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PubMed1994

[Application of molecular epidemiology techniques in the study of food poisoning caused by Staphylococcus aureus].

BACKGROUND: The use of molecular epidemiology techniques has provided better knowledge as to the clonal organization of bacterian populations and thus allows better follow up of epidemics. An alimentary toxiinfection in a Barcelona school produced by Staphylococcus aureus was analyzed by the combination of epidemiologic, phenotype and genotype markers with the aim of determining the source of the alimentary contamination. METHODS: Nine strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in 6 food manipulators and 3 patients were studied with the following markers: biotype, antibiotype, phagotype, plasmid profile, polymorphism of the size of the restriction fragments of total DNA and ribotype. RESULTS: Epidemiologic study of the strains analyzed showed that both the phenotype markers and the plasmid profile are thecniques of little discriminatory value. The only clearly discriminatory technique used was ribotyping which defined 3 clones in the 9 strains of Staphylococcus aureus studied. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular study of isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus was able to identify the causal origin of the alimentary toxiinfection in one of the 6 food manipulators studied.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among different population groups].

The level of carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in three biotopes (nose, fauces, hand skin) and categories of carriers among students and teachers of the Medical Institute, medical personnel of surgical department and maternity hospital as well as the workers of combine building plant have been studied. The higher percentage of Staphylococcus aureus carriers was established in the nasal cavity of the maternity hospital personnel (p < 0.001) and on the hand skin of the personnel of surgical stationary (p < 0.05) as compared to the students and teachers. Carriage frequency of Staphylococcus aureus among the workers several times exceeded its level in the control group. The strains of the third phage group predominated among the personnel of surgical department, those of the second and fourth phage, groups, among the maternity hospital workers. Representatives of the second phage group were isolated in the plant workers. High level of carriage among the workers creates preconditions for the development of purulent diseases of the hand and fingers after microtraumas at the plant. All this dictates a necessity to eliminate Staphylococcus aureus in the carriers of all three biotopes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

[Clinico-microbiological profile of urinary Staphylococcus infection in gynecologico-obstetric patients].

The Enterobacteriaceae are the major cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). The Gram-positive Cocci also produce UTI, of these Staphylococcus saprophyticus are the most frequent reported. To know the clinical and microbiological characteristics of the UTI caused by Staphylococcus in the gyneco-obstetric patients, we made a prospective study of the case identified at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología during the period from January to July 1992. There were 32 cases, 19 cystourethritis, 12 asymptomatic bacteriuria, and one pyelonephritis. Twenty nine of the Staphylococcus isolated were coagulase-negative (SCN), of them Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most regained. The 82.7% of the SCN isolated had a positive slime test. The antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed a low percent of resistance to the majority of the antimicrobial agents proved excepting penicillin and gentamicin.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[Susceptibility to antibiotics of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from pus specimens obtained from patients referred for autovaccine therapy].

Autovaccine was prepared for 268 patients treated for: osteomyelitis--95, acne--63, furunculosis--53, and other pyogenic infections--57 patients. 540 bacterial strains were isolated from the specimens obtained from patients. 170 Staphylococcus aureus strains were cultured, what represents 31.5% of the isolated strains. Isolated Staphylococcus aureus strains were most often penicillin-resistant (91.5%), amplicillin-resistant (86%), less frequently tetracycline-resistant (73%), and doxycycline-resistant (53.1%). Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from outpatients were found to be less resistant to particular antibiotics as compared to the group of strains isolated from the inpatients receiving treatment in different hospital departments. 13.5% of studied Staphylococcus aureus strains were methicillin-resistant.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of the susceptibility of Staphylococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp. to teicoplanin and vancomycin].

