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PubMed2001

The Po River Delta epidemiological survey: reference values of total serum IgE levels in a normal population sample of North Italy (8-78 yrs).

The aim of this paper was to define, for the first time in Italy, normal levels of total serum IgE in a general population sample of North Italy. Total serum IgE in 1905 subjects, living in Po Delta area (near Venice), were measured by PRIST method. Normal values were derived from 558 subjects without asthma and/or asthmatic/rhinitic symptoms, noncurrent smokers, skin prick-test negatives ('normals'). Cut-off values to differentiate 'normals' from the remaining part of the sample ('others'), from asthmatic, and from rhinitic subjects, were established with the IgE value midway between the upper limit of the 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the geometric mean for 'normals' and the lower limit for 'others', asthmatics, and rhinitics, respectively. Geometric mean of normal children-adolescents was 45 kU/L (SD: 2.6; 95% CI: 38-63). In normal adults geometric mean was 29 kU/L (SD: 3.3; 95% CI: 25-40) in males and 19 kU/L (SD: 3.8; 95% CI: 16-22) in females. The diagnostic sensitivity of IgE test was low, while the specificity was very high. A good positive predictive value in discriminating 'normals' from 'others' was found, on the contrary, we found a good negative predictive value in discriminating 'normals' from asthmatics or from rhinitics. In conclusion, our results confirm that it is necessary to provide separate total serum IgE reference values for what concerns age in children-adolescents and in adults, and gender, in adults. Low serum IgE are helpful to exclude allergic asthma or rhinitis level of total.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Obstetric MR pelvimetry: reference values and evaluation of inter- and intraobserver error and intraindividual variability.

PURPOSE: To establish obstetric magnetic resonance (MR) pelvimetric reference values in a large study population and stratify them according to delivery modality and to determine the intra- and interobserver error and intraindividual variability of MR pelvimetric assessment in volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR pelvimetric data were retrospectively reviewed in 781 women (mean age, 28.9 years +/- 5.2 [SD]) clinically referred, and the data were correlated to obstetric history to derive normative values. Five observers assessed results of multiple MR pelvimetric examinations in 10 female volunteers (mean age, 34.7 years +/- 6.0; eight nullipara, two primipara) to provide data for measurement error analysis. RESULTS: All values were higher in the spontaneous vaginal delivery subgroup (n = 100) and lower in the cesarean section or vacuum extraction subgroup (n = 130; intersubgroup difference, P <.001, Mann-Whitney U test). Pelvimetric parameters in the group undergoing spontaneous vaginal delivery were as follows: obstetric conjugate, 121.7 mm +/- 8.6; interspinous distance, 112.3 mm +/- 7.9; intertuberous distance, 120.6 mm +/- 11.3; transverse diameter, 129.5 mm +/- 8.7; and sagittal outlet, 115.8 mm +/- 9.9. In the volunteer study, intraobserver, interobserver, and intraindividual reliabilities were high for the obstetric conjugate (0.94-0.96), interspinous distance (0.92-0.95), and transverse diameter (0.95-0.98) but low for intertuberous distance (0.64-0.87) and sagittal outlet (0.66-0.85). CONCLUSION: Pelvimetric dimensions are smaller in women undergoing cesarean section or vacuum extraction than they are in those delivering vaginally. The pelvimetric parameters associated with the largest measurement errors are intertuberous distance and sagittal outlet.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Indices of renal function: reference values in normal horses.

Urine and blood samples were taken at the same time from normal adult horses presented for routine investigations to establish reference values for a variety of parameters reported to be useful in the clinical evaluation of renal function. Blood biochemical values were consistent with previous studies and had well-defined normal ranges. Parameters representing urine concentration and electrolyte excretion however, varied widely reflecting the ability of the healthy kidney to change the composition of urine in response to differences in environment and management. Percent creatinine clearance ratios for potassium in particular were lower than those reported in normal horses in previous studies. Rational interpretation of these latter measurements should accept a wide range of normal values and management conditions must be considered in this interpretation.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The development of a multicenter database for reference values in clinical neurophysiology--principles and examples.

