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Results for “SLEEP DEPRIVATION”

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PubMed1977

Circadian rhythm of circulatory functions in depressives and on sleep deprivation.

Continuous examinations of circulatory functions in three 24-hour periods, before, during and after sleep deprivation, were carried out on 26 endogenous depressives and 10 neurotic depressives. The blood pressure recordings scarcely revealed relevant findings. The diurnal rhythm of heart rate in endogenous depressives is less pronounced than in healthy subjects, a phasal shift not being noted. A correlation between diurnal variation of depression symptomatology and the circadian rhythm of hear rate could be presumed on the basis of these findings. The heart rate curve is further flattened, almost levelling off, on sleep deprivation. The extent of this change is related to the therapeutic effect of sleep deprivation. A less pronounced diurnal rhythm of heart rate was also noted in neurotic depressives; however, there was no relationship between the therapeutic effect of sleep deprivation and its influence on heart rate.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed1998

Decreased activity of striatal monoamine oxidase B after rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation in rats.

The striatum seems to be the main brain region involved in stereotyped behavior induced by dopaminergic agonists. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation increases dopaminergic agonist-induced stereotypy and produces biochemical changes in striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, the mechanism underlying the increased dopaminergic sensitivity induced by REM sleep deprivation has not been elucidated. In an attempt to determine some of the biochemical changes in striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission that could contribute to REM sleep deprivation effects, we measured the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B, the enzymes responsible for dopamine and beta-phenylethylamine (beta-PEA) deamination in striatum. Male adult rats were deprived of REM sleep for 96 h by the flower-pot technique. MAO A and B were assayed radioisotopically in the mitochondrial fraction by standard laboratory procedures, using [14C]-5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and [14C]-beta-phenylethylamine (beta-PEA), as substrates for MAO A and MAO B, respectively. The results showed no significant statistical differences in striatal MAO A activity, whereas a significant decrease in MAO B activity was observed. The results are discussed in terms of the possible involvement of beta-PEA, a striatal endogenous trace amine, which potentiates dopaminergic neurotransmission and may participate in the increased dopaminergic sensitivity observed after REM sleep deprivation.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Differential role of dopamine receptors on motor asymmetries of nigro-striatal lesioned animals that are REM sleep deprived.

Recently, we have shown that rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (REM-SD) in animals with lesions of the nigro-striatal pathway facilitates turning behavior and such increase still occurred even in the presence of dopaminergic grafts. The objective of this work was to determine which DA receptors are preferentially involved. The results showed that the D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride decreases significantly turning behavior of lesioned animals, with no effect whatsoever of the D1 antagonist SCH 23390. When lesioned animals were REM sleep deprived, the D1 but not the D2 receptor antagonist prevented the increase of turning induced by REM-SD. This work suggests that the increase of post-synaptic supersensitivity induced by REM-SD in nigro-striatal lesioned animals is mediated by D1 receptors.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Erythrocyte magnesium and prostaglandin dynamics in chronic sleep deprivation.

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: The mechanism of sudden cardiac death occurring in patients with chronic fatigue is controversial. This study was designed to define a hypothesis that coronary arterial spasm and thrombus formation can occur during chronic fatigue. METHODS: For evaluating the feasibility of coronary arterial spasm, erythrocyte magnesium (Mg) was measured. Blood coagulability was evaluated by the change of prostaglandin concentration. Subjects included 16 healthy male volunteers (mean age 21.6 +/- 2.5 years). Test conditions were as follows: (A) control state: a day following a night of good sleep; (B) temporary sleep deprivation: a day preceded by < 3 h of sleep; (C) chronic sleep deprivation: a day preceded by a month during which sleep lasted < 60% of that in condition (A) above. The erythrocyte Mg concentration was measured by the atomic absorption method. The plasma concentration of thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha were measured in eight subjects by radioimmunoassay method. RESULTS: (1) Mean erythrocyte Mg concentration was significantly less in chronic sleep deprivation (1.1 +/- 0.4 mg/dl) than in the control state (1.8 +/- 0.4 mg/dl, p < 0.01) or in temporary sleep deprivation (1.6 +/- 0.4, p < 0.01). (2) The level of thromboxane B2 was significantly higher during chronic sleep deprivation than under control conditions (104.4 +/- 78.0 vs. 20.4 +/- 9.0 pg/ml, p < 0.05). (3) There were no significant intergroup differences in 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha level. CONCLUSION: These findings could support the hypothesis that coronary arterial spasm and thrombus formation occur in chronic sleep deprivation.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗

PubMed2005

Oculomotor responses during partial and total sleep deprivation.