PURPOSE: The study was performed in order to evaluate the susceptibility of Enterococcus and Staphylococcus to teicoplanin and vancomycin. METHODS: 150 Enterococcus strains and 450 Staphylococcus strains (298 Staphylococcus aureus and 152 negative coagulase strains) isolated in three Brazilian hospitals were studied. The MICs were determined using teicoplanin and vancomycin E Test strips. The range of the antimicrobial concentration in each strip went from 256 mcg/mL to 0.016 mcg/mL. Diffusion tests using disks impregnated with 10 mcg of teicoplanin and 30 mcg of vancomycin were also performed. RESULTS: All the 298 Staphylococcus aureus strains were susceptible to the two antimicrobials. Three of the 152 negative coagulase strains presented intermediate susceptibility to teicoplanin (MICs between 8 and 16 mcg/mL). Four of the 150 Enterococcus strains presented intermediate susceptibility to vancomycin but were totally susceptible to teicoplanin. CONCLUSION: According to these results teicoplanin and vancomycin are good therapeutical options in the treatment of staphylococcal and enterococcal infections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1997

A case of superantigen-related glomerulonephritis after methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection.

A case in which the enterotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus may have served as bacterial superantigens is presented. This 71-year-old man developed proteinuria and renal dysfunction after contacting pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), coagulase type II. The infection occurred after surgery for recurrent lung cancer. Staphylococcus enterotoxins B, C, and TSST-1 were detected from the bacillus. Ten days after the onset of pneumonia, proteinuria was noted; urinary protein was as high as 1.8 g/day. The serum creatinine was elevated from 1.0 mg/dl to 3.7 mg/dl. Several immunological reactions were detected; the serum levels of IgG and IgA were increased, and the selective usage of T-cell receptor V beta (TCRV beta) was observed. Serum levels of IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) were also elevated. Examination of the renal biopsy specimen by light microscopy showed minor to mild mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated the deposition of IgG, IgA, and C3, mainly along the capillary walls. Electron microscopy revealed electron dense deposits, mainly in the subepithelial areas, and injury to the glomerular basement membrane. When the pneumonia improved following antibiotic therapy, the renal function also improved, and proteinuria decreased. The levels of immunoglobulins and the usage of TCRV beta also decreased. Because staphylococcus enterotoxins act as superantigens, we believe this to be a typical case of superantigen-related glomerulonephritis.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparison of the developmental characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Staphylococcus aureus cultures on nutrient media of different compositions].

The growth parameters of gonococcus and staphylococcus strains in liquid medium were determined. The generation time varied within the limits from 0.8 to 1.3 h for gonococcus and from 0.47 to 0.60 h for staphylococcus, the specific growth rate varied from 0.51 to 0.91 h-1 for gonococcus and from 1.68 to 2.11 h-1 for staphylococcus, depending on the concentration of sodium humate and bovine serum in the medium. The growth characteristics of analysed staphylococcus strains did not depend on the presence of plasmids. The gonococcal cultures grown in the liquid nutrient medium containing 20% of bovine serum for 8-11 h were the most physiologically active. Sodium humate added to the medium for cultivation in concentration 0.01% stimulated the growth of N. gonorrhoeae.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dakar].

This study was carried out at the Fann University Hospital Center in Dakar, Senegal between 1994 and 1996. The purpose was to assess the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and to propose alternative treatments. A total of 149 stains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from a variety of clinical specimens. Sensitivity to various antibiotics was tested by the disc diffusion technique (anti-biogram). Resistance to methicillin was evaluated by the oxacillin disc diffusion technique on Mueller-Hinton agar containing 5% NaCl. The prevalence of methicillin resistance was 66.4%. All strains of Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to vancomycin. Other highly effective antibiotics included fucidic acid (94%), aminoglycosides (91%), cotrimoxazol (89.6%), and norfloxacin (84.5%). Most strains (70.6%) presented a wide profile against macrolides and related groups. The LSa phenotype (resistance to lincosamines and streptogramines) was the predominant resistant phenotype. The results of this study indicate that the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is increasing in Senegal. Since these strains respond well to chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole, clinicians are advised to use these drugs as an alternative first-line treatment.

Methicillin Resistance↗

PubMed1986

Epidemiologic study of Staphylococcus strains isolated from clinical material in 24 Italian hospitals.

A nationwide epidemiologic study of clinical Staphylococcus isolates was performed in Italy by 24 operative units distributed throughout the country. A total of 7,017 Staphylococcus strains were examined according to a standard protocol. Three species of acknowledged importance in human infections (namely S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus) were identified singly, whereas the other staphylococci were considered as a whole and designated Staphylococcus spp. S. aureus totalled 55% of total isolates and was reported by most operative units as the predominant species among isolates both from various inpatient departments and from outpatients. S. saprophyticus was twofold more frequent among isolates from out- than from inpatients. Susceptibility to methicillin varied considerably from hospital to hospital, but a general tendency toward an increasing spread of resistance was noted. The overall incidence of methicillin resistance (29%) resulted from a wide range of values generally higher in isolates from inpatients (35%) than from outpatients (21%). Particularly high percentages of resistance (45%) were recorded in isolates from intensive care departments. Susceptibility testing to four additional beta-lactams (cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, and piperacillin) and to four aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and netilmicin) indicated that antibiotic resistance was widespread and in all species more frequent among methicillin-resistant than among methicillin-sensitive staphylococci. Netilmicin proved more active than the other antibiotics tested; its greater activity was most evident against methicillin-resistant strains. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were more resistant than S. aureus to methicillin and most of the other antibiotics, suggesting their increasing involvement in human infections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1995

Proline betaine is a highly effective osmoprotectant for Staphylococcus aureus.

Proline betaine is an osmoprotectant that is at least as effective as glycine betaine, and more effective than L-proline, for various strains of Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. 13C NMR studies revealed that proline betaine accumulated to high levels in osmotically stressed S. aureus, but was also detected in organisms grown in its presence in the absence of osmotic stress. Competition experiments indicated that proline betaine was taken up by the proline transport systems of S. aureus, but not by the high affinity glycine betaine transport system.

Betaine↗

PubMed2006

Activity of sodium metabisulfite against planktonic and biofilm Staphylococcus species.

Biofilm-forming staphylococci cause a majority of intravascular catheter-related infections. We evaluated the effect of sodium metabisulfite, a preservative commonly added to intravenously administered pharmaceuticals as an antioxidant and previously used as a catheter lock solution, on planktonic and biofilm staphylococci at clinically encountered concentrations. Sodium metabisulfite exhibited bactericidal activity against planktonic Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis at concentrations of 512, 512, and 1024 microg/mL, respectively. A concentration of 720 microg/mL inhibited cell growth by all 3 species in a biofilm formation assay. However, established S. aureus and S. lugdunensis biofilms showed less than 1.5 log10 decreases in viable cell counts when treated with 720 microg/mL of sodium metabisulfite for 24 h. These in vitro results suggest that the use of sodium metabisulfite as a catheter lock may inhibit staphylococcal colonization of catheters, thereby preventing catheter-related infection.

Biofilms↗

PubMed2006

The evolution and maintenance of virulence in Staphylococcus aureus: a role for host-to-host transmission?

Despite progress in our understanding of infectious disease biology and prevention, the conditions that select for the establishment and maintenance of microbial virulence remain enigmatic. To address this aspect of pathogen biology, we focus on two members of the Staphylococcus genus - Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis - and consider why S. aureus has evolved to become more virulent than S. epidermidis. Several hypotheses to explain this phenomenon are discussed and a mathematical model is used to argue that a complex transmission pathway is the key factor in explaining the evolution and maintenance of virulence in S. aureus. In the case of S. epidermidis, where skin contact affords easier transmission between hosts, high levels of virulence do not offer an advantage to this pathogen.

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMed2005

Potential of the polyvalent anti-Staphylococcus bacteriophage K for control of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci from hospitals.

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci has prompted the need for antibacterial controls other than antibiotics. In this study, a lytic bacteriophage (phage K) was assessed in vitro for its ability to inhibit emerging drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from hospitals and other species of Staphylococcus isolated from bovine infections. In in vitro inhibitory assays, phage K lysed a range of clinically isolated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, S. aureus with heterogeneous vancomycin resistance and vancomycin resistance, and teicoplanin-resistant strains. In these assays, 14 of the MRSA strains were initially only weakly sensitive to this phage. However, propagation of phage K on these less-sensitive strains resulted in all 14 being sensitive to the modified phages. The results enforce the principle that, while certain target bacteria may be relatively insensitive to lytic phage, this can be overcome by obtaining modified phage variants from passage of the phage through the insensitive strains. Model in situ hand wash studies using a phage-enriched wash solution resulted in a 100-fold reduction in staphylococcal numbers on human skin by comparison with numbers remaining after washing in phage-free solution. Infusion of the phage into a nonimmunogenic bismuth-based cream resulted in strong anti-Staphylococcus activity from the cream on plates and in broth.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Whole-genome sequencing of staphylococcus haemolyticus uncovers the extreme plasticity of its genome and the evolution of human-colonizing staphylococcal species.

Staphylococcus haemolyticus is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that colonizes human skin and is remarkable for its highly antibiotic-resistant phenotype. We determined the complete genome sequence of S.haemolyticus to better understand its pathogenicity and evolutionary relatedness to the other staphylococcal species. A large proportion of the open reading frames in the genomes of S.haemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were conserved in their sequence and order on the chromosome. We identified a region of the bacterial chromosome just downstream of the origin of replication that showed little homology among the species but was conserved among strains within a species. This novel region, designated the "oriC environ," likely contributes to the evolution and differentiation of the staphylococcal species, since it was enriched for species-specific nonessential genes that contribute to the biological features of each staphylococcal species. A comparative analysis of the genomes of S.haemolyticus, S.aureus, and S.epidermidis elucidated differences in their biological and genetic characteristics and pathogenic potentials. We identified as many as 82 insertion sequences in the S.haemolyticus chromosome that probably mediated frequent genomic rearrangements, resulting in phenotypic diversification of the strain. Such rearrangements could have brought genomic plasticity to this species and contributed to its acquisition of antibiotic resistance.

Biological Evolution↗

PubMed1963

INDUCTION OF LACTOSE UTILIZATION IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.

McClatchy, J. K. (The University of Texas, Dallas), and E. D. Rosenblum. Induction of lactose utilization in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 86:1211-1215. 1963.-Adaptation to the utilization of lactose by Staphylococcus aureus has been compared with that by Escherichia coli. Lactose and galactose were found to be efficient inducers of the beta-galactosidase and the postulated galactoside-permease of S. aureus; the thiogalactosides, active as gratuitous inducers for E. coli, were inactive and inhibited induction of staphylococci by lactose and galactose. Mutants lacking beta-galactosidase or galactoside-permease, as well as a constitutive mutant for lactose utilization, were isolated. Like that in E. coli, the genetic system of staphylococcus seems to consist of two structural genes for the synthesis of the two enzymes and at least one regulatory gene simultaneously controlling the expression of the structural genes. The mutants were grouped by cross-transduction studies in three loci corresponding to the three phenotypes. Mutants of the pleiotropic locus were also isolated.

Escherichia coli↗

PubMed2004

PCR-based identification of Staphylococcus epidermidis targeting gseA encoding the glutamic-acid-specific protease.

The frequency of the gseA gene encoding a glutamic acid-specific serine protease, GluSE, of Staphylococcus epidermidis was investigated. DNA hybridization analysis demonstrated that gseA existed exclusively in S. epidermidis but not in other bacteria examined. A single step PCR assay with a set of designed primers yielded amplification of gseA from all 69 clinical isolates of S. epidermidis taken from patients and healthy adults, whereas production of GluSE was observed in 74% (51/69) of the isolates. Furthermore, none of the 46 clinical isolates of other species of coagulase-negative staphylococci and 45 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus showed amplification, except a Staphylococcus capitis strain. However, this strain was positive for a S. epidermidis-specific DNA region and the DNA sequence of the 16S rRNA gene showed 99% identity with that of S. epidermidis. Therefore, these results indicated that the present PCR assay for gseA was ubiquitous and highly specific for detection of S. epidermidis.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Antimicrobial sensitivity and adherence study in strains of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp.

Antimicrobial sensitivity was evaluated from 120 strains of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), isolated from urinary infections. The isolated species were identified by conventional methods and sensitivity to vancomycin, tetracyclin, norfloxacin, cephalothin erythromycin, clindamycin, oxacillin, penicillin, cyprofloxacin, ampicillin and ampicillin/sulbactam was tested by the agar dilution technique and the diffusion in disc technique. The distribution of the species was: Staphylococcus epidermidis 26 (21.6%), S. haemolyticus 48 (40.0%), S. saprophyticus 40 (33.4%) and S. simulans 6 (5%). CoNS strains extracted from urinary infections showed a high percentage of vancomycin and tetracyclin sensitivity, and a low sensitivity to beta-lactamic antibiotics, except ampicillin/sulbactam and cephalotin. Isolation percentage resistance to oxacillin was less than 48%. Strains resistant to oxacillin were considered as resistant to both penicillin and ampicillin. From 42% to 80% of S. haemolyticus, S. saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. simulans were positive to the adherence test. Results from this work showed that slime producing CoNS strains, isolated in Río Cuarto Hospital, had different percentages of resistance to the studied antimicrobial agents.

Argentina↗

PubMed2002

Effect of 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine on postburn Staphylococcus aureus sepsis in rats.

OBJECTIVE: Guanosine triphosphate-cyclohydrolase I (GTP-CHI) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme for the de novo biosynthesis of biopterin. The objective of present study was to observe the effect of 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine (DAHP), an inhibitor of GTP-CHI, on the development of postburn Staphylococcus aureus sepsis. DESIGN: A prospective, controlled animal study. SETTING: A research laboratory in a hospital. SUBJECTS: Male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS: Fifty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: normal control group (n = 10), scald control group (n = 10), postburn sepsis group (n = 20), and DAHP treatment group (n = 16). In the scald control group, rats were subjected to a 20% total body surface area third-degree scald injury and then were killed at 24 hrs. In the postburn sepsis group (n = 20), rats were inflicted with 20% total body surface area third-degree scald followed by Staphylococcus aureus challenge, and they were further divided into 2- and 6-hr groups. In the DAHP treatment group (n = 16), animals were intraperitoneally injected with a dose of 1 g/kg DAHP before Staphylococcus aureus challenge and then were further divided into 2- and 6-hr groups. Tissue samples from liver, kidneys, lungs, and heart were collected to determine GTP-CHI, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger RNA expression. Meanwhile, biopterin and nitric oxide concentrations in these tissues were also measured. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: After the scald injury followed by Staphylococcus aureus challenge, GTP-CHI messenger RNA expression and biopterin concentrations were significantly elevated in various tissues such as liver, heart, kidneys, and lungs, as were the values of inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA expression and nitric oxide formation (p <.01). Pretreatment with DAHP significantly reduced GTP-CHI/biopterin induction (p <.05-.01), and the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide was also suppressed. Furthermore, DAHP administration inhibited the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Two hours after septic challenge, tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger RNA expression in liver, kidneys, and lungs in the DAHP-treated group was 35.7%, 37.3%, and 33.0% of that in the postburn septic group, respectively. Additionally, in animals without DAHP treatment, the 6-hr mortality rate was 55.6% (20 of 36), whereas it was only 25.0% in DAHP-treated animals (4 of 16, p =.08). CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment with DAHP might be a potential strategy to prevent the development of postburn Staphylococcal sepsis, which appears to be associated with down-regulation of biopterin and nitric oxide formation by DAHP.

Analysis of Variance↗