This paper describes the work undertaken to establish principles for the development of multicenter databases for reference values in clinical neurophysiology. The study was initiated because of interest of the involved laboratories in knowledge-based systems in electromyographic diagnosis, for which it was necessary to formalize the key concepts in the diagnostic process: diseases, pathophysiology and test results. The paper deals specifically with the structuring of results of motor and sensory nerve conduction studies.

Action Potentials↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Proposed reference values for nine methods for measurement of free thyroxin].

In connection with a comparative study of nine kits for the measurement of free thyroxin, we determined reference values in a adult control group of 81 women and 73 men. The correlations observed between the kits are associated with very large differences in the results obtained. The reference ranges are more or less broad according to the kits, but narrower than those offered by the manufacturers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Reference values for red cell survival times.

The first purpose of this investigation was to investigate in 35 young normal male subjects the use of the Dornhorst function and the weighted-mean method to calculate reference values for mean red cell survival time with and without correction for elution of 51Cr. We compared survival times calculated with the Dornhorst and weighted-mean methods with survival time estimated with linear or exponential models. Two methods to correct for elution of 51Cr from red cells were investigated. For the first method, correction factors were generated using the Dornhorst function fitted to mean survival curves obtained from the normal subjects. In the second method, the new Dornhorst rate constant method, the survival time, corrected for elution of 51Cr, was directly calculated from the experimental survival curve without applying correction factors. Correction for elution using the Dornhorst rate constant method was not successful and resulted in nonphysiologic values. The 95% confidence range of red cell survival time for reference subjects without correction for 51Cr elution was 37-74 days for the weighted-mean method and 37 to 73 days for the Dornhorst method. The 95% confidence range for normal subjects when the survival curves were corrected for elution was 47-179 days for the Dornhorst method and 58-161 days for the weighted-mean method. The poor results obtained with the Dornhorst rate constant method and the large 95% confidence range were due to the rapid and large variation in elution rate of 51Cr from red cells.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Union. IX. Harmonization of statistical treatment: blood cadmium in Italian subjects.

Obtaining reliable trace element reference values in tissues and fluids from inhabitants of the European Union relies on the availability of standardized and harmonized protocols for the statistical treatment of the data on trace element levels in general European populations. In this context, cadmium was measured in the blood (BCd) of 514 Italian inhabitants from the Lombardy region and the results statistically treated and presented according to a procedure which includes: simple descriptive statistics and graphical analysis such as stem and leaf and box-plot representations (average BCd levels were 0.62 microgram/l; geometric mean, 0.51 microgram/l; median, 0.50 microgram/l; mode, 0.30 microgram/l; 95th percentile, 1.48 micrograms/l; 5th percentile, 0.20 microgram/l); p-p plot, Shapiro-Wilk and Lilliefors tests for normality (the distribution of the data is closer to the log-normal distribution and inconsistent with the hypothesis of normality); analysis of variance (BCd increases from 20 to about 60 years and then decreases; it is influenced by smoking but not by body mass and alcohol consumption and it is higher in men than in women); and step wise multiple regression analysis (BCd is influenced by the number of cigarettes/day and the total dose of exposure, cigarettes/day multiplied by smoking years). Tentative reference intervals for BCd based on the log transformation of the data are 0.14-1.82 micrograms Cd/l (whole population); 0.16-1.94 micrograms Cd/l (male) and 0.13-1.66 micrograms Cd/l (female); 0.24-2.68 micrograms Cd/l (smokers); and 0.14-1.27 micrograms Cd/l (non-smokers).

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Neonate capillary blood gas reference values.

OBJECTIVES: Because biological data are instrument-dependent and because technology has evolved over the last two decades, the published capillary blood reference values for blood gases, lactate, ionized calcium (iCa) and glucose may not reflect the present day situation. Hence, we report such values for healthy term neonates at 48 +/- 12 h of life. DESIGN AND METHODS: The Institution Ethics Review Board for Research on Human Subjects has accepted the protocol. Extra blood sample was obtained at the time heel-pricks were performed in the frame of the Quebec genetic screening program. One hundred twenty-six term neonates (39.6 +/- 1.2 weeks of gestation) were included in the study. pH, pO2, pCO2, lactate, ionized calcium and glucose were simultaneously measured with selective electrodes on the ABL 735 blood gas analyzer (Radiometer). RESULTS: All variables exhibited a Gaussian distribution. Since there was no gender effect, all data were pooled.

Blood Gas Analysis↗

PubMed2004

Detection of overweight and obesity in a national sample of 6-12-y-old Swiss children: accuracy and validity of reference values for body mass index from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the International Obesity Task Force.

BACKGROUND: For defining overweight in children, reference values for body mass index (BMI) are available from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). However, these 2 sets of reference criteria differ, and their accuracy in classifying adiposity has not yet been validated in most countries. OBJECTIVE: We compared BMI criteria from the IOTF and the CDC with percentage of body fat (%BF) from multisite skinfold thicknesses (SFTs) for identification of overweight in 6-12-y-old Swiss children. DESIGN: In a representative sample (n = 2431), weight, height, and 4 SFTs were measured. Regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate BMI as an indicator of adiposity. RESULTS: BMI and %BF were well correlated (r(2) = 0.74), and the areas under the ROC curves for overweight and obesity were 0.956-0.992. The sensitivity and specificity of the IOTF and CDC overweight criteria and of the CDC obesity criteria were high. The sensitivity of the IOTF obesity criteria was only 48% and 62% in boys and girls, respectively. Overall, the performance of the CDC criteria was superior. With the use of the CDC criteria, the prevalence of overweight in girls and boys was 19.1% and 20.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: BMI is an excellent proxy measure of adiposity in 6-12-y-old children. In Swiss children, both BMI criteria accurately predict overweight, but the sensitivity of the IOTF obesity criteria is poor. They failed to detect one-half of the children identified as obese on the basis of %BF from SFTs.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1997

Reference values for body proportions and body composition in adult women with Ullrich-Turner syndrome.

This cross sectional study was undertaken to establish reference values for adult women with Ullrich-Turner syndrome (UTS) verified cytogenetically by blood karyotyping and not treated with growth hormone during childhood and adolescence, with respect to anthropometric and body composition measurements, for future evaluations of growth promoting therapy. All members of the Danish Turner Association were invited, and 79 women with UTS participated. Forty-two had the 45,X karyotype and the other 37 had different karyotypes. Outcome measures were height, sitting height, arm span, length of hand and foot, biacromial and biiliac diameter, and hip, waist, and head circumference. Bioelectrical impedance was performed, and total body water, lean body mass, and fat mass were calculated. Results give a very distinct anthropometric picture of adult women with the UTS, with a mean height of 146.8+/-6.7 cm (mean+/-SD), sitting height of 78.6+/-3.6 cm, arm span measurements of 147.9+/-7.1 cm, being between 3 and 4 standard deviation scores (SDS) below average; with a mean hand length of 17.0+/-1.1 cm and foot length of 22.4+/-1.2 cm, being around 1.5 SDS below average; a mean weight of 56.3+/-12.8 kg, head circumference of 55.3+/-2.0 cm and biacromial diameter of 36.5+/-2.0 cm, being around 0 SDS; and finally, biiliacal diameter of 29.5+/-2.2 cm, being 1.4 SDS above average. The average body mass index (BMI) in the study was 26.3+/-5.3 kg/m2. As a group, females with UTS are overweight when compared with a group of "normal" women, with a higher fat mass, a lower lean body mass, but with a comparable amount of total body water (in %). This study presents the first comprehensive reference data on body proportions in the adult UTS. It shows that adult women with the Ullrich-Turner syndrome has a characteristic anthropometric shape. The data should be of use for future evaluations of growth hormone treatment or other growth promoting therapy in the UTS on anthropometric and body composition variables.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Echocardiography, a non-invasive method for the investigation of heart morphology and function in laboratory dogs: 1. Method and reference values for M-mode parameters.

