- 0.4%, 270 +/- 17 KHN, respectively, for the control group and 642 +/- 2 MPa, 772 +/- 72 MPa, 4.8 +/- 0.7%, 353 +/- 23 KHN, respectively, for the test group. The differences between the groups were significant for all mechanical properties ( P <.05). For both models, the FEA revealed that maximum principal stresses were concentrated at the framework-weld junction but did not exceed the UTS of the weld joint. CONCLUSION: Within the constraints of the finite element models, mechanical failure of the welded joint between the support and the framework may not be expected under biomechanical conditions simulated in this study.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1980

Food and energy choices for India: a programming model with partial endogenous energy requirements.

This paper presents a mathematical model for all matter-energy processing subsystems at the level of the society, specifically India. It explores India's choices in the food and energy sectors over the coming decades. Alternative land intensive, irrigation energy intensive, and fertilizer intensive techniques of food production are identified using a nonlinear programming model. The land saved is devoted to growing firewood. The optimum combination of railway (steam, diesel, and electric traction) and road (automobiles, diesel trucks, and diesel and gasoline buses) transport is determined. For the oil sector, two alternative sources of supply of crude oil and petroleum products are included, namely, domestic production and imports. The optimum choice is determined through a linear programming model. While the model is basically a static one, designed to determine the optimal choice for the target year of 2000-2001, certain intertemporal detail is incorporated for electricity generation. The model minimizes the costs of meeting the needs for food, transport in terms of passenger kilometers and goods per ton per kilometer, energy needs for domestic cooking and lighting, and the energy needs of the rest of the economy.

Conservation of Energy Resources↗

PubMed2002

Characterization of polypeptide antibiotics of the polymyxin series by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry.

A selective reversed phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MSn) method is described for the identification of related compounds in commercial polymyxin B samples. Mass spectral data for these polypeptide antibiotics were acquired on a LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization probe operated in the positive ion mode. The LCQ ion trap is ideally suited for the identification of the related substances because it provides on-line LC/MSn capability. The main advantage of this hyphenated LC/MSn technique is the characterization of novel related substances without time-consuming isolation and purifications procedures. Using this method six novel related substances were partially identified in a polymyxin B bulk sample.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2006

Anatomical phenotyping in the brain and skull of a mutant mouse by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography.

Since genetically modified mice have become more common in biomedical research as models of human disease, a need has also grown for efficient and quantitative methods to assess mouse phenotype. One powerful means of phenotyping is characterization of anatomy in mutant vs. normal populations. Anatomical phenotyping requires visualization of structures in situ, quantification of complex shape differences between mouse populations, and detection of subtle or diffuse abnormalities during high-throughput survey work. These aims can be achieved with imaging techniques adapted from clinical radiology, such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. These imaging technologies provide an excellent nondestructive method for visualization of anatomy in live individuals or specimens. The computer-based analysis of these images then allows thorough anatomical characterizations. We present an automated method for analyzing multiple-image data sets. This method uses image registration to identify corresponding anatomy between control and mutant groups. Within- and between-group shape differences are used to map regions of significantly differing anatomy. These regions are highlighted and represented quantitatively by displacements and volume changes. This methodology is demonstrated for a partially characterized mouse mutation generated by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis that is a putative model of the human syndrome oculodentodigital dysplasia, caused by point mutations in the gene encoding connexin 43.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Analysing normal and partial glossectomee tongues using ultrasound.

The present study aimed at identifying underlying parameters that govern the shape of the tongue. A functional topography of the tongue surface was developed based on three-dimensional ultrasound scans of sustained speech sounds in ten normal subjects. A principal component analysis extracted three components that explained 89.2% of the variance at 33 measurement points on the tongue surface. The results from the principal component analysis supported a physiologically plausible three-component model of tongue movement. This model breaks tongue movement down into a protrusion and retraction component that is represented by the measurement points on the posterior tongue, a tongue tip control component that is represented by the measurement points on the tongue blade, and a dorsal height and position control component that is represented by the measurement points on the tongue dorsum. A case series of three patients with partial glossectomies illustrates how this measurement system can be applied to surgically altered tongues to allow a detailed analysis of post-surgical function.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Scale model studies of the transport of airborne pollutants on coalfaces.

