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PubMedDate not supplied

A castable glass-ceramic pontic for the partial veneer fixed partial denture.

A technique is presented for fabricating an esthetic, cast glass-ceramic pontic for the partial veneer-retained fixed partial denture. After the framework is waxed to full contour, the pontic is sectioned from the remainder of the wax pattern and cut back on the occlusal, proximal, and lingual aspects. A cast glass-ceramic pontic is then fabricated. The pontic is returned to the master cast to complete the wax pattern for the type IV gold fixed partial denture superstructure. The pontic is fitted and then luted to the gold framework using an adhesive resin cement. The lost wax technique ensures a pontic with precise, anatomic form that restores proper contours and relationships. Additionally, this esthetic and durable pontic for partial veneer fixed partial dentures encourages conservative tooth preparation and promotes restorative materials that minimize wear of the opposing dentition.

Dental Casting Technique↗
PubMed2006

Variation in occlusal dental wear of two Chalcolithic populations in the southern Levant.

Occlusal wear rate and wear plane in two Chalcolithic ( approximately 6500-5500 BP) samples from the southern Levant were compared, using paired first and second mandibular molars. Though food staples in both societies were derived from agro-pastoralism, they were located in distinct environmental regions: Wadi (W.) Makkukh in the Judean desert, and Peqi'in in the Upper Galilee. Accordingly, it was predicted that variation in wear should occur due to their location in distinct environments. Jaw size and tooth size were measured to estimate the possible impact of these variables on wear scores. Molar occlusal surfaces were divided into four quadrants, and wear scores were recorded for each quadrant. Principal axis analysis was then performed between total wear scores of paired, adjacent first and second molars to assess wear rates. Principal axis analysis was also used to analyze the change in occlusal wear plane in each sample by comparing between-buccal-cusps wear scores of the first molar with lingual wear scores of the second molar. The results indicate that the occlusal wear plane was similar in both samples but that wear tended to be more rapid in W. Makkukh. Since both samples were similar in jaw/tooth size, it is argued that the results reflect less refined food-processing methods as well as the unintentional ingestion of sand by individuals interred in the Judean desert.

Diet↗
PubMed2005

Dental side-effects of mandibular advancement splint wear in patients who snore.

OBJECTIVES: (a) To evaluate the longer term orthodontic side-effects of a Herbst mandibular advancement splint (MAS) in subjects with sleep disordered breathing. (b) To determine whether these are related to dental occlusion, degree of mandibular advancement or duration of appliance wear. DESIGN: Retrospective, cohort study. SETTING: Teaching hospital dental school. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects with sleep disordered breathing who had been wearing an MAS regularly (a minimum of 5 h per night, six nights a week) for at least 2 years. Of 192 subjects who were identified, 30 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were prepared to attend for review. INTERVENTIONS: Dental casts were obtained and BMI and Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores recorded. These data were compared with those collected when the subject was first referred. A questionnaire was completed concerning MAS use, side-effects and any problems associated with the device. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in incisor tooth position. RESULTS: Median duration of MAS wear was 3.64 years. Small, statistically significant reductions in both vertical (-0.4 mm) and horizontal (-0.5 mm) overlap of the incisor teeth were found. This correlated with the degree of vertical opening of the MAS but was not related to the amount of mandibular protrusion or the duration of appliance wear. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who are considered suitable for MAS should be warned that dental changes may occur. Thus referring surgeons should also be aware of this possibility.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Occlusal relief changes with molar wear in Pan troglodytes troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla gorilla.

Most research on primate tooth form-function relationships has focused on unworn teeth. This study presents a morphological comparison of variably worn lower second molars (M(2)s) of lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla; n=47) and common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes; n=54) using dental topographic analysis. High-resolution replicas of occlusal surfaces were prepared and scanned in 3D by laser scanning. The resulting elevation data were used to create a geographic information system (GIS) for each tooth. Occlusal relief, defined as the ratio of 3D surface area to 2D planometric area of the occlusal table, was calculated and compared between wear stages, taxa, and sexes. The results failed to show a difference in occlusal relief between males and females of a given taxon, but did evince differences between wear stages and between taxa. A lack of significant interaction between wear stage and taxon factors suggests that differences in occlusal relief between chimpanzees and gorillas are maintained throughout the wear sequence. These results add to a growing body of information on how molar teeth change with wear, and how differences between primate species are maintained at comparable points throughout the wear sequence. Such studies provide new insights into form-function relationships, which will allow us to infer certain aspects of diet in fossils with worn teeth.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Tooth loss in treated periodontitis patients responsible for their supportive care arrangements.

