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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

The maize heat shock factor-binding protein paralogs EMP2 and HSBP2 interact non-redundantly with specific heat shock factors.

The heat shock response (HSR) is a conserved mechanism by which transcripts of heat shock protein (hsp) genes accumulate following mobilization of heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) in response to thermal stress. Studies in animals identified the heat shock factor-binding protein1 (HSBP1) that interacts with heat shock transcription factor1 (HSF1) during heat shock attenuation; overexpression analyses revealed that the coiled-coil protein HSBP1 functions as a negative regulator of the HSR. Zea mays contains two HSBP paralogs, EMP2 and HSBP2, which exhibit differential accumulation during the HSR and plant development. Embryo-lethal recessive emp2 mutations revealed that EMP2 is required for the down-regulation of hsp transcription during embryogenesis, whereas accumulation of HSBP2 is induced in seedlings following heat shock. Notwithstanding, no interaction has yet been demonstrated between a plant HSBP and a plant HSF. In this report 22 maize HSF isoforms are identified comprising three structural classes: HSF-A, HSF-B and HSF-C. Phylogenetic analysis of Arabidopsis, maize and rice HSFs reveals that at least nine ancestral HSF isoforms were present prior to the separation of monocot and eudicots, followed by differential amplification of HSF members in these lineages. Yeast two-hybrid analyses show that EMP2 and HSBP2 interact non-redundantly with specific HSF-A isoforms. Site-specific mutagenesis of HSBP2 reveals that interactions between hydrophobic residues within the coiled coil are required for HSF::HSBP2 binding; domain swapping demonstrate that the isoform specificity of HSF::HSBP interaction is conferred by residues outside of the coiled coil. These data suggest that the non-redundant functions of the maize HSBPs may be explained, at least in part, by the specificity of HSBP::HSF interactions during plant development.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed1995

Plasmodesmata: intercellular channels for macromolecular transport in plants.

Plasmodesmata are special intercellular organelles that establish cytoplasmic and endomembrane (endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope) continuity throughout most of the plant body. Microinjection studies have provided direct proof that plasmodesmata facilitate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral movement proteins and nucleic acids. Evidence is now accumulating that plant-encoded proteins, including transcription factors, also move from cell to cell on this endogenous macromolecular trafficking pathway. The picture that is emerging is that the programming of plant development may involve this supracellular network for the effective delivery of one form of information molecule.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1993

Planting stress, water status and non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in Corsican pine seedlings.

Two-year-old Corsican pine (Pinus nigra ssp. laricio var. Corsicana) seedlings were either well watered or subjected to a moderate drought for one month before being lifted from the nursery bed on October 9 and transplanted. Well-watered, non-transplanted seedlings served as controls. Needle predawn water potential (Psi(wp)), non-structural carbohydrate concentrations and plant development (survival, bud break, shoot elongation) were assessed before and during the first growing season after transplanting. On April 16, just before bud break, Psi(wp) was lower for the well-watered + transplanted and drought-conditioned + transplanted seedlings (Psi(wp) = -1.45 and -1.83 MPa, respectively) than for the controls (Psi(wp) = -0.56). There was a close relationship between the Psi(wp) measured on April 16 and bud break, shoot elongation and plant survival during the following growing period. Above a Psi(wp) of -1.1 MPa, all plants developed normally. Between -1.1 MPa and -1.6 MPa, bud break, and thus shoot elongation, did not occur in all plants. Between -1.6 MPa and -2.1 MPa, the plants were characterized by the absence of shoot growth, but mortality was zero. Below -2.1 MPa, there was a large increase in plant mortality. On April 16, starch concentrations were markedly lower in the roots of transplanted seedlings than in the controls. There was a positive correlation between Psi(wp) and root starch concentration. The Psi(wp) (-2.3 MPa) at which complete starch depletion was observed in the roots corresponded to the Psi(wp) below which plants did not survive. These results suggest that mechanisms specifically linked to altered water status and metabolic processes associated with altered carbohydrate status are involved in transplanting stress; however, it was not possible to disentangle the two effects. Drought conditioning did not lead to a marked increase in soluble carbohydrate concentrations, as reported for other species, and did not increase plant tolerance to transplanting stress.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Two differentially regulated class II chitinases from parsley.

Two distinct cDNA clones, PcCHI1 and PcCHI2, with high sequence similarity to plant chitinases were isolated from parsley (Petroselinum crispum), expressed in Escherichia coli, and the encoded proteins functionally identified as endochitinases. Different expression patterns of the corresponding mRNAs and proteins in infected and uninfected parsley plants indicated distinct roles of the two isoforms in both pathogen defense and plant development. Infection of parsley leaf buds with Phytophthora sojae resulted in the rapid, transient and highly localized accumulation of PcCHI1 mRNA and protein around infection sites, whereas PcCHI2 mRNA and protein were systemically induced at later infection stages. Similar differences in the timing of induction were observed in elicitor-treated, suspension-cultured parsley cells. In uninfected plants, PcCHI1 mRNA was particularly abundant in the transmitting tract of healthy flowers, suggesting a role in the constitutive protection of susceptible transmitting tissue of the style against pathogen ingress and/or in the fertilization process, possibly by affecting pollen tube growth. Localization of PcCHI2 mRNA and protein in the parenchymatic collenchyme of young pedicels may indicate a function in the constitutive protection of this tissue. In addition to such distinct roles of PcCHI1 and PcCHI2 in preformed and induced pathogen defense, both chitinases may have endogenous regulatory functions in plant development.

Apiaceae↗
PubMed2005

The signal transducing photoreceptors of plants.

Light signals are amongst the most important environmental cues regulating plant development. In addition to light quantity, plants measure the quality, direction and periodicity of incident light and use the information to optimise growth and development to the prevailing environmental conditions. Red and far-red wavelengths are perceived by the photoreversible phytochrome family of photoreceptors, whilst the detection of blue and ultraviolet (UV)-A wavelengths is conferred by the cryptochromes and phototropins. Higher plants contain multiple discrete phytochromes, the apoproteins of which are encoded by a small divergent gene family. In Arabidopsis, two cryptochrome and two phototropin family members have been identified and characterized. Photoreceptor action regulates development throughout the lifecycle of plants, from seed germination through to architecture of the mature plant and the onset of reproduction. The roles of individual photoreceptors in mediating plant development have, however, often been confounded by redundant, synergistic and in some cases mutually antagonistic mechanisms of action. The isolation of mutants null for individual photoreceptors and the construction of mutants null for multiple photoreceptors have therefore been paramount in elucidating photoreceptor functions. Photoreceptor action does not, however, operate in isolation from other signalling systems. The integration of light signals with other environmental cues enables plants to adapt their physiology to changing seasonal environments. This paper summarises current understanding of photoreceptor families and their functions throughout the lifecycle of plants. The integration of light signals with other environmental stimuli is also discussed.

Cryptochromes↗
PubMed2006

Plant proteome analysis: a 2004-2006 update.

Since the appearance of the review entitled "Plant Proteome Analysis" in Proteomics in February 2004 (Cánovas, F. M., Dumas-Gaudot, E., Recorbert, G., Jorrín, J. et al., Proteomics 2004, 4, 285-298), about 200 original articles focusing on plant proteomics have been published. Although this represents less than 1% of the global proteomics output during this period, it nevertheless reflects an increase in activity over the period 1999-2004. These papers concern the proteome of at least 35 plant species but have concentrated mainly on thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa). The scientific objectives have ranged from a proteomic analysis of organs, tissues, cell suspensions, or subcellular fractions to the study of plant development and response to various stresses. A number of contributions have covered PTMs and protein interactions. The dominant analytical platform has been 2-DE coupled to MS, but "second generation" techniques such as DIGE, multidimensional protein identification technology, isotope-coded affinity tags, and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture have begun to make an impact. This review aims to provide an update of the contribution of proteomics to plant biology during the period 2004-2006, and is divided into six sections: introduction, subcellular proteomes, plant development, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, PTMs, and protein interactions. The conclusions summarize a view of the major pitfalls and challenges of plant proteomics.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1981

The effect of phytohormones produced by Arthrobacter sp. on the phosphatase activity in plant roots.

Phytohormonal activity (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins) was tested in the supernatant of a culture of Arthrobacter sp. Crude extract of the phytohormonal fraction was used as substrate for the growth of Lactuca sativa seedlings. Treating with bacterial hormones resulted in an increased plant develop- ment. Furthermore, a sharp increase of the acid phosphatase activity was observed in the roots.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2005

MHP1, a Magnaporthe grisea hydrophobin gene, is required for fungal development and plant colonization.