Studies have been carried out to investigate airflows in coalmine models, with special regard to the transport of airborne pollutants, and to examine how they relate to what happens at full-scale in an actual underground mine. If such models can be shown to provide data representative of actual mine ventilation engineering, then they can provide cost-effective alternatives to full-scale investigations. The work set out in the first instance to identify the properties of: (a) the bulk airflow and associated transport of airborne pollutants along a longwall coalface; and (b) the transport of material out of regions that were partially enclosed or poorly ventilated (e.g. in the cutting zone, in headings). For the former, an appropriate quantity is the dispersivity of the coalface airflow, for the latter the mean retention time. Both quantities may be rendered non-dimensional with respect to dimensions characteristic of the system and to velocities of the airflow. Their behaviour in relation to a third dimensionless quantity, the flow Reynolds' number is also important. Experiments were performed, using smoke or dust tracers, to investigate how these properties are interrelated and how they scale between small-scale and full-scale systems. They were carried out in a 1/10-scale laboratory model, in a full-scale surface model, and underground in an actual coalmine. The basis of most of the experiments was the 'tracer decay' method, in which the transport properties of the aerodynamic system under investigation were determined from observations of the changes in tracer concentration with time immediately following the removal of the tracer source. During these experiments, the feasibility of using small-scale models to investigate ventilation problems was clearly indicated and preliminary scaling relationships which may be used as an initial basis for predicting the transport and local build-up of pollutants in mines were developed. It is expected that applications of the ideas and methodology described will be relevant to other industries.

Air Movements↗

PubMed2003

Implementation of a sire-maternal grandsire model for evaluation of calving ease in the United States.

The objective of this study was to add a maternal grandsire (MGS) effect to the existing sire model for national calving ease genetic evaluations. The Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory (AIPL) of USDA assumed responsibility for conducting the national genetic evaluation for calving ease and maintaining the associated database in 1999. Existing evaluations used a sire threshold model. Adding an MGS effect to the model was expected to improve accuracy by partially accounting for merit of mates and differences in maternal ability of the dams. Dystocia data were migrated to a relational database integrated with the AIPL production database. This database design allowed more rigorous data edits by comparison with the production data and improved MGS identification (ID) rate by utilizing pedigrees from the production records. Integration of dystocia data with production data increased MGS ID rate from 58 to 73%. In addition, nearly 200,000 duplicate records were identified using the new edit system. Sire and sire-MGS models were compared using over 10 million observations available for the August 2002 national genetic evaluation. The sire model included herd-year, season, sex of calf, parity of dam, birth year group of sire, and sire. For the sire-MGS model, MGS and birth year group of MGS were added, year-seasons rather than seasons were used, and sex of calf and parity of dam were combined into a single interaction effect. Herd-year, sire, and MGS were random effects. Variance components used for the sire model were those previously used in the national evaluation and for the sire-MGS model were estimated in a separate study. Correlations between predicted genetic merits for service sire calving ease from the two models was 85%, indicating general agreement, but with some significant differences in evaluations. A sire-MGS model was implemented in August 2002 for the national calving ease genetic evaluation system.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Laparoscopic sonography in the urinary system.

This work reports the use of laparoscopic-transducer sonography for the examination of the urinary system in a swine model. Animals underwent a two-phase study. In the first phase, the urinary system was examined using laparoscopic sonography. In the second a partial ureteral obstruction was induced, and sonographic changes were recorded and evaluated. Sonography was used to evaluate kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Anatomic structures were evaluated and the following pathological findings were identified: renal cysts, one polycystic kidney, dilation of the renal pelvis, hydronephrosis, and one perirenal pseudocyst. Where necessary, contrast digital fluoroscopy (excretory urography and retrograde ureteropyelography) was also performed. Laparoscopic sonography mainly is used for evaluation prior to laparoscopic surgery to guide decisions relating to surgery. The quality of the images obtained laparoscopically is superior to that of percutaneous or transabdominal images, because artifacts are reduced and the contact surface of the transducer is placed directly over the study area. Laparoscopic sonography proved highly effective for studying renal and ureteral disorders prior to minimally invasive surgery.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Molecular characterization, functional expression, and developmental profile of an ether à-go-go K+ channel in the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta.

A very large number of evolutionarily conserved potassium channels have been identified but very little is known about their function or modulation in vivo. Metamorphosis of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, is a compelling model system for such studies because it permits analysis to be conducted at the level of identified neurons whose roles in simple behaviors and endocrine regulation are known. We present here the characterization of the first ion channel to be cloned from this animal. Partial genomic sequence for Manduca sexta ether à-go-go (Mseag) and a cDNA clone encoding the Mseag open reading frame were obtained. Genomic Southern analysis indicates that Manduca contains a single member of the eag subfamily per haploid genome. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, MsEag channels conduct a voltage-dependent, K+ selective outward current with an inactivating component that closely resembles the Drosophila eag current. Mseag transcripts were restricted to the nervous system, adult antenna, and one set of larval skeletal muscles. Steroid hormonal regulation of Mseag expression is suggested by the temporal correlation of developmental changes in transcript expression with the changing steroid titers that promote metamorphosis. These results provide the foundation for functional and modulatory studies of the Eag family of K+ channels in Manduca, which will complement the genetic analysis in Drosophila.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Understanding carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency: impact of clinical mutations on enzyme functionality.

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPSI) deficiency, a recessively inherited error of the urea cycle, causes life-threatening hyperammonaemia. CPSI is a multidomain 1500-residue liver mitochondrial matrix protein that is allosterically activated by N-acetyl-l-glutamate, and which synthesises carbamoyl phosphate (CP) in three steps: bicarbonate phosphorylation by ATP, carbamate synthesis from carboxyphosphate and ammonia, and carbamate phosphorylation by ATP. Several missense mutations of CPSI have been reported in patients with CPSI deficiency, but the actual pathogenic potential and effects on the enzyme of these mutations remain non-characterised. Since the structure of Escherichia coli CPS is known and systems for its overexpression and purification are available, we have constructed and purified eight site-directed mutants of E.coli CPS affecting the enzyme large subunit (A126M, R169H, Q262P, N301K, P360L, V640R, R675L, S789P) that are homologous to corresponding missense mutations found in patients with CPSI deficiency, studying their stability and their ability to catalyse the CPS reaction as well as the partial reactions that reflect the different reactional steps, and analysing the substrate kinetics for the overall and partial reactions. The results show that all the mutations significantly decrease CP synthesis without completely inactivating the enzyme (as reflected in the catalysis of at least one partial reaction), that one of these mutations (Q262P) causes marked enzyme instability, and validate the use of E.coli CPS as a pathogenicity testing model for CPSI deficiency. The causality of the reported clinical mutations is supported and the derangements caused by the mutations are identified, revealing the specific roles of the residues that are mutated. In particular, the findings highlight the importance for carbamate phosphorylation and for allosteric activation of a loop that coordinates K(+), stress the key role of intersubunit interactions for CPS stability, and suggest that lid opening at both phosphorylation sites is concerted.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2006

Recurrent gestational trophoblastic tumor: management and risk factors for recurrence.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze retrospectively the management of recurrent gestational trophoblastic tumor (GTT) patients and evaluate the recurrence associated risk factors. METHOD: 901 gestational trophoblastic tumor (GTT) patients who received treatment at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 1985 to January 2004 achieved complete remission (CR). Among them, thirty-one (31/901) relapsed later. Retrospective analyses were carried out on the 31 patients, and multiple regression models were used to identify the risk factors for recurrence. RESULTS: In all 31 patients, recurrences occurred 6 to 72 months (15.3 months on average) after completing treatment. Of the 25 patients who received treatment again in our hospital, 21 achieved CR, 3 achieved partial remission (PR), and 1 died of progression of disease (PD). Among the 21 CR patients, 4 relapsed repeatedly. The four recurrence associated risk factors identified by multivariate analysis were clinical stage (P<0.05), an interval of more than 12 months between the end of antecedent pregnancy and the start of chemotherapy (odds ratio=3.170, P<0.05), a negative blood beta-hCG titer after seven courses of chemotherapy (odds ratio=4.475, P<0.05), and a less than two courses of consolidation chemotherapy (odds ratio=0.441, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: More attention should be given to GTT patients with recurrence associated risk factors. Combination therapy for GTT treatment is effective. In the study, it was demonstrated that certain risk factors were associated with relapse. These factors may need to be integrated into treatment algorithms.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Evaluation of data produced by optode arrays under flow injection analysis (FIA) conditions using a partial least squares method (PLS2).

Transient diffuse reflectance spectra in the visible wavelength region from an enzyme optode were evaluated to determine artificial mixtures consisting of penicillin and ampicillin simultaneously. In order to achieve a discrimination of the samples the optode operated at two different working pH values. Using an appropriate FIA modus a linear range in the increase and decrease of the time-dependent signal was registered which could be easily fitted by means of ordinary linear regression. In this way characteristic static and dynamic features of the enzyme catalyzed reaction could be extracted for the evaluation by partial least-squares (PLS). The pre-processed raw data were differently weighted and the optimal number of primary factors was each selected by full cross validation. The interpretation of the spectral loadings and the correlation matrix identifies redundant variables resulting in a model with an optimal number of variables. The results obtained with this model show that the straightforward linear regression can be a sufficient approach to avoid the introduction of systematic errors in on-line pre-processing of data.

Ampicillin↗

PubMed2000

T-cell epitope analysis of Mag 3, an important allergen from the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae.

Here we describe the detection of T-cell epitope region on the house dust mite allergen Mag 3, which has been shown to trigger T-cell proliferation in mite-allergic asthmatic patients. We first examined murine T-cell epitope using T-cell fraction prepared from recombinant Mag 3 (r-Mag 3)-primed H-2k mice. Initial proliferation assay with truncated r-Mag 3 indicated that N-terminal 113 amino acid region was required for triggering T-cell activation. Subsequent epitope scanning with synthetic overlapping peptides revealed that T-cell reactive region was assigned within amino acid range 56-75. We also explored human T-cell determinant using specific T-cells from mite-allergic patients. Intriguingly, we found that amino acid range 56-85, a portion partially overlapping with that identified in r-Mag 3-primed mice, was exclusively recognized by T-cells from different patients. Further investigation of unique T-cell epitope region found in this study would provide insight into the development of animal therapeutic model and/or peptide vaccine for asthma.

Allergens↗

PubMed2002

cis-peptide bond mimetic tetrazole analogs of the insect kinins identify the active conformation.

The insect kinin neuropeptides have been implicated in the regulation of water balance, digestive organ contraction, and energy mobilization in a number of insect species. A previous solution conformation study of an active, restricted-conformation cyclic analog, identified two possible turn conformations as the likely active conformation adopted by the insect kinins at the receptor site. These were a cisPro type VI beta-turn over C-terminal pentapeptide core residues 1-4 and a transPro type I-like beta-turn over core residues 2-5, present in a ratio of 60:40. Synthesis and evaluation of the diuretic activity of insect kinin analogs incorporating a tetrazole moiety, which mimics a cis peptide bond, identifies the active conformation as the former. The discovery of a receptor interaction model can lead to the development of potent agonist and antagonist analogs of the insect kinins. Indeed, in this study a tetrazole analog with D stereochemistry has been shown to demonstrate partial antagonism of the diuretic activity of natural insect kinins, providing a lead for more potent and effective antagonists of this critical neuropeptide family. The future development of mimetic agonists and antagonists of insect kinin neuropeptides will provide important tools to neuroendocrinologists studying the mechanisms by which they operate and to researchers developing new, environmentally friendly pest insect control strategies.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

R-Spondin proteins: a novel link to beta-catenin activation.

The R-spondin (Rspo) protein family is a recently described group of four distinct human secreted proteins. Reported activities for Rspo proteins include essential roles in vertebrate development and their ligand-type activities overlap substantially with those of the canonical Wnt ligands in that both Rspo and canonical Wnt signaling result in the activation of beta-catenin. In a general functional screen for human secreted proteins using transgenic mouse models, we identified human R-spondin1 (hRspo1) protein as a potent and specific mitogen for the gastrointestinal epithelium and demonstrated a potential therapeutic application for the protein in mouse models of cancer therapy-induced mucositis. In contrast to previous studies, our data indicated only partial overlap between Wnt and Rspo ligand activities, suggesting that there may be independent receptor/signaling pathways for Rspo proteins that intersect those of Wnt at the level of beta-catenin. Here we summarize the current reported data on the Rspo family and discuss these results in terms of alternate mechanisms of action. We have extended our observations on the potential therapeutic application of Rspo proteins by showing that all four human Rspo family members are capable of inducing epithelial proliferation and report the first non-vertebrate Rspo family member.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

A genome scan for quantitative trait loci and imprinted regions affecting reproduction in pigs.

Quantitative trait loci for reproductive traits in a three-generation resource population of a cross between low-indexing pigs from a control line and high-indexing pigs from a line selected 10 generations for increased index of ovulation rate and embryonic survival are reported. Phenotypic data were collected in F2 females for birth weight (BWT, n = 428), weaning weight (WWT, n = 405), age at puberty (AP, n = 295), ovulation rate (OR, n = 423), number of fully formed pigs (FF, n = 370), number of pigs born alive (NBA, n = 370), number of mummified pigs (MUM, n = 370), and number of stillborn pigs (NSB, n = 370). Grandparent, F1, and F2 animals were genotyped for 151 microsatellite markers. Sixteen putative QTL (P < 0.10) for reproductive traits were identified in previous analyses of these data with single QTL line-cross models. Data were reanalyzed with multiple QTL models, including imprinting effects. Data also were analyzed with half-sib models. Permutation was used to establish genome-wide significance levels ( = 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10). Thirty-one putative QTL for reproductive traits and two QTL for birth weight were identified (P < 0.10). One Mendelian QTL for FF (P < 0.05), one for NBA (P < 0.05), three for NSB (P < 0.05), three for NN (P < 0.05), seven for AP (P < 0.10), five for MUM (P < 0.10), and one for BWT (P < 0.10) were found. Partial imprinting of QTL affecting OR (P < 0.01), BWT (P < 0.05), and MUM (P < 0.05) was detected. There were four paternally expressed QTL for NN (P < 0.10) and one each for AP (P < 0.05) and MUM (P < 0.10). Maternally expressed QTL affecting NSB (P < 0.10), NN (P < 0.10), and MUM (P < 0.10) were detected. No QTL were detected with half-sib analyses. Multiple QTL models with imprinting effects are more appropriate for analyzing F2 data than single Mendelian QTL line-cross models.

Animals↗