AIM: To identify risk indicators associated with tooth loss and periodontitis in treated patients responsible for arranging supportive periodontal care (SPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-seven Chinese subjects (34-77 years) who showed favourable responses to periodontal therapy provided in a teaching hospital 5-12 years previously were recalled. They were advised to seek regular SPC on discharge. Background information, general health status, smoking, oral hygiene habits, follow-up dental care, tooth loss, and periodontal parameters were investigated. Multiple regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-six teeth had been lost, 195 because of self-reported periodontal reasons. Up to 26.8% sites were with pockets > or =6 mm. Positive correlations were found between total/periodontal tooth loss and (i) smoking pack-years, (ii) time spent on oral hygiene, (iii) years since therapy's conclusion, (iv) age, and negative correlations with (v) inter-dental brush use, and (vi) education levels. Tooth loss by arch was correlated with wearing of removable partial denture in that arch. Percentage sites with pockets > or =6 mm were significantly negatively correlated with percentage sites without bleeding on probing. CONCLUSIONS: Smokers, more elderly patients, removable partial denture wearers, and patients with lower education levels or not using inter-dental brushes ought to be targeted for clinic-based SPC.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Clinical assessment of high-strength all-ceramic crowns.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: All-ceramic crowns are being used extensively. Little data are available on their clinical performance. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the clinical performance of In-Ceram (Vita Zahnfabrik) crowns. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-one patients (16 men, 25 women; mean age 47.3 years, range 18 to 77 years) were examined with a total of 80 In-Ceram all-ceramic crowns fabricated at the University of Iowa College of Dentistry from 1994 to 1997. The percentage distribution for crowns included: 67% anterior single crowns, 26% posterior single crowns, 6% anterior implant crowns, and 1% posterior implant crowns. This study documented the integrity of the junction between crown and tooth, color match to adjacent teeth, secondary dental caries, wear of crown and opposing dentition, and visible cracks in the crown. Alpha, Bravo, and Charlie ratings were assigned with a modified USPHS criteria. The patients were also surveyed with respect to oral hygiene and satisfaction of treatment. Estimations of 4-year success rates and corresponding confidence intervals were calculated by fitting a constant hazard function model with the SAS procedure GENMOD. RESULTS: Marginal integrity for 88% of artificial crowns was rated Alpha or Bravo. Shade match for 99% was Bravo or better. Only 1% of the crowns were carious, and 1 crown exhibited occlusal wear. One premolar crown had a small fracture of veneering porcelain. One molar crown was remade after core fracture. All patients (100%) expressed satisfaction with their crowns. The estimated 4-year success rates (Alpha or Bravo), with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses were calculated as: 83.5% (65.7%-94.6%) for marginal integrity, 95.8% (82.9%-99.8%) for shade match, and 95.5% (81.6%-99.7%) for secondary caries, 100% (88%-100%) for wear, and 100% (88%-100%) for cracks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Comparative study of 3 types of toothbrushes in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.

INTRODUCTION: Plaque and trapped debris that accumulate gingivally to orthodontic wire are difficult to remove. The triple-headed toothbrush (TH-TB) was designed to reach the gingival tooth margin. In this study, we examined its effectiveness in improving the oral health of orthodontic patients as compared with conventional and orthodontic toothbrushes. METHODS: Orthodontic patients (n = 94; mean age, 15.6 +/- 3.9 years) receiving edgewise treatment in both arches were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups (TH-TB, orthodontic toothbrush, and conventional toothbrush). After toothbrushing instruction, each participant received professional tooth cleaning. Tooth plaque index, bracket plaque index, gingival index, and bleeding index were recorded at baseline and after 4 weeks of usage. Satisfaction level was obtained after 4 weeks. RESULTS: The TH-TB was significantly more effective than conventional and orthodontic toothbrushes in tooth-plaque removal by 2-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively (P < .001); in bracket-plaque removal by 3-fold and 2-fold, respectively (P < .001); and in improving gingival health by 6-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively (P = .011). Patients who used the TH-TB were significantly more satisfied than those who used the other toothbrushes (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The TH-TB is a practical alternative to other manual toothbrushes to improve tooth and gingival health in orthodontic patients wearing fixed appliances.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Influence of ceramic and stainless steel brackets on the notching of archwires during clinical treatment.