INTRODUCTION: Oculomotor responses related to the pupil light reflex (PLR) and saccadic velocity may be sensitive to the effects of sleepiness and therefore could be used to evaluate an individual's fitness for duty. METHODS: There were 12 normal subjects who completed an 8-d study. They were allowed 8 h in bed on the first three nights, 4 h in bed on the fourth night, and then were sleep deprived for the following 64 h. Approximately every 3 h, subjects performed a battery of tests which included a 45-s automated oculomotor test and a 40-min PC-based driving simulator task. Sleepiness was evaluated with a self-assessment instrument. Subjects were allowed 10 h of recovery sleep following sleep deprivation. RESULTS: Oculomotor results for nine subjects showed a significant increase in latency to pupil constriction and a significant decrease in saccadic velocity with total, but not partial, sleep deprivation. The most robust changes during sleep deprivation occurred for saccadic velocity. A night of recovery sleep reversed the effects of total sleep deprivation on latency to pupil constriction and saccadic velocity. Subjective sleepiness and off-road accidents were found to significantly increase over the sleep deprivation period. A significant positive correlation between increasing latency to pupil constriction and increasing sleepiness and driving accidents, and a significant negative correlation between decreasing saccadic velocity and increasing sleepiness and driving accidents during sleep deprivation were found. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that oculomotor functions, particularly saccadic velocity, are feasible for assessing neurophysiological changes associated with and predictive of sleep deprivation-induced operational performance degradation.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

The sensitivity of pharmacodynamic tests for the central nervous system effects of drugs on the effects of sleep deprivation.

Various methods are used to quantify sedative drug effects, but it is unknown how these surrogate measures relate to clinically relevant sleepiness. This study assessed the sensitivity of different surrogates of sedation to clinically relevant sleepiness induced by sleep deprivation. Nine healthy volunteers completed a balanced three-way cross-over study with 1-week wash-out periods. Adaptive tracking, smooth-pursuit and saccadic eye movements, body sway, digit symbol substitution (DSST), visual analogue scales (VAS) and electroencephalograms (EEG) were evaluated on three occasions: (1) during the day after normal sleep, (2) during wakefulness at night; and (3) during the day after a night of sleep deprivation. VAS of alertness showed a gradual decline at night and a constant average reduction of 38 percent [95% Confidence intervals (CI), 28-47%] during the day after sleep deprivation. Average mood scores diminished by 14 percent (95%, CI 2-24%) during the day after sleep deprivation. Adaptive tracking, saccadic eye movements and body sway tended to deteriorate at night, but overall this was not statistically significant. After a night of sleep deprivation, adaptive tracking decreased by 21 percent (95% CI, 11-30%), saccadic eye movements decreased by 9-10 percent (95% CI, 5-13%/6-15%) and body sway increased by 37 percent (95% CI, 5-79%). In contrast, EEG beta2-amplitudes declined significantly at night by 18 percent (95% CI, 6-29%), without changes during the day after sleep deprivation. Smooth pursuit, DSST and other EEG-amplitudes remained unchanged. These results emphasize that reductions in adaptive tracking, saccadic peak velocity and body sway caused by sedative drugs really reflect sedation. They also provide a level of clinical significance for these surrogates of sedation. EEG parameters and smooth pursuit were unaffected by sleep deprivation, so drug-induced changes in these measures may not reflect sedation in a stricter sense. The motivation and alertness necessary for DSST may overcome mild sedation.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Anti-interleukin-1 beta reduces sleep and sleep rebound after sleep deprivation in rats.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is somnogenic and is hypothesized to be involved in physiological sleep regulation. Antibodies directed against rat IL-1 beta were used to further elucidate possible contributions of IL-1 to sleep regulation. Rabbit anti-rat IL-1 beta (anti-IL-1 beta) was injected intracerebroventricularly into normal rats 15 min before light onset. A 20-microgram dose of anti-IL-1 beta reduced non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep by 60 min during the subsequent 12-h slight period. There was no effect on rapid eye movement sleep after this dose of anti-IL-1 beta. The effects of anti-IL-1 beta on the enhancement of sleep after periods of sleep deprivation were also determined. When rats were deprived of sleep for 3-h beginning at light onset, the amount of time spent in NREM sleep increased for the remaining 9 h of the light period, regardless of whether control intracerebroventricular injections of pyrogen-free saline or rabbit immunoglobulin G were given during the deprivation period. However, when 20 micrograms anti-IL-1 beta were injected intracerebroventricularly during the sleep deprivation period, the expected NREM sleep rebound was completely blocked. Collectively, these data provide additional support for the hypothesis that IL-1 is involved in regulation of physiological sleep-wake activity.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Effect of the diurnal rhythm and 24 h of sleep deprivation on dichotic temporal order judgment.

