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PubMed1994

Dermatologic manifestations of arthropod-borne diseases.

The arthropod-borne rickettsial, borrelial, and bacterial diseases of North America are a diverse group of disorders that produce a wide variety of cutaneous abnormalities. These dermatologic abnormalities are often valuable clinical clues that may reveal or suggest the correct diagnosis to the astute clinician. We review the usual and unusual dermatologic manifestations of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, murine and sylvatic typhus, rickettsialpox, ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, tick-borne relapsing fever, Colorado tick fever, and tularemia. In some of these diseases, skin manifestations may be diagnostic; in others, dermatologic findings may be the initial and only clues that leads to the initiation of life-saving therapy. In other arthropod-borne infections, the appearance or evolution of the skin rash may be characteristic enough to suggest the proper diagnosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1956

Some viral and rickettsial infections in Bosnia and Herzegovina; a sero-epidemiological study.

Investigating viral and rickettsial infections in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the authors submitted 115 sera of healthy persons to complement-fixation tests with typhus, Q fever, mumps, rickettsialpox, and psittacosis antigens. The results obtained indicate that the Moslem population tends to show more typhus-positive titres, and at an earlier age, than the non-Moslem. While Moslems under 20 years old tend to develop typhus in epidemic form, an approximately equal number of epidemic and apparently sporadic cases occurs among non-Moslems. On the other hand, Q fever is more frequent, and occurs earlier, in the non-Moslems. An epidemiological explanation of these phenomena is advanced.From the findings on mumps, it is thought possible that this disease tends to be primarily one of children in Moslems but not in non-Moslems. The rickettsialpox titres suggest the presence of an agent or agents antigenically related to Ricksettsia akari, and the psittacosis titres are thought to be caused by contact with organisms of the psittacosis and lymphogranuloma venereum group.

Bosnia and Herzegovina↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hemorrhagic fevers, with special reference to recent outbreaks in southern Africa.

In considering the diagnosis of a patient admitted to the Johannesburg Hospital, suffering from an illness characterized by high fever and complicated by a hemorrhagic state from which he died, a list of possible causes of his illness was drawn up. This list included the arthropodborne viral infections prevalent in southern Africa, namely, chikungunya fever, Sindbis fever, West Nile fever, yellow fever, and Rift Valley fever; viral infections associated with rodents, such as Lassa fever; the viral infection associated with monkeys, Marburg virus disease; the rickettsial infections; tick-bite fever (the variety of spotted fever of tick typhus occurring in southern Africa) and Q fever; the bacterial infections, especially the coccal infections, plague septicemia, and meningococcal, staphylococcal, and streptococcal septicemia; and the blood protozoal infections malaria and trypanosomiasis. In addition, rubella, Gasser's syndrome, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, and viperine snakebite were briefly described in this review. All of these conditions may be complicated by the development of a hemorrhagic state. The circulation of large numbers of infecting organisms, by they viruses, rickettsiae, bacteria, or protozoa, may initiate the coagulation cascade, the formation of fibrin and its deposition in the finer blood vessels, and the aggregation and entanglement of platelets resulting in marked thrombocytopenia and bleeding. This bleeding tendency is greatly aggravated when the infection specifically involves the parenchymal cells of the liver; such a condition results in defective formation of coagulation factors such as prothrombin. The proper care of patients in whom a hemorrhagic state has developed requires urgent and accurate diagnosis followed by immediate and appropriate treatment that will combat the infection and alleviate the hemorrhagic state and liver disorder. If the hemorrhagic state is due to one of the dangerous infectious fevers, adequate protection of the medical, nursing, and laboratory staff concerned is also vital.

Adolescent↗