The surface topography of 100 clinically used archwires of stainless steel, beta-, or nickel-titanium were investigated that had contacted either ceramic or stainless steel brackets. One group consisted of two sets: 60 wires with no treatment records accessed to bias analyses, and 40 wires for which extensive clinical records were available, half of which were used with ceramic or stainless steel brackets. A control group consisted of two sets: 30 unused wires comprised of five round and rectangular wires of each alloy, and four wires that were ligated and immediately removed from patients' mouths. After ultrasonic cleaning, each wire was inspected under an optical and/or a scanning electron microscope. Notches were categorized with regard to frequency, patterns, and severity, and mapped as a function of wire aspect (lingual, facial, and occlusal/gingival) and anatomical regions (molar, premolar, canine, and incisor). From these data the average severity of notch patterns and a notching index were derived. Although no recognizable defect patterns were observed in the control group, seven basic patterns were recognized for each wire cross-sectional shape in the clinically used wires. These wires appeared most damaged on their lingual aspect and least damaged on their facial aspect. With regard to anatomical regions, notching was prevalent in the anterior regions and sparse in the molar regions. The notch activity and the severity were nearly three times greater from ceramic brackets than from stainless steel brackets. Over one-third of all notches documented in ceramic bracket cases had severity numbers of 3 and penetrated at least one-quarter of each wire's dimension, However, over two-thirds of all notches documented in stainless steel bracket cases had severity numbers of 1. From these tabulations a theory of notch formation was proposed in which vertical movement from tooth or wire during mastication caused fretting wear, and horizontal movement during orthodontic procedures such as space closure, tipping, or bodily movement caused sliding wear.

Ceramics↗
PubMed1999

Florid osseous dysplasia: case report.

Florid osseous dysplasia (FOD) is a benign, non-neoplastic lesion characterized by multiple sclerosing masses only within the jawbones. It is most prevalent in middle-aged black women but uncommon in Orientals. Most cases are asymptomatic and should be left untreated. However, the jawbone involved in FOD is very susceptible to infection, including osteomyelitis developed from periodontitis, pulpopathosis, bone biopsy, wearing removable partial dentures, root canal therapy, tooth extraction, inappropriate dental treatment, etc. If secondary osteomyelitis develops, antibiotic and conservative dental therapy treatment is recommended for removing the sources of the odontogenic infection. Surgical removal of inflamed masses is indicated if the inflammatory signs and symptoms are persistent after antibiotic and conservative dental therapy. Here we report a rare FOD case in which an osteomyelitis resulting from generalized periodontitis and bone biopsy was triggered. The patient was accepted for surgery and follow-up in our department. The current literature of this disease is reviewed as well, focusing especially on the clinical manifestations, radiographic features, differential diagnosis, and treatment.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1985

Growth, and tooth growth/wear curves derived from an asymptotic function: y = alpha + beta rho x.

From the asymptotic function, y = alpha + beta rho x, a computer program to describe growth was developed, using a series of iterative fittings to provide a progressively improved regression line and value for rho (the growth factor). The function was further developed to describe the entire process of tooth development from eruption and growth through to wear, incorporating both growth and wear factors in one relationship, y = alpha 1 + beta 1 rho x + gamma x. A 4 X 4 covariance matrix was evolved to suit this and a computer program developed to execute the curve fitting.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of wear and clinical performance between amalgam, composite and open sandwich restorations: 2-year results.

There has been some disquiet over the use of mercury containing restorative materials. The most commonly used alternative is composite resin but this has the potential disadvantage associated with wear and marginal leakage, which in turn, has proven to result in secondary caries and sensitivity. To overcome the shortcomings of a directly placed composite restoration, the glass-ionomer/composite open sandwich technique was introduced followed by the subsequent introduction of compomer systems. The aims of this study were to evaluate the wear and clinical performance of a control group of amalgam restorations compared with that of a group of posterior composite resin restorations fillings and a group of compomer/composite open sandwich restorations placed by a single general dental practitioner. The duration of the study was 2 years. One hundred and thirty three (71.4%) patients were successfully recalled and the wear and clinical performance of each restoration after 6, 12 and 24 months was measured, indirectly. There was no statistically significant difference recorded between the groups at 6 months or 1 year (p > 0.05). However, at the end of the 2-year study, there was a significantly lower rate of wear recorded for the control amalgam restorations compared with other two groups (p = 0.033). There was no statistically significant difference in wear recorded between the two groups of tooth-coloured restorations (p > 0.05). With regards to clinical performance of the restorations, occlusal and proximal contacts in each group of restoration remained satisfactory throughout the study.