The present study examined the impact of mild (24 h) sleep deprivation and of the circadian rhythm on auditory temporal resolution, measured by dichotic temporal order judgment (TOJ). The rationale for the present study was based on several areas of research. First, the 'sleep-based neuropsychological perspective' hypothesis posits that sleep reduction initially impacts the functions associated with intact prefrontal cortical activity, e.g. language tasks. Secondly, recent studies indicate the importance of the role of auditory temporal resolution in speech comprehension. Thirdly, there is accumulating evidence of the involvement of prefrontal cortical structures in auditory temporal resolution. We hypothesized that mild to moderate sleep deprivation would affect dichotic TOJ negatively. The results showed that: (1) 24 h of sleep deprivation significantly reduced the overall level of accuracy in dichotic TOJ and increased dichotic TOJ threshold from 57.61 ms to 73.93 ms, a reduction in temporal resolution of 28.3%; (2) dichotic TOJ was subject to a small, but significant diurnal rhythm having a nadir in early to mid afternoon. As auditory temporal resolution of speech and non-speech sounds seems to be dependent on intact functioning of the left inferior and left dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), these data strengthen the argument that even mild to moderate sleep deprivation can impact negatively on PFC-dependent functions. Furthermore, based on these findings, we suggest that the deficit in auditory temporal resolution in individuals suffering from sleep loss may also affect language comprehension.

Circadian Rhythm↗

PubMed1993

Rapid eye movement sleep-deprivation-induced changes in glucose metabolic enzymes in rat brain.

Glucose metabolism and energy expenditure are altered during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. To understand this mechanism, it was hypothesized that the enzymes involved in the metabolism of glucose, viz. hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase, are affected by REM sleep deprivation. The flower pot technique was used for 1-, 2- and 4-day periods of REM sleep deprivation. Suitable control experiments were carried out to rule out the nonspecific effects. The results showed that glucose-6-phosphatase was first to be affected, and it showed decreased activity. In longer periods of deprivation, there was an increase in hexokinase activity. Both the altered enzyme activities returned to baseline level on recovery from REM sleep deprivation. Control experiments suggest that alterations were primarily caused by REM sleep deprivation, not nonspecific effects.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

The effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation on estrous cycles of the female rats.

