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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

A population based case-control teratologic study of oral metronidazole treatment during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To study human teratogenic risk of metronidazole. DESIGN: A case-control analysis of congenital abnormalities after oral metronidazole treatment during pregnancy grouped by months of gestation. The source of information concerning the use of drugs during pregnancy was the prospective data of the women's prenatal logbook and the retrospective data of a questionnaire filled in by mothers. SETTING: The large population-based dataset of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980-1991. PARTICIPANTS: The control group involved 30,663 pregnant women who had healthy babies; the response rate was 65%. The index group consisted of 17,300 pregnant women who had offspring with congenital abnormalities from the study pregnancy; data were available for 82% of these women. RESULTS: Of 30,663 pregnant women in the control group, 1041 (3.4%) were treated with metronidazole, 162 (0.53%) in the second to third month of gestation. Of 17,300 pregnant women in the index group, 665 (3.8%) were treated with metronidazole, 104 (0.66%) in the second to third months. McNemar analysis for case-matched control pairs indicated a somewhat higher maternal metronidazole treatment in the second-third months of gestation in nine cases with cleft lip with or without cleft palate, but it was not possible to exclude the recall bias. In addition, this finding was not confirmed by the comparison of cases with cleft lip with or without cleft palate and the total control group. CONCLUSION: Treatment with oral metronidazole during pregnancy presents no clinically important association with congenital abnormalities.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1976

May Trichomonas vaginalis provoke conjunctivitis?

In the world literature we have found descriptions of five cases of Trichomonas vaginalis in the conjunctiva. Conjunctival swabs taken from 122 patients with conjunctivitis or keratitis revealed no flagellate micro-organisms on phase-contrast microscopy and culture. Neither did conjunctival swabs from 272 newborn infants, in spite of the fact that 3.7 per cent of their mothers had Trichomonas in the vagina. Trichomonas vaginalis is hardly likely to be responsible for conjunctivitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Draft genome sequence of the sexually transmitted pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis.

We describe the genome sequence of the protist Trichomonas vaginalis, a sexually transmitted human pathogen. Repeats and transposable elements comprise about two-thirds of the approximately 160-megabase genome, reflecting a recent massive expansion of genetic material. This expansion, in conjunction with the shaping of metabolic pathways that likely transpired through lateral gene transfer from bacteria, and amplification of specific gene families implicated in pathogenesis and phagocytosis of host proteins may exemplify adaptations of the parasite during its transition to a urogenital environment. The genome sequence predicts previously unknown functions for the hydrogenosome, which support a common evolutionary origin of this unusual organelle with mitochondria.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Human milk kills parasitic intestinal protozoa.

Giardia lamblia, a common pathogenic intestinal parasite of humans, was rapidly killed by exposure to normal human milk in vitro. The killing did not depend on secretory immunoglobulin A. Entamoeba histolytica, the dysentery amoeba, was also killed by normal human milk. Giardia-cidal activity cochromatographed with an unusual lipase that is present in the milk of humans but not of lower mammals. Human milk may play a protective role in infants exposed to this parasite.

Entamoeba histolytica↗
PubMed1983

Identification of immunogenic and antibody-binding membrane proteins of pathogenic Trichomonas vaginalis.

Characterization of immunogenic Trichomonas vaginalis membrane proteins was accomplished by using extrinsically and intrinsically labeled organisms and a highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoprecipitation procedure. Intact motile trichomonads were compared with detergent extracts as a source of antigen in radioimmunoprecipitation experiments. Approximately 20 proteins accessible to antibody were identified and ranged in molecular weight from 200,000 to 20,000. Localization on the parasite surface of the highly immunogenic membrane proteins was attempted by using, as the indicator system, formaldehyde-fixed protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus pretreated with the various antiserum reagents and incubated with live, motile parasites. Also, indirect immunofluorescence with fluorescein isothiocyanate--anti-rabbit immunoglobulin was also employed after incubation of organisms with either control serum or antiserum from immunized rabbits or after treatment of trichomonads with the immunoglobulin G fraction from each respective serum. No immunoglobulin G antibody appeared to be directed at the anterior trichomonal flagella or the posterior axostyle, whereas strong fluorescence was detected throughout the rest of the T. vaginalis surface. The biological significance of these data is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Immunogenic proteins of Trichomonas vaginalis as demonstrated by the immunoblot technique.

