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PubMedDate not supplied

Design of a data-acquisition system for monitoring sleep organization in preterm infants.

A portable data-acquisition system suitable for long-term noninvasive monitoring of physiologic and behavioral variables in preterm infants is described. The system includes two video cameras, a video screen-splitter and amplifier, a time-lapse video recorder, a microphone, a force-responsive transducer, an analog signal conditioner, and two microcomputers. One microcomputer, located in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) acquires electrophysiologic signals and preprocesses data in real time, during a continuous 48-hour session. After each session, the data file is transferred by telephone line to the other microcomputer, located in a laboratory, for editing, reduction, display, and final analysis. This arrangement enables noninvasive and nonintrusive monitoring, which is crucial for long-term recording of sleep-wake state organization of preterm infants.

Computer Systems↗

PubMed2000

Analysis of eustachian tube function by video endoscopy.

OBJECTIVE: Human eustachian tubes (ET) were inspected in vivo endoscopically, and video recordings were made for careful slow-motion analysis of normal physiologic function. SETTING: Ambulatory office in a tertiary referral center. SUBJECTS: Thirty-four adults, 17 with no history of ET dysfunction (2 of whom had tympanic membrane perforations), 17 with known ET dysfunction. INTERVENTIONS: Transnasal endoscopic examination of the nasopharyngeal opening of the eustachian tube during rest, swallowing, and yawning. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Video analysis of ET opening movements. RESULTS: Normal ETs had four consistent sequential movements: (1) palatal elevation causing passive, then active, rotation of the medial cartilaginous lamina; (2) lateral excursion of the lateral pharyngeal wall; (3) dilation of the lumen, caused primarily by tensor veli palatini muscle movement beginning distally and inferiorly, then opening proximally and superiorly; and (4) opening of the tubal valve at the isthmus caused by dilator tubae muscle contraction. Dysfunctional ETs had intraluminal edema, polyps, or minimal muscle movement. CONCLUSIONS: Slow-motion endoscopic video analysis may be a useful new technique for the study of eustachian tube physiology. Consistent muscle movement patterns were demonstrated in normal subjects but were absent in abnormal subjects. More studies of normal and abnormal patterns are needed to establish useful clinical correlates.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Quality planning for minimally invasive procedures in neurosurgery.

Parallel to the introduction of a minimally invasive method in a department, a documentation system should be introduced for quality management. The first step of quality management of an innovation is quality planning. During the course of patients being treated neuroendoscopically, the pre- and postoperative imaging, the intraoperative video recording, the patient-relevant files and the data of the planning have to be documented. These amounts of data require a multimedial documentation concept. We found the CD-ROM as an optimal documentation media because the discs are both cheap and easily accessible and once stored extremely robust against external influences. Therefore, every neuroendoscopically treated patient is documented with all relevant pictures, files and video sequences on a single CD-ROM.

CD-ROM↗

PubMed2002

Diagnostic accuracy, tympanocentesis training performance, and antibiotic selection by pediatric residents in management of otitis media.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of pediatric residents in recognizing the physical examination findings of acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME), technical competence to perform tympanocentesis, and knowledge of guideline-recommended antibiotic management of AOM. METHODS: A total of 383 pediatric residents from various programs in the United States viewed 9 different video-recorded pneumatic otoscopic examinations of tympanic membranes during a continuing medical education course. The ability to differentiate AOM, OME, and normal was ascertained. A mannequin of a child was used to assess technical proficiency of performing tympanocentesis on artificial tympanic membranes. A series of questions was posed regarding appropriate, pathogen-directed, second-line antibiotic selection for AOM. RESULTS: The average +/- standard deviation correct diagnosis on the otoscopic video examination was 41% +/- 16% (range: 19%-70%; median: 38%) by pediatric residents, tympanocentesis was optimally performed by 89%, and appropriate antibiotic therapy for drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae was selected by 78% and appropriate therapy for beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae was selected by 74%. CONCLUSIONS: According to this video-based examination, pediatric residents misdiagnose OME frequently. Pediatric residents have the skills to be trained to perform tympanocentesis. Approximately 75% of pediatric residents have knowledge of the appropriate antibiotics to select for treatment of resistant AOM pathogens. Interactive instruction with simulation technology may enhance skills and lead to improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment paradigms.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1986

Television and video technology in the education of deaf children.

