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PubMed1978

[Restriction of washing and its effect to the normal human skin flora. Quantitative and qualitative investigations of the aerobic skin flora (author's transl)].

The behaviour of the aerobic skin flora of the flexor sides of the forearms, under a three-week restriction of washing, was investigated in twenty-four patients for its quantitative and qualitative aspects. The combined scrabbing-washing method was used as described by Burtenshaw with Ringer's solution. After a three-week restriction of washing, using the Wilcoxon Test, statistically no significant changes in the total number of microorganisms were found in areas investigated in the intermittent sampling of the skin flora. A three-week restriction of washing in the region of the flexor sides of the forearms does not induce significant changes in the composition of the normal aerobic skin flora. The percentage of differences in the total number of bacteria fluctuates up to the mark in wide limits; statements about standard deviations are not permitted because of the technical and experimental conditions. There was no shifting of the Resident flora to other groups of bacteria in the patients under study. Pathogenic microorganisms could not be found in higher numbers after the second sampling.

Actinomycetales↗

PubMed2001

[The effectiveness of ozonated water for hand washing before surgery].

Using an ozonated water-dispensing machine for sterilization of hands (Mediaqua MA-III; Core Medical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan), we investigated the effectiveness of ozonated water as a disinfectant for hand washing before surgery. The effectiveness of this new hand-washing method, using 4 ppm of ozonated water, which is expected to have a short-term bactericidal effect, and 0.2% benzalkonium chloride/83% ethanol solution (Welpas), which is expected to have a long-term bactericidal effect, was compared with that of the conventional hand-washing method (Fürbringer's method using a scrubbing agent containing povidone-iodine). The results showed no significant differences in the numbers of live bacteria and exponential reduction rates in live bacteria. Thus, this new method for hand washing using ozonated water is an effective method for sterilization of the hands before surgery.

Benzalkonium Compounds↗

PubMed2001

Sperm washing method alters the ability of seminal plasma proteins to revert the cold-shock damage on ram sperm membrane.

Prolonged exposure of spermatozoa to seminal plasma (SP) has been found to have adverse effects on sperm function. Therefore, the separation of mammalian spermatozoa from SP is a practice routinely used in the laboratory and in assisted reproductive technology application. We have previously shown that adsorption of seminal plasma proteins (SPP) to the sperm cell surface partially restores the functional characteristics of damaged spermatozoa, reproducing those of live cells. In the present report, we have compared the influence of two different semen washing methods, a dextran/swim-up or a filtration procedure, on the SPP adsorption to the sperm surface, and on their ability to recover membrane integrity of cold-shocked sperm. Seminal plasma proteins were added to cold-shocked sperm samples obtained by both washing procedures. Adsorption of proteins to the sperm membrane surface was assessed by centrifugal counter-current distribution (CCCD) in an aqueous two-phase system, as well as membrane integrity being determined by fluorescence markers. The percentage of reversion of cold-shock effect in the sample containing plasma proteins with respect to the control sample was determined by assessing the percentage of membrane-intact spermatozoa, i.e. propidium iodide-negative. The addition of 700 microg of SPP to the swim-up damaged samples caused a 32% reversion, whereas the reversal percentage found with the same amount of SPP on filtered damaged samples was 10% (p < 0.05). Likewise, the loss of heterogeneity and the decrease in viability after the cold-shock revealed by CCCD analysis were greatly reversed by the addition of SPP to sperm samples obtained by swim-up. However, this restorative effect was again much lower when SPP were added to the cold-shocked filtered sample. These results strongly suggest that the washing method influences the ability of SPP to recover membrane integrity of cold-shocked sperm. Separation of spermatozoa by swim-up accounts for higher viability recovery than that obtained by filtration washing.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[The value of CEA mRNA, CEA protein and cytology of peritoneal washings in the prediction of metastasis of gastric cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the usefulness of CEA determination and cytology of peritoneal washings in the prediction of metastasis of gastric cancer to the peritoneum. METHODS: CEA was detected at mRNA level by RT-PCR and at protein level by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Cytologic examination was done by conventional method. Peritoneal washings were collected during operation from 43 patients with gastric carcinoma and 10 with benign lesions. RESULTS: The positive rate of RT-PCR was 56.3% and that of RIA was 38.1%. Both were more sensitive than that of cytologic examination (33.1%) of free cancer cells in the peritoneal washings. The level of CEA mRNA expression increased with the depth of invasion and stage of the disease. It also varied significantly in tumors different in the gross type and serosal involvement. CONCLUSION: To detect CEA in peritoneal washings by RT-PCR and RIA, and to examine them for tumor cells by cytotogic method are useful to predict subclinical metastasis to the peritoneam in patients with gastric carcinoma, but RT-PCR is most sensitive.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen↗

PubMed2000

[Specifics of sorption after purification of permeates produced by nanofiltration of washing water in pressurized modules].