Acetone↗
PubMed1991

Deciduous dental microwear of prehistoric juveniles from the lower Illinois River valley.

Scanning electron microscopy was used to study age-related changes in the dental microwear of 36 prehistoric juveniles ranging from 6 to 27 months of age. Juveniles from horticultural (Middle Woodland) and agricultural (Mississippian) groups were studied to allow an investigation of the impact of diet on deciduous microwear. Inclusion of both molars and incisors in the sample permitted identification of age at earliest appearance of wear and comparisons between the age-related microwear characterizing different tooth types. Data on feature frequency and enamel surface characteristics were analyzed. Microwear feature frequencies generally increase with age and/or exposure to wear. Enamel surface characteristics show consistent qualitative changes associated with both age and exposure to wear. Molars and incisors differ for such surface characteristics in a way that make biomechanical sense, given the relative bite forces characterizing these teeth. Dietary reconstruction based on deciduous microwear is complex because of the effects of both age and exposure to wear on feature frequencies and enamel surface characteristics. Nonetheless, the present analyses suggest that 1) diets differed for younger and older juveniles within each cultural group and 2) the Middle Woodland juvenile diet was both harder and more varied in physical consistency than the Mississippian juvenile diet.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

The relationships of Uronemus: a carboniferous dipnoan with highly modified tooth plates.

Previous accounts of the dentition of the Carboniferous dipnoan Uronemus have stressed the significance of the scattered small denticles. These, together with the marginal teeth and ridges, have been interpreted as primitive characters of the dipnoan dentition shared with three other genera: the Devonian Uranlophus and Griphognathus and the Carboniferous to Permian Conchopoma. Genera with tooth plates have been considered to be a monophyletic group in which tooth plates are a derived character; Uronemus has been excluded from this group in all previous investigations dealing with the significance of the dentition for determining relationships among dipnoans. The macromorphology of the dentition of Uronemus has been re-examined and correlated with the histology of all the dental tissues. Optical study of thin sections and scanning electron microscope study of the adjacent cut surfaces has shown that the hard, wear-resistant dentine of the teeth and ridges is petrodentine. The arrangement, growth, wear and histology of the dental tissues have been compared with those of denticulated and tooth-plated genera. The arrangement of new teeth relative to the tooth ridge, the pattern of wear along the ridge, and the type of dentine and its growth indicate that the dentition of Uronemus is best interpreted as a tooth plate with one long lingual tooth ridge and reduced lateral tooth rows. Therefore the marginal tooth ridges are not considered to be homologous with those of denticulate dipnoans such as Uranolophus. The presence of petrodentine, a tissue type only found in forms with tooth plates, is consistent with the view that the dentition is derived by modification of a radiate tooth plate. The denticles covering restricted regions of the palate and lower jaw are considered to have been a secondary acquisition. The suggestion that Conchopoma is a close relative of Uronemus is not accepted, and possible new relationships have been proposed. New data on Scaumenacia and Phaneropleuron, two other genera previously compared with Uronemus, are presented. Rhinodipterus, a form with elongate lingual ridges, is also discussed. Phaneropleuron is shown to have radiate tooth plates and not a marginal row of conical teeth as previously described. It is proposed that the tooth plate of Uronemus is derived from a dipterid type of plate. A discussion of some of the other factors involved in determining the relationships of the genus is given.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Thermal expansion coefficient of dental composites measured with strain gauges.

OBJECTIVES: A simple test method was developed to determine the coefficient of thermal expansion of prevailing restorative resin composites and to study the transient behavior as a function of temperature and repeated thermocycles. METHODS: Strain gauges were used to determine the thermal expansion for seven commonly used restorative resin composites by measuring the instantaneous strain along with temperature change. The temperature was measured by means of a thermocouple, the tip of which was embedded in the composite. The differences among the test groups were analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Scheffé's multiple comparisons test. RESULTS: The coefficient of thermal expansion determined for the composites tested was: 22.5 +/- 1.4 x 10(-6)/degree C (Z-100), 23.5 +/- 1.4 x 10(-6)/degree C (P-50), 32.6 +/- 1.6 x 10(-6)/degree C (Herculite XR), 34.1 +/- 1.8 x 10(-6)/degree C (APH), 35.4 +/- 1.4 x 10(-6)/degree C (Conquest), 41.6 +/- 1.5 x 10(-6)/degree C (Silux Plus), 44.7 +/- 1.2 x 10(-6)/degree C (Heliomolar). The coefficient was almost linear in the considered temperature range (26-75 degrees C) for all composites (r > 0.99) and decreased with each consecutive thermocycle (p < 0.1). SIGNIFICANCE: Thermally induced loads, introduced into restored teeth by the mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the tooth and the restorative material, may be related to microleakage and wear problems. A highly filled hybrid composite such as Z-100 had a coefficient of thermal expansion closest to that of the tooth crown, confirming other studies which demonstrated the benefits of high filler loading in matching the properties of the dental hard tissues.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2004

Abutment tooth loss in patients with overdentures.

BACKGROUND: Since the 1960s, the use of natural teeth as overdenture abutments has become part of accepted clinical practice. Several longitudinal studies have been conducted, but tooth loss has not been reported to be a significant problem. The aim of this study was to identify the incidence and causes of tooth loss in a prospective cohort study of subjects wearing overdentures. METHODS: The study, conducted between 1973 and 1994, evaluated 273 subjects (62.3 percent male) with a mean age of 59.6 years. RESULTS: Of the 273 subjects with 666 abutments, 74 lost 133 abutments. The most common cause of tooth loss was periodontal disease (29.3 percent) followed by periapical lesions (18.8 percent) and caries (16.5 percent). Through logistic regression, the authors found that subjects who lost teeth were more likely to have medical problems that could cause soft-tissue lesions of the oral mucosa, were less likely to use fluoride daily and were less likely to return for yearly recall visits. The authors found 22 vertical fractures in 17 subjects. Chi2 analysis revealed that overdenture teeth in the maxillary arch that were opposed by natural teeth were more likely to experience vertical fractures. CONCLUSIONS: In a study that followed up some patients for as long as 22 years, the rate of tooth loss was 20.0 percent. Many of these failures could have been prevented if patients had practiced better oral hygiene. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The findings suggest that if a dentist recommends overdenture therapy, the patient needs to be examined regularly to reduce the risk of experiencing caries and periodontal disease. Also, if the abutments are in the maxilla and are opposed by natural teeth, the dentist should consider using thimble crowns to reduce the risk of vertical fractures.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Mouthguard effect of tooth distortion during clenching].

PURPOSE: A mouthguard can protect stomatognathic systems from traumatic damage. However, severe occlusal wear of teeth and loss of teeth have often been found in players clinically. These problems might originate in strong clenching during sports. Although it is thought that a mouthguard may be effective for these types of clenching, the relation between mouthguards and clenching has not been sufficiently examined. In this study, the effect of a mouthguard (Drufosoft 3mm, EVA) on tooth distortion caused by clenching was measured and examined at three different clenching strengths. METHODS: As a test tooth, a lower first molar was selected. A strain gauge applied to the outer surface of the buccal cusp was used to measure the distortion. A muscle balance monitor (GC) was used to regulate clenching strengths (10, 50, and 100%). The maximum-effort clenching without a mouthguard was assumed to be the 100% clenching strength. Measurements were conducted with or without mouthguard. A maximum value during clenching was assumed to be date of distortion by using analytical software AcquKnowledge (BIOPAC System Inc.). Statistical analysis software SPSS (SPSS Japan Inc.) was used for the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: 1. The tooth distortion by clenching, regardless of the presence of the mouthguard, increased as clenching power strengthened, from 10, 50 to 100%. 2. The tooth distortion, regardless of strength of clenching, was decreased by wearing the mouthguard in all subjects. At 50 and 100% clenching, it was decreased significantly by the mouthguard in all subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Mouthguards decreaseed the tooth distortion caused by clenching. Therefore, a mouthguard may prevent not only traumatic injuries in contact sports but also damage to teeth and periodontal tissues and so on, which occur due to frequent strong clenching in many sports.

Adult↗