This paper describes a survey into the use of television and related visual media in the education of hearing-impaired children in the UK. The main purpose of the survey was to furnish background information for the development of a low-cost video subtitling system for use in special schools and in units for hearing-impaired children in ordinary schools. An effective method of reducing cost is to base the system on equipment that schools and units already have. The survey indicates that domestic-type video recorders are becoming almost universal. Suitable microcomputers for running subtitling software are also widespread. Other results of the survey reveal: (i) widespread and fairly heavy usage of schools television programmes; (ii) the need for various visual aids and for considerable effort on the part of teachers in making the programmes accessible to hearing-impaired children; (iii) a significant demand for subtitling equipment; (iv) higher incidence of more sophisticated television equipment (video cameras, teletext receivers) and of human technical support in special schools than in hearing-impaired units.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Contact behaviour of tenent setae in attachment pads of the blowfly Calliphora vicina (Diptera, Calliphoridae).

To enable strong attachment forces between pad and substrata, a high proximity between contacting surfaces is required. One of the mechanisms, which can provide an intimate contact of solids, is a high flexibility of both materials. It has been previously presumed that setae of hairy attachment pads of insects are composed of flexible cuticle, and are able to replicate the surface profile. The aim of this work was to visualise the contact behaviour of the setae by freezing-substitution technique to understand setal mechanics while adhering to a smooth surface. This approach revealed considerable differences in the area of the setal tips between contacting and non-contacting pulvilli. Based on the assumption that setae behave like a spring pushed by the tip, a spring constant of 1.31 N m(-1) was calculated from direct measurements of single setae by atomic force microscopy. In order to explain the relationship between the behaviour of the attachment setae at a microscale and leg movements, high-speed video recordings were made of walking flies. This data show that some proximal movement of the leg is present during contact formation with the substrate.

Animal Structures↗

PubMed1995

Interobserver variation in respiratory signs of severe malaria.

Respiratory abnormalities are common presentations of malaria and acute respiratory tract infection, both of which are major causes of childhood mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. Appropriate management depends on accurate assessment of disease severity which for the majority of children must be based on clinical signs alone. Choosing which signs best serve this purpose remains a considerable problem particularly in malaria endemic areas. As part of a prospective study to define clinical signs indicative of life threatening malaria video recordings were used to examine the level of agreement between clinicians for potentially important respiratory signs in 51 children. Overall agreement was good for recession, severe recession, and nasal flaring (kappa = 0.57, 0.50, and 0.60 respectively) and substantial for deep breathing and the summary impression of respiratory distress (kappa = 0.70 and 0.69 respectively). However, within this substantial variation in interpretation was apparent between individual observers from slight to almost perfect agreement (kappa values 0.10-0.92). Video is a useful tool to demonstrate interobserver variation and it may also allow training in recognition of signs and a means of standardising clinical signs between centres.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Videolaryngoscopy. A comparison of fiberscopic and telescopic documentation.

Videolaryngoscopy is a most useful and effective method of evaluation and documentation of physiological and pathological conditions of the larynx. It is of great value for making accurate diagnosis and planning proper treatment. It permits instant and simultaneous voice and video recording and later analysis. Videolaryngoscopy can be accomplished with either a flexible fiberscope or a rigid right-angled telescope. Fiberscopic videolaryngoscopy is more useful for voice analysis of speech disorders and evaluation of such functions of the larynx as phonation, singing, and swallowing. Telescopic videolaryngoscopy is superior for critical evaluation of anatomical and pathological changes of the laryngeal structures as well as close-up examination of vocal cord function. While fiberscopic laryngoscopy is technically easy, fiberscopic video documentation is much more difficult than telescopic video documentation. Telescopic videolaryngoscopy provides clearer and sharper images of the larynx. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed.

Female↗

PubMed1992

[Documentation of digital dacryocystography using video technique].

Digital dacryocystography is considered the optimal radiodiagnostic method in obstructions of the lacrimal pathways. The examination is carried out by a computer-controlled X-ray unit with a C-arc attached to an image-intensifying TV system. In this way the advantages of this technique and of modern video recording are linked. The bilateral filling process of the contrast medium is recorded and the findings simultaneously recorded on videotape. Consequently, pictures of the dynamic flow are retrievable at any time. This provides good diagnostic documentation and an outstanding basis for any scientific analysis.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Defecography: techniques for improved image quality.

Defecography is a radiographic study that demonstrates the physiological process involved when the rectum evacuates. Fluoroscopy, video recording and spot films are used to record the sequence of events that occur during defecation. Proper radiographic techniques and procedures must be used to demonstrate pathological conditions such as rectoceles, rectal intussusception and prolapse of the rectum.

Defecation↗

PubMed1997

Radiologic evaluation of the dysphagic patient.

Radiologic evaluation of patients with dysphagia relies on a meticulous and standardized technique. For assessment of function video recording is mandatory. A systematic approach for the description of function and dysfunction is necessary. The following describes such an approach focused on an easy and reproducible technique and a comprehensive description of radiologic events and morphology.

Contrast Media↗

PubMed1994

Objective measurement of normal facial movement with video microscaling.

This study examines variability in facial movements in normal subjects using a new objective method of measuring facial movement, video microscaling. Video microscaling superimposes a computer-generated measuring scale over a video recorded image of facial movements. Distances moved are determined digitally. Eleven subjects were tested raising the eyebrows and smiling five times on two separate days. Test-retest, day-to-day, side-to-side, and intersubject variability were evaluated. Average variability was relatively low; however, some normal subjects exhibited considerable variability, particularly from day-to-day and from side-to-side. Because of this, a facial nerve grading system based solely on objective measurements of facial movements may be invalid. Video microscaling is a promising research technique.

Cephalometry↗

PubMed2002

Informed consent for clinical photography.

The question of (informed) consent to medical photography has long been a vexed one. This paper briefly considers key landmarks in the debate, and examines in detail the evolution of the Addenbrooke's NHS Trust policy Photography and Video Recordings of Patients: Confidentiality and Consent, Copyright and Storage. The impact of the 1998 Data Protection Act, the Department of Health's Model Policy on Consent, and the implications of wider access to digital photography are discussed together with their integration into the Addenbrooke's policy.

Computer Security↗

PubMed1995

Estimating propulsive forces in swimming from three-dimensional kinematic data.

Propulsive forces are important determinants of swimming performance. The aim of this study was to quantify the measurement error (uncertainty) in propulsive forces calculated from kinematic data. Ten operators digitized underwater video recordings of a breaststroke swimmer's right arm action. Four landmarks on the hand were digitized at 50 Hz and their three-dimensional coordinates obtained using a DLT algorithm. Two angles (alpha and psi) defining the orientation of the hand relative to the fluid flow were calculated following the procedures of Schleihauf et al. (1983). The hydrodynamic force acting on the hand (FR) was calculated using the force coefficients of Schleihauf (1979). Errors in single measurements of hand speed, alpha and psi were estimated for each video field analysed. Errors in alpha and psi led to average errors in the lift and drag coefficients of 27 and 20% respectively, which, when combined with an average hand speed error of 6%, produced an average error in FR of 26%. Each of these errors was reduced by a factor of square root 10 when the mean of 10 measurements was used to calculate FR. Researchers should report both the estimated errors in their hydrodynamic data and the procedures used to reduce them.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2002

Effects of a laboratory-based skills curriculum on laparoscopic proficiency: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect and validity of an intensive laboratory-based laparoscopic skills training curriculum on operative proficiency in obstetrics and gynecology residents. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective, randomized, block-design trial of postgraduate year 3 and 4 residents. The following study schedule was used: week 1 (pre-randomization) included an orientation to study objectives, the administration of a laparoscopic experience questionnaire, timed video-laparoscopic drills (5 total), and the performance of a video-recorded laparoscopic partial salpingectomy; during weeks 2 and 3, the skills group residents repeated the laparoscopic drills 30 minutes daily for 10 days, and the control group residents had no formal practice sessions; during week 4, the week 1 evaluation was repeated. Operative proficiency was quantified by the Global Skills Assessment Tool through blinded, independent scoring of videotapes. RESULTS: Twenty-six residents (skills group, 12; control group, 14) consented to the trial. Patient-related issues excluded 8 residents (30%). At week 1, no significant differences existed in previous laparoscopic experience, timed video skills, or resident operative proficiency (Global Skills Assessment Tool score) between cohorts. At week 4, both groups significantly improved their timed drill test scores. The percent reduction in time from baseline was of greater magnitude in the skills group versus control group (51% vs 18%,P <.0001). Laparoscopic performance also improved in both cohorts (P =.002). However, only the skills group demonstrated significant intra-cohort improvement from baseline (mean, 4.9 points; P =.015; 95% CI, 1-7.5). CONCLUSION: A core curriculum of intensive video laparoscopic skills training improves not only technical but also operative performance among postgraduate year 3 and 4 residents.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1999

Electrophysiological and behavioral analysis of lip touch as a component of the food stimulus in the snail Lymnaea.

Electrophysiological and video recording methods were used to investigate the function of lip touch in feeding ingestion behavior of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Although this stimulus was used successfully as a conditioning stimulus (CS) in appetitive learning experiments, the detailed role of lip touch as a component of the sensory stimulus provided by food in unconditioned feeding behavior was never ascertained. Synaptic responses to lip touch in identified feeding motoneurons, central pattern generator interneurons, and modulatory interneurons were recorded by intracellular electrodes in a semi-intact preparation. We showed that touch evoked a complex but characteristic sequence of synaptic inputs on each neuron type. Touch never simply activated feeding cycles but provided different types of synaptic input, determined by the feeding phase in which the neuron was normally active in the rhythmic feeding cycle. The tactile stimulus evoked mainly inhibitory synaptic inputs in protraction-phase neurons and excitation in rasp-phase neurons. Swallow-phase neurons were also excited after some delay, suggesting that touch first reinforces the rasp then swallow phase. Video analysis of freely feeding animals demonstrated that during normal ingestion of a solid food flake the food is drawn across the lips throughout the rasp phase and swallow phase and therefore provides a tactile stimulus during both these retraction phases of the feeding cycle. The tactile component of the food stimulus is strongest during the rasp phase when the lips are actively pressed onto the substrate that is being moved across them by the radula. By using a semi-intact preparation we demonstrated that application of touch to the lips during the rasp phase of a sucrose-driven fictive feeding rhythm increases both the regularity and frequency of rasp-phase motoneuron firing compared with sucrose applied alone.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Ictal asomatognosia as a cause of epileptic falls: simultaneous video, EMG, and invasive EEG.

Intracranial EEG in a 33-year-old man with epilepsy with a history of falls and injuries showed seizure onset in the right posterior parietal region. Electrical stimulation of the region reproduced sudden estrangement of the left lower extremity. EMG and video recordings showed no alteration of extremity tone during the seizure, but his gait halted before he fell. Ictal asomatognosia may be a cause of falls in patients with epilepsy.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed1986

Development of an observation method for assessing pain behavior in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Four studies examined the reliability and validity of a behavioral observation method for the assessment of pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The major purpose of experiment 1 was to evaluate the interobserver reliability of the observation method. Two observers recorded the frequencies of pain behaviors displayed by 20 RA patients. Each of 3 types of reliability estimates indicated that the pain behavior could be reliably observed. The purpose of experiment 2 was to examine the concurrent validity of the observation system by correlating 53 patients' self-reports of pain with the frequencies of their pain behaviors. Significant and positive correlations were found between patients' total pain behavior and 3 self-report measures of pain and functional disability. Furthermore, unlike the self-reports of pain, total pain behavior was only minimally related to self-report of depression. Experiment 3 was performed in order to assess the observation method's construct validity. Naive observers viewed video recordings of 25 RA patients and made global estimates of patients' pain severity and unpleasantness. Highly significant and positive correlations were found between these global estimates and total pain behavior. In experiment 4, the pain behaviors of 11 RA patients were recorded prior to and immediately following cognitive-behavioral treatment for the reduction of RA pain. There was a significant decrease in total pain behavior from pretreatment to posttreatment. The data indicate that the observation method provides a reliable, valid, and relatively objective measure of RA patient pain behavior. Future validation studies of the observation method are discussed.

Adult↗