The present purpose was to examine how sleep deprivation affects the estrous cycle of the female rat. Paradoxical sleep-deprived (PSD) adult female Wistar rats were compared to home-cage control (CTRL) on their estrous cyclicity. Forty-four PSD and forty-four CTRL female rats were distributed into 4 subgroups of 11 animals each according to the phase of estrous cycle and were subjected to sleep deprivation for 96 h by the multiple platform technique. After PSD period, vaginal estrous cycles were taken for an additional 9 days. Animals that were submitted to PSD in diestrus phase (PSD-diestrus) had their estrous cycles disrupted during the recovery period by showing a constant diestrus during the first week. As for hormone alterations, progesterone concentrations were statistically higher in PSD-diestrus compared to respective phase control and to PSD-proestrus and PSD-estrus rats while CTRL-metestrus had higher levels than CTRL-proestrus and estrus groups. Testosterone was significantly decreased in PSD-estrus in relation to PSD-proestrus and PSD-diestrus groups and was lower in CTRL-diestrus rats than in home-cage rats in proestrus. In addition, PSD-diestrus phase exhibited higher concentrations of corticosterone and lower estrogen than the respective control rats. These data indicate that PSD may modulate the ovarian hormone release through alterations in hormonal-neurochemical mechanisms.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Exposure to bright light modifies HRV responses to mental tasks during nocturnal sleep deprivation.

This study was intended to determine the effects of continuous bright light exposure on cardiovascular responses, particularly heart rate variability (HRV), at rest and during performance of mental tasks with acute nocturnal sleep deprivation. Eight healthy male subjects stayed awake from 21.00 to 04.30 hours under bright (BL, 2800 lux) or dim (DL, 120 lux) light conditions. During sleep deprivation, mental tasks (Stroop color-word conflict test: CWT) were performed for 15 min each hour. Blood pressure, electrocardiogram, respiratory rate, urinary melatonin concentrations and rectal temperature were measured. During sleep deprivation, BL exposure depressed melatonin secretion in comparison to DL conditions. During sleep deprivation, exposure to BL delayed the decline in heart rate (HR) for 4 h in resting periods. A significant increment of HR induced by each CWT was detected, especially at 03.00 h and later, under DL conditions only. In addition, at 04.00 h, an index of sympathetic activity and sympatho-vagal balance on HRV during CWT increased significantly under DL conditions. In contrast, an index of parasympathetic activity during CWT decreased significantly under DL conditions. However, the indexes of HRV during CWT did not change throughout sleep deprivation under BL conditions. Our results suggest that BL exposure not only delays the nocturnal decrease in HR at rest but also maintains HR and balance of cardiac autonomic modulation to mental tasks during nocturnal sleep deprivation.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Cocaine effects in sleep-deprived humans.

Eight normal healthy volunteers were tested in a reaction-time task and a work-output task after 24 and 48 h of sleep deprivation with and without 96 mg of inhaled cocaine. Cardiovascular changes and verbal report of mood change and drug effect were also monitored. Sleep deprivation produced a decrement in reaction-time performance which was reversed by inhalation of cocaine. Heart rate increased after cocaine both under non sleep-deprived conditions and sleep-deprived conditions. The magnitude of the drug-induced heart rate was, however, lower when subjects were deprived of sleep for 48 h. Verbal reports of cocaine effects were similar to those reported for amphetamine, with no evidence supporting the idea of a postdrug depression immediately after the acute effects of the drug dissipated, although some rebound effects were noted 8 h after drug administration.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Negative transfer abolished by REM sleep deprivation in rats.

Brief deprivation of REM sleep (REMD) immediately following inhibitory avoidance training abolished negative transfer in an active avoidance situation without impairing retention of the inhibitory avoidance response. REMD beginning 3 hr after inhibitory training had no effect. A reminder treatment (brief placement in the apparatus) between 30 min and 24 hr before active avoidance training counteracted the REMD impairment of negative transfer. The reminder treatment was not impaired by subsequent REMD.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Paradoxical sleep deprivation of the mother enhances DNA synthesis in fetal rat brain: autoradiographic and biochemical evidence.

Pregnant rats were deprived of paradoxical sleep for 3 days starting on the 18th gestational day. The condition of PS-D was imposed by confinement on a small platform surrounded by water or by daily injections of clomipramine. Four hours before the killing rats received a s.c. injection of [3H]-thymidine. The amount of radioactive DNA determined by autoradiography in several regions of fetal brain was found to be markedly increased under both experimental conditions in comparison with the control fetal brain. Considerably more limited effects were observed in kidney. Comparable changes of lower magnitude were obtained by comparing the specific radioactivity of DNA samples purified by chlorophorm extraction and digestion with RNase and proteinase K. The results fully confirm our previous data obtained under similar experimental conditions but based on the analysis of an acid-washed DNA fraction.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The retroactive action of paradoxical sleep deprivation and immobilization stress on the mechanisms of memory and passive avoidance in rats].

Influence was studied of 48-hours deprivation of paradoxical sleep (DPS) and immobilization stress on conditioned reaction of fear and security--components of passive avoidance conditioned reflex (CRPA), with simultaneous studying of vertical, horizontal activity, grooming reactions and defecations in an illuminated chamber. The obtained results allow to conclude that DPS inhibits reproduction of memory traces of fear reaction but intensifies the process of learning and activity of memory traces of security reaction. Depending on condition of CRPA elaboration, DPS may disturb or, on the contrary, prolong preservation of passive avoidance. It has been found that the immobilization stress does not influence CRPA preservation and does not weaken the reaction of fear but increases the horizontal activity. It is suggested that the observed changes in behaviour and trace processes are connected with disturbance of sensory informational homeostasis of the nervous system at DPS.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Effect of sleep deprivation on insulin sensitivity and cortisol concentration in healthy subjects.

The objective of this study was to assess insulin sensitivity and cortisol concentration in healthy subjects with 24-hr sleep deprivation. A randomised, single-blind, controlled clinical trial was performed in 28 healthy subjects. Fourteen individuals were studied before and after 24-hr sleep deprivation and 14 volunteers with normal sleep periods (NSP) as a control group. Serum creatinine, uric acid, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations were measured in both groups. Insulin suppression test modified with octreotide (IST) and cortisol levels were performed before and after 24-hr sleep deprivation or NSP. Clinical and metabolic characteristics of the subjects in both groups are similar. Steady-state glucose (SSG) concentration of the IST was significantly higher after 24-hr sleep deprivation (5.7+/-2.1 vs 6.7+/-2.2 mmol/l; p=0.01). SSG level was similar before and after NSP (5.0+/-2.1 vs 5.0+/-1.8 mmol/l, respectively; p=0.91). There were not significant differences in cortisol levels between initial and final tests in both groups. In conclusion, 24-hr sleep deprivation decreased the insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects without changes in cortisol levels.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Binocular convergence in man during total sleep deprivation.

It was proposed that binocular convergence (lateral phoria) for near and far vision would reflect the states of visual functioning and that there would be a progressive reduction in phoria during sleep deprivation. Six young male subjects underwent two conditions of sleep deprivation on separate occasions. One condition incorporated a high visual load and the other a low load. Exercise and sound were balanced. Lateral phoria for near and far vision was carefully measured, regularly, before, during and after sleep deprivation. It was found that a reduction in convergence (exophoria) for both near and far vision became increasingly apparent with progressive sleep deprivation, especially with near vision and under high visual load. The near vision measure, which included accommodation convergence, appeared to be more sensitive to sleep deprivation generally, whereas far vision tended to produce a greater differentiation between the conditions. The implications of these findings for REM sleep and oculomotor innervation are discussed.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed2005

Effect of driving duration and partial sleep deprivation on subsequent alertness and performance of car drivers.

The effect of partial sleep deprivation and driving duration on subsequent alertness and performance in car drivers was investigated. Twenty healthy male subjects, between 25 and 55 years of age, free from any sleep disorder, took part in two simulated driving sessions carried out between 2 p.m. and 4 p.m. Before one session, subjects were sleep deprived as they were allowed to sleep only between 3 a.m. and 7 a.m. during the preceding night. Throughout the driving task, the subjects' driving performance, electroencephalogram and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) score were recorded. The results revealed that sleep deprivation had an effect on KSS score but not on the (alpha+theta) spectral power, while driving duration had an effect on these two parameters. This effect was also influenced by sleep restriction. Time on driving task alone had a significant effect on driving performance; the sleep restriction having only an effect on one of the performances indices studied: the number of right edge-line crossings. These results are interpreted in terms of the relationship between level of alertness and performance impairment.

Adult↗