Fifteen clinical isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis were evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with transfer to nitrocellulose and by immunoblots probed with human sera. All T. vaginalis isolates showed similar banding patterns by Coomassie brilliant blue and silver staining of the electrophoresis gels and by amido black staining of the nitrocellulose. However, by the immunoblot technique, differences in banding patterns were noted, particularly in the high-molecular-weight zone (greater than 1.5 X 10(5], which were consistent in numerous experiments. A common immunogenic band was noted at a molecular weight of approximately 100,000 in all T. vaginalis isolates probed with six sera reactive in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay but was not seen or was only faintly visible when isolates were probed with sera considered to be nonreactive by the assay. Many other bands were identified, some of which appeared common to all isolates, but were not recognized by all sera tested. These studies demonstrate the antigenic heterogeneity of T. vaginalis and show that different individuals appear to respond immunologically to different T. vaginalis antigens.

Antigens, Protozoan↗
PubMed1990

Inhibition of Trichomonas vaginalis motility by monoclonal antibodies is associated with reduced adherence to HeLa cell monolayers.

Adherence of trichomonads to host epithelial cells appears to be a critical step in the pathogenesis of trichomoniasis. We evaluated the effect of a panel of 10 monoclonal antibodies on attachment of [35S]methionine-radiolabeled Trichomonas vaginalis strains to HeLa cell monolayers. Of 10 monoclonal antibodies, 3 totally eliminated motility of PHS2J strain trichomonads and reduced their adherence to 48 to 60% of control values (P less than 0.001). However, none of the monoclonal antibodies affected motility or adherence of STD13 strain trichomonads. Although the antibodies all reacted with PHS2J trichomonads by immunofluorescence, there was no correlation between inhibition of adherence and findings on either immunofluorescence or radioimmunoprecipitation. Direct microscopic observations showed that incubation with the monoclonal antibodies did not cause cytolysis of T. vaginalis. In quantitative cultures there was no difference in the number of colonies produced by parasites that had been incubated with antibodies that inhibited or had no effect on adherence. We conclude that our monoclonal antibodies reduced adherence not by cytotoxic effects or by competing for specific sites mediating adherence of the protozoa, but by inhibiting motility of T. vaginalis.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Contact-dependent disruption of the host cell membrane skeleton induced by Trichomonas vaginalis.

This report presents evidence showing that the pathogenetic process of the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis involves degradation of the target cell membrane skeleton; spectrin, the most representative protein within this structure, has been identified as the main molecular target. Degradation of the target cell spectrin is accomplished only upon contact with the parasite, and immunochemical and immunofluorescence studies performed with the erythrocyte as a model demonstrate that degradation of the protein takes place before target cell lysis. A preliminary characterization of the effectors involved has led to the identification of a nonsecreted 30-kDa proteinase which is characterized by a high specificity for spectrin. This molecule is suggested as the main effector responsible for cytoskeletal disruption.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Purification and analysis of a phospholipase A2-like lytic factor of Trichomonas vaginalis.

Trichomonas vaginalis produces soluble factors that have been reported to have the ability to damage target cells in vitro, and it has been hypothesized that these factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of human trichomoniasis. A lytic factor (LF) was purified from T. vaginalis, and the molecular characteristics of LF were determined. T. vaginalis extract was subjected to hydrophobic chromatography with a 10 to 60% N-propanol gradient in 0.1 M ammonium acetate, resulting in the elution of LF from the column at 30% N-propanol. Cytotoxicity assays revealed that LF was cytotoxic to WEHI 164 cells and bovine red blood cells, and inactivation of LF by treatment with trypsin suggested that the active component of LF was a protein. Size exclusion chromatography of LF produced two fractions at 144 and 168 kDa, and analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of LF under reducing conditions revealed two subunits of 57 and 60 kDa. Results of a fluorescence assay of LF on carboxyfluorescein-labeled liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol showed that liposomes were hydrolyzed, suggesting that LF had phospholipase activity. Thin-layer chromatography analysis of BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-3a,4adiaza-s-indacene)-labeled phosphatidylcholine treated with LF demonstrated products that migrated identically to the products produced by treatment with phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). These results suggest that LF is a PLA(2) and may be an important virulence factor of T. vaginalis mediating the destruction of host cells and contributing to tissue damage and inflammation in trichomoniasis.

Animals↗