Data on the quality of sorption afterpurification of permeates produced by nanofiltration of washing water in the ECOPSY-95 project are presented. Washing water contained essentially different detergents. Nanofiltration was performed with reeled composite membrane filters (OPMN-K). Nanofiltrated permeates were further treated with sorption techniques. The investigation confirmed the possibility get a filtrate complying with the washing water requirements. It was demonstrated that afterpurification of nanofiltered permeates by sorption improves the quality of regenerated water and also extends useful life of expandable sorption materials as compared to washing water that was not subjected to nanofiltration. Combination of nanofitration and sorption can be favorable to decrease the size of filter cartridges by 30-50%.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Telomerase activity in human bladder tumors and bladder washing specimens.

Telomerase appears to be an important factor for the control of cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis. Enzyme activity dramatically increases in almost all human tumors. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the role of telomerase activity as a marker for bladder cancer diagnosis and follow-up. By using the PCR-ELISA based on the TRAP (telomerase repeat amplification protocol) method, telomerase activity of bladder tumors (n = 77), normal-appearing adjacent tissues (n = 21) and bladder washings (n = 37) were analyzed. Telomerase activity was detected in 87% (67/77) of cancer tissues and in 38% (8/21) of normal-appearing adjacent tissues. However, the levels of enzyme activity were significantly higher in cancer tissues than in normal-appearing adjacent tissues (p < 0.05). Telomerase activity in bladder cancer tissues was not correlated to the tumor stage or grade. During a 26 months follow-up period, disease progression occurred in 66.7% of patients with invasive tumors where telomerase activity of the normal-appearing adjacent tissue was detectable, as compared to only 14.3% for patients who showed undetectable telomerase activity in adjacent, normal-appearing tissues (p = 0.094). When telomerase activity of bladder washing fluid was compared with its corresponding tumors, sensitivity of detection was 81% and specificity was 75%. In contrast, urine cytology only yielded a sensitivity of 31% in the detection of cancer. The detection ability between telomerase activity measurement in washing fluid and cytological examination had a trend toward the telomerase measurement identifying more cancer cases than the cytologic examination (p = 0.07). In conclusion, telomerase activity is present in early-stage bladder cancer and is a potential molecular marker for bladder tumors diagnosis. The expression of telomerase activity in normal-appearing mucosa adjacent to bladder tumor is probably an indicator of disease progression. Using the telomerase activity to detect exfoliated cells in bladder washing fluids could be a useful method in adjunct to urine cytology and cystoscopy in establishing the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer.

Humans↗

PubMed2002

[Significance of carcinoembryonic antigen levels in peritoneal washings in clinical analysis of patients with colorectal cancer].

The aim of this study was to analyse the level of CEA in peritoneal washings (CEAp) in patients with colorectal cancer (crc) in comparison to the serum CEA level. The study involved 87 patients with crc, the control group included 13 patients operated on due to vascular diseases. At the time of laparotomy, after administration of 200 ml saline, peritoneal washings were collected from the peritoneal cavity. After concentrating, the CEAp level was determined using an immunochemiluminescence assay kit. The cutoff value was set at 100 ng/g protein. The data were analysed using Student t-test, Welch test and Mann-Whitney test. The mean CEA levels in peritoneal washings in patients with colorectal cancer were statistically higher (p < 0.001) than in the control group (except stage A). There was no correlation between CEAp levels and sex, histological type and differentiation, Duke's stage (except D2). The mean CEAp levels were significantly higher in colonic tumour, than in cancer in rectal location (P < 0.03). Positive correlation between CEA level in peritoneal washings and serum was found.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Mechanistic studies of transcription arrest at the adenovirus major late attenuation site. Comparison of purified RNA polymerase II and washed elongation complexes.