We have set up M-mode echocardiographic (EC) recording in beagles in our laboratory and generated reference values for EC indicators of left ventricle function and morphology. Additionally we assessed the effects of sex, strain and body weight on these parameters and the correlation between parameters. M-mode EC under two-dimensional guidance in longitudinal section was performed on 59 male and 49 female beagles from Marshall (USA) and 13 males and 13 females from Harlan (France). The following parameters were measured or calculated: left ventricle internal diameter in diastole and systole (LVIDd and LVIDs), left ventricle and diastolic and end systolic and stroke volumes (EDV, ESV and SV), cardiac output and index (CO and CI), fractional shortening (FS), ejection fraction (EF), the thickness of the septum and left ventricle posterior wall in diastole (STd and LVPWd) and systole (STs and LVPWs), the percentage of thickening of the septum and left posterior wall (PST and PWT), and the mean and maximal velocities of the left ventricle posterior wall (PWVm and PWVM). Heart rate (HR) was measured by cardiac auscultation. Marshall dogs have higher left ventricle dimensions but lower amplitude and velocity of contraction than Harlan dogs. There were also statistically significant differences between sexes for a number of EC parameters mainly those relating to the size of the left ventricle walls or cavity in diastole. Overall these differences were explained by the correlation between these parameters and body weight. Heart rate correlated only with PWVm and PWVM. There were positive correlations between PST, PWT and EF or FS and between velocities and FS or EF. EDV correlates negatively with EF, FS, PST or PWT.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Complement system in healthy term newborns: reference values in umbilical cord blood.

Activation of the complement system occurs in several diseases. For reliable identification of complement activation in neonates, we establish reference ranges of several components in cord blood of healthy term newborns. For this study, cord blood samples were taken from 125 healthy term newborns. Concentrations of C1r, C2, C5, C7, Properdin, and factors D, H, and I were determined by single radial immunodiffusion. C3a and C5a were measured by specific EIA and complement function was measured by hemolytic assays. The results were expressed as 5th percentile, median, and 95th percentile. The following respective concentrations were found: C1r: 27, 47, 65 mg/l; C2: 12.0, 18.0, 24.0 mg/l; C5: 64, 92, 127 mg/l; C7: 32, 60, 89 mg/l; Properdin: 5.6, 9.7, 14.2 mg/l; factor D: 3.6, 5.2, 7.3 mg/l; factor H: 178, 234, 296 mg/l; and factor I: 15, 24, 32 mg/l. The functional activity of the whole complement system was 24%, 43%, 97% and for the alternative pathway 39%, 58%, 76%. The concentration of the activated split products C3a was 4, 65, 255 microg/l and of C5a, 0.11, 0.26, 1.19 microg/l. These reference values may be important for the detection of deficiencies of native complement proteins or perinatal processes leading to an activation of the complement system.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

New ergometric reference values for clinical exercise tests.

A group of 301 apparently healthy men and women were studied using bicycle ergometry in order to obtain generally applicable reference values for clinical exercise testing. The subjects, aged 30-67 years, were derived from a comprehensive health survey carried out on a population sample representative of adult Finns. The exercise test was a standardized heart rate conducted programme in which workload was regulated so as to increase heart rate by 5 beats/min every min up to subjective maximum. Three indicators of exercise capacity are presented: maximal workload (Wmax), mean workload attained during the last 4 min of the test (Wlast4') and hypothetical maximal workload sustainable for 6 min (Wmax6'). All showed wide inter-individual variation even when related to age and body weight. The ergometric results depended significantly on age and height in men and on age and weight in women. We present formulas for the calculation of expected values of Wlast4' and Wmax6' on the basis of sex, age, height and weight. We suggest that the measured values be given in percentages of those expected.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

The reference value of erythrocyte sedimentation rate for differential diagnosis of rheumatic fever among Bangladeshi children.