Fungal hydrophobins are implicated in cell morphogenesis and pathogenicity in several plant pathogenic fungi including the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. A cDNA clone encoding a hydrophobin (magnaporin, MHP1) was isolated from a cDNA library constructed from rice leaves infected by M. grisea. The MHP1 codes for a typical fungal hydrophobin of 102 amino acids containing eight cysteine residues spaced in a conserved pattern. Hydropathy analysis of amino acids revealed that MHP1 belongs to the class II group of hydrophobins. The amino acid sequence of MHP1 exhibited about 20% similarity to MPG1, an M. grisea class I hydrophobin. Expression of MHP1 was highly induced during plant colonization and conidiation, but could hardly be detected during mycelial growth. Transformants in which MHP1 was inactivated by targeted gene replacement showed a detergent wettable phenotype, but were not altered in wettability with water. mhp1 mutants also exhibited pleiotropic effects on fungal morphogenesis, including reduction in conidiation, conidial germination, appressorium development and infectious growth in host cells. Furthermore, conidia of mhp1 mutants were defective in their cellular organelles and rapidly lose viability. As a result, mhp1 mutants exhibited a reduced ability to infect and colonize a susceptible rice cultivar. These phenotypes were recovered by re-introduction of an intact copy of MHP1. Taken together, these results indicate that MHP1 has essential roles in surface hydrophobicity and infection-related fungal development, and is required for pathogenicity of M. grisea.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Effect of mutations in the pea genes Sym33 and Sym40. I. Arbuscular mycorrhiza formation and function.

Two pea (Pisum sativum L.) symbiotic mutants SGEFix(-)-1 (sym40) and SGEFix(-)-2 (sym33) with abnormalities in infection thread development and function in symbiotic root nodules have been characterised in terms of mycorrhizal colonisation of roots, shoot and root biomass accumulation and shoot and root phosphorus (P) content. The mutation in gene sym33 decreased mycorrhizal colonisation of roots (except arbuscule abundance in mycorrhizal root fragments, which increased) but did not change the effectiveness of mycorrhiza function. The mutation in sym40 did not affect either of these processes. Both mutants showed differences in plant development compared with the wild-type line SGE. The mutants had delayed flowering and pod ripening, and shoot/root biomass ratios and P accumulation also differed from those of SGE. These observations suggest that the gene mutations cause systemic changes in plant development.

Genes, Plant↗
PubMed2007

Plant architecture: a dynamic, multilevel and comprehensive approach to plant form, structure and ontogeny.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The architecture of a plant depends on the nature and relative arrangement of each of its parts; it is, at any given time, the expression of an equilibrium between endogenous growth processes and exogenous constraints exerted by the environment. The aim of architectural analysis is, by means of observation and sometimes experimentation, to identify and understand these endogenous processes and to separate them from the plasticity of their expression resulting from external influences. SCOPE: Using the identification of several morphological criteria and considering the plant as a whole, from germination to death, architectural analysis is essentially a detailed, multilevel, comprehensive and dynamic approach to plant development. Despite their recent origin, architectural concepts and analysis methods provide a powerful tool for studying plant form and ontogeny. Completed by precise morphological observations and appropriated quantitative methods of analysis, recent researches in this field have greatly increased our understanding of plant structure and development and have led to the establishment of a real conceptual and methodological framework for plant form and structure analysis and representation. This paper is a summarized update of current knowledge on plant architecture and morphology; its implication and possible role in various aspects of modern plant biology is also discussed.

Body Patterning↗
PubMed2003

Alternative splicing modulation by a LAMMER kinase impinges on developmental and transcriptome expression.

Alternative splicing is a major contributor to genome complexity, playing a significant role in various cellular functions, including signal transduction, immunity, and development. The spliceosomal machinery is responsible for the processing of nuclear RNA. Several splicing factors associated with this complex are phosphorylated by kinases that possess a conserved LAMMER motif. We demonstrate in BY-2 tobacco cells a novel role for the LAMMER motif in the maintenance of proper subnuclear localization. Furthermore, high expression of the LAMMER kinase in Arabidopsis plants modulated the alternative splicing of specific endogenous genes and resulted in abnormal plant development and a novel transcriptome profile. A prominent feature was the upregulation of genes that play a role in protein turnover, suggesting a moderating function for these gene products in the control of alternative splicing events. Together, these results demonstrate alternative splicing modulation as a result of phosphorylation activity, providing an opportunity to study its global effect on the plasticity of plant development and gene expression at the organism level.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed2001

Influence of lead in soil on mycorrhizal development and plant growth of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Linn.) Taub.

