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PubMed2004

[The role of human papillomaviruses (HPV) in upper respiratory tract diseases].

High-risk papillomaviruses (HPVs) are etiologic agents for anogenital tract cancers and have been detected in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Still a viral etiology of head and neck cancers had not been established unambiguously. For head and neck cancers two major risk factors (tobacco smoke and alcohol) have been recognised and HPV infection may play a synergistic role in the multifactorial etiology of the tumors. The occurrence rates for HPV DNA in the head and neck cancers varied from one study to another because of technical and demographic variables. The HPV infection in benign head and neck diseases were also presented.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1986

[Microbial associations in chronic respiratory tract diseases].

In the peripheral blood of patients with chronic bronchitis the presence of Mycobacterium pneumoniae antigens has been registered in 20.0% of cases and the presence of group A Streptococcus haemolyticus antigens, in 24.0% of cases, the transformation of streptococci into the L-form being observed in 12.0% of cases. The presence of M. pneumoniae, streptococci and their L-forms, as well as associations of these microorganisms, is characteristic of patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis, which is, probably, one of the reasons for the maintenance of bronchial obstruction. In patients with chronic pneumonia and fibrosing alveolitis the antigens of the bacterial form of streptococcus and its L-forms have been detected only in a few cases.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