The aim of the present study is to determine the reference value of erythrocyte sedimentation rate for differential diagnosis of rheumatic fever in the National Center for Control of Rheumatic Fever and Heart Diseases, Dhaka, Bangladesh among patients with signs and symptoms which may be related to acute rheumatic fever. All medical records for the patients aged 5 to 20 years who attended the outpatient department of the hospital between July, 1994 and November, 1995 were reviewed. Fifty-three of 337 such patients had acute rheumatic fever defined by the updated Jones criteria. The performance of erythrocyte sedimentation rate test was evaluated by sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and receiver operating characteristic curve. The findings of this study suggest that the lower limit for a positive test should be considered at 30 mm (Westergren 1 h) in this hospital.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Application of fuzzy reasoning to haematological reference values.

In a fuzzy set, the probability that a result for a patient is increased (or decreased) is equal to the probability of incidence of reference values equal and lower (or higher) than the evaluated result. Application of fuzzy logic to computer analysis of haematological data enables more appropriate interpretation of continuous pathological changes.

Erythrocyte Count↗

PubMed1985

Reference values for automated cytochemical differential count of leukocytes in children 0-16 years old: comparison with manually obtained counts from Wright-stained smears.

Reference values for the differential leukocyte count using an automated cytochemical method (Hemalog D) were determined in 1216 healthy children aged 0-16 years. Log-normal distributions for the absolute counts of all the separate cell types and for the total leukocyte counts were determined. For the relative values, a log-normal distribution for the eosinophils and basophils was also established. The Hemalog D gives narrower limits compared with the manual count, but the differences between the two methods are smaller than expected. It appears that the lower limit of the separate cell types is not zero.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

[Reference values of chemical constituents and plasma enzymes in minipigs].

Nine male minipigs Pitman Moore have been studied from weaning (To) and during 6 months and the following constituents have been measured: albumin, amylase, bilirubin, calcium, CK, cholesterol, creatinine, copper, iron, GGT, glucose, LDH, magnesium, PAL, phospholipids, potassium, proteins, sodium, ALT, ASP, triglycerides, urea, zinc. These animals were fed a standardized diet. At 6 months of age their weight increased progressively to 12 kg. Several factors of variation have been studied; time of blood sampling age of animals. We obtained the following results: values of bilirubin, CK and TGO were always lower at 8 a.m. than 12 a.m. and 6 p.m. The effects of age were variable. They are no variation in the values of only 4 parameters (calcium, sodium, potassium and triglycerides), while the others constituents were increased or decreased. Reference values for 21 blood parameters in Pitman Moore minipigs are described.

Aging↗

PubMed1995

Forced midexpiratory time: reference values and the effect of cigarette smoking.

BACKGROUND: Forced midexpiratory time (FET25-75%), the time required to exhale from 25 to 75% of forced vital capacity (FVC), has been advocated as a relatively volume-independent measure of obstruction. Previous estimates of normal FET25-75% have not systematically studied the effect of age, height, sex, and smoking history. METHODS: We analyzed flow-volume loops from 369 normal lifetime nonsmokers and smokers, a random sample of the population of Michigan. Linear models including age and/or height were considered, with and without logarithmic transformation. RESULTS: The best models used age, or age and height, and no transformation. Age and height contributed much less to the variability of FET25-75% than to spirometric flows previously investigated. The largest r2 was found in the male smokers, with the largest contribution from age, suggesting a smoking effect. CONCLUSIONS: As age was the major contributor to the value of FET25-75% and that contribution was small, we suggest the use of simplified age-stratified reference values derived from our data.

Adult↗