Growth of C. tetragonoloba suffered with increase in concentration of Pb in soil. Plant biomass declined significantly at concentrations above 60 ppm of Pb. Roots showed more pronounced impact as compared to shoots. At highest applied concentration of lead (100 ppm), fresh weight of fruits decreased by 33% and dry weight by 52% as compared to control. No significant impact was noticed on the development of mycorrhiza at lower concentrations (15-45 ppm) of lead contamination. At higher concentrations of Pb (60 and 75 ppm), there was a decrease in VAM colonization. VAM hyphae had irregular size and terminated abruptly in outer cortex of root. Number of VAM fungal spores in rhizosphere also decreased with increase in the edaphic Pb concentration.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed2003

Protein farnesylation in plants--conserved mechanisms but different targets.

Protein farnesylation has an important role in the regulation of plant development and signal transduction, but the exact function of this modification is not well understood. The identification of protein farnesyltransferase substrates, together with the genetic analysis of mutants that are deficient in protein farnesylation, should significantly increase our knowledge of this form of protein modification in plants.

Mutation↗
PubMed1992

The effect of microgravity on the development of plant protoplasts flown on Biokosmos 9.

An experiment using plant protoplasts has been accepted for the IML-1 Space Shuttle mission scheduled for 1991. Preparatory experiments have been performed using both fast and slow rotating clinostats and in orbit to study the effect of simulated and real weightlessness on protoplast regeneration. Late access to the space vehicles before launch has required special attention since it is important to delay cell wall regeneration until the samples are in orbit. On a flight on Biokosmos 9 ("Kosmos-2044") in September 1989 some preliminary results were obtained. Compared to the ground control, the growth of both carrot and rapeseed protoplasts was decreased by 18% and 44% respectively, after 14 days in orbit. The results also indicated that there is less cell wall regeneration under micro-g conditions. Compared to the ground controls the production of cellulose in rapeseed and carrot flight samples was only 46% and 29% respectively. The production of hemicellulose in the flight samples was 63% and 67% respectively of that of the ground controls. In both cases all samples reached the stage of callus development. The peroxidase activity was also found to be lower in the flight samples than in the ground controls, and the number of different isoenzymes was decreased in the flight samples. In general, the regeneration processes were retarded in the flight samples with respect to the ground controls. From a simulation experiment for IML-1 performed in January 1990 at ESTEC, Holland, regenerated plants have been obtained. These results are discussed and compared to the results obtained on Biokosmos 9. Protoplast regeneration did not develop beyond the callus stage in either the flight or the ground control samples from the Biokosmos 9 experiment.

Brassica↗
PubMed1994

Mutagenic effects of heavy ion radiation in plants.

Genetic and developmental effects of heavy ions in maize and rice were investigated. Heavy particles with various charges and energies were accelerated at the BEVALAC. The frequency of occurrence of white-yellow stripes on leaves of plants developed from irradiated maize seeds increased linearly with dose, and high-LET heavy charged particles, e.g., neon, argon, and iron, were 2-12 times as effective as gamma rays in inducing this type of mutation. The effectiveness of high-LET heavy ion in (1) inhibiting rice seedling growth, (2) reducing plant fertility, (3) inducing chromosome aberration and micronuclei in root tip cells and pollen mother cells of the first generation plants developed from exposed seeds, and (4) inducing mutation in the second generation, were greater than that of low-LET gamma rays. All effects observed were dose-dependent; however, there appeared to be an optimal range of doses for inducing certain types of mutation, for example, for argon ions (400 MeV/u) at 90-100 Gy, several valuable mutant lines with favorable characters, such as semidwarf, early maturity and high yield ability, were obtained. Experimental results suggest that the potential application of heavy ions in crop improvement is promising. RFLP analysis of two semidwarf mutants induced by argon particles revealed that large DNA alterations might be involved in these mutants.

Argon↗