Transcription elongation in a nuclear extract in vitro is efficiently blocked by Sarkosyl at a specific site downstream of the adenovirus major late (ML) promoter at which regulated transcription arrest has also been observed in vivo. In the experiments reported here, we examined the response of the polymerase to the ML attenuation site in two assay systems: 1) purified RNA polymerase II (pol II) transcribing tailed templates and 2) elongation complexes formed on immobilized templates and then depleted of elongation factors by extensive washing. Efficient site-specific arrest occurred in both systems, demonstrating that recognition of the site is an intrinsic property of the polymerase. However, the elongation properties of washed elongation complexes and purified pol II were not equivalent. In particular, the efficiency of arrest of washed elongation complexes was influenced both by the promoter from which transcription was initiated and by DNA sequences upstream from the attenuation site that did not contribute to the arrest of purified pol II. The polymerase and washed elongation complexes both remained in stable ternary complexes at the ML site with a lifetime of hours; addition of the elongation factor SII to these complexes promoted resumption of elongation. The efficiency of arrest in both systems was dependent on the solution concentration of the nucleotide incorporated at +187 (just beyond the attenuation site), indicating that pausing is an important part of the arrest mechanism. Based on this and other findings, we argue that the polymerase assumes an altered, elongation-incompetent conformation when arrest occurs.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of a ceftiofur-washed whole cell Streptococcus suis bacterin in pigs.

The efficacy of currently available washed whole cell Streptococcus suis bacterins is generally poor. We developed and tested the efficacy of a novel ceftiofur-washed whole cell bacterin. Sixty-six, 2-week-old specific pathogen free (SPF) pigs were randomly divided into 5 groups. Three groups were vaccinated 28 and 14 d prior to challenge. The 3 ceftiofur-washed whole cell bacterins each contained 1 of 3 different adjuvants (Montanide ISA 25, Montanide ISA 50, and Saponin). Pigs exhibiting severe central nervous system disease or severe joint swelling and lameness were euthanized immediately and necropsied. All remaining pigs were necropsied at 14 d post inoculation. The ceftiofur-washed whole cell S. suis bacterin with Montanide ISA 50 adjuvant significantly (P < 0.05) reduced bacteremia, meningitis, pneumonia, and mortality associated with S. suis challenge. Further work on this novel approach to bacterin production is warranted.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A randomized study to manage the peripheral intravenous catheter with saline washing].

The scope of this study is to compare the washing of the CVP using normal saline solution before each closure and every 6 hours, with closing the CVP using an obturator after the suspension of the infused therapy, in function of the maintenance of the perviousness and the appearance of complications. The study population included 83 patients; using the randomised trail technique, 40 patients had been assigned to the group of washing and 43 to the group of the obturator. The results of this study demonstrate that, in order to maintain the perviousness of the CVP and the reduction of the appearance of complications, there is no significant difference between the washing of the CVP with normal saline solution before each closure with a stopper and every 6 hours, and the closure of the CVP with an obturator without washing at the suspension of the infused therapy.

Catheterization, Peripheral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Long-term prognostic value of positive peritoneal washing in colon cancer].

UNLABELLED: We examined the prognostic value of free malignant cells in the peritoneal cavity of patients with colon adenocarcinoma. In 1996-1999, 88 patients underwent peritoneal washing with cytologic analysis immediately before elective colon resection for adenocarcinoma with no evidence of peritoneal metastases. Peritoneal washing fluid was collected before abdominal exploration centrifuged immediately and stained with the May-Grünwald-Giemsa and Harris-Shorr methods. Malignancy was defined as recommended by Papanicolaou. Free malignant cells in peritoneal fluid were found in 25 of 88 (28%) patients (Dukes A 0, of 11, Dukes B 10 of 31, Dukes C 11 of 37, Dukes D 4 of 9). The positive rate was 24 of 75 (32%) among patients with tumors involving the serous layer and 1 of 13 (8%) among the others (p = 0.00989). Positive peritoneal washing was not significantly associated with survival in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: The presence of free malignant cells in the peritoneal cavity of patients with colon cancer provided no further prognostic information relative to the Dukes classification in this study. The 5 years survival rates were 48% among patients with positive and negative peritoneal washing respectively (p = 0.09).

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2005

Automatic top loader washing machine related injury. A report of four cases with serious injury.

We are reporting four cases of serious washing machine related injury that presented within a period of 5 months. All patients were young children with the mean age of 9 year-old and three had their dominant hand injured. The washing machines involved were the automatic top loader type and all injuries occurred during the spinning phase. Serious automatic washing machine injury is not uncommon in Malaysia. We feel that there is a need to improve the safety features especially during the spinning phase. The operating instructions and safety precautions on the washing machine should be displayed in different languages that can be understood well. Parents should also aware of the potential risks of this seemingly benign household appliance.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

"Collagen balls" in peritoneal washings. Prevalence, morphology, origin and significance.

Peritoneal washings obtained at laparotomy from women undergoing surgery for neoplasms of the genital tract may contain "collagen balls," consisting of tissue fragments composed of collagen covered with mesothelial cells. Collagen balls were found in 19 (4.5%) of 418 peritoneal washings and were more prevalent in specimens labeled pelvic washings (17 of 294, or 5.8%) than in those labeled peritoneal washings (2 of 124, or 1.6%). In 15 of the 19 cases in which we found collagen balls, at least one ovary was available for microscopic examination. In 14 of the 15 cases minute nodular papillary stromal projections covered with mesothelium were found on the surface of the ovaries. We conclude that collagen balls, a nonspecific entity, most probably originate on the surface of the ovaries. Their significance lies in their being mistaken for mucin-distended cells exfoliated from a neoplasm or from detached fragments of a papillary ovarian neoplasm.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Bond between wash elastomers and putty silicones].

Areas of elastomeric impression materials are deformed when impressions are removed from undercuts in the mouth. Bond strength between low and high viscosity impression materials is considered to be higher than the adhesion between impression material and teeth or gum (up to 50 N/cm2). Otherwise failure of impression may be due to failure of the bond between putty and wash elastomers. Bond strength of condensation putty and wash silicones was evaluated at about 70 N/cm2. Bond of putty and addition-cured wash silicones failed at about 130 N/cm2. Bond strength decreased to 34 N/cm2, when putty material was contaminated with saliva and dried before adding the wash elastomer. When putty silicones were rinsed and dried after contamination with saliva bond strength increased up to 80-90% that of fresh probes.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of final washing in a small volume of water on processing of periapical radiographs].

The main goal this research was to find out the effectiveness of the final wash in periapical X-ray films. Spectrophotometry determined the residues of sodium hyposulphite taken as a positive sign for the effectiveness of wash on developed films. Three different kinds of film, two Kodak and one Agfa were used. Films were different sensibility and underwent tests. Two containers, one for the intermediate and other for the final wash were used in the first test; in the second, only one container was used for both washes. A residue of 0.4 mg of sodium hyposulphite was considered acceptable. On the three films used, the acorent of sodium hyposulphite detected was inferior to 0.4 mg in the first test, after 5 minutes exposure, nevertheless the small volume of water used. The second test showed a with range of variation in results and so it not recommend.

Radiography, Dental↗

PubMed1990

Effect of fabric washing on the presumptive identification of bloodstains.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the retention of blood stains on twelve different types of fabrics after washing at various drying times. The findings of this study, supported by chi-square analysis, indicate that the retention of bloodstains on washed fabrics depends upon the particular fiber composition of the fabric, the specific blood screening test used, and whether or not a detergent was used in the wash. The results of this research did not reveal a significant effect of the drying time on the retention of bloodstains, as tested during the 48-h limit of this experiment. The author concludes that the forensic serologist should consider the factors investigated in this study before rendering an opinion on the retention of bloodstains on washed garments.

Blood Stains↗

PubMed1989

[Effects of anisodamine on the metabolism of arachidonic acid by washed rat platelets].

A method for distinguishing drug effects on metabolism of endogenously released arachidonic acid (AA) and exogenously added AA was developed by the use of washed rat platelets. The major metabolites of AA in washed rat platelets, measured by HPLC, were 12-hydroxyhepatadecatrienoic acid (HHT) and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE). Some factors such as concentration of AA added, incubation time and concentration of A23187 which influence the formation of AA metabolites in rat platelets were studied. The formation of HHT and 12-HETE from endogenously released AA in washed rat platelets was dose-dependently reduced by anisodamine (654-2), while the conversion of exogenously added AA to HHT and 12-HETE was not affected by 654-2. The results of the present study indicate that 654-2 decreased the formation of HHT and 12-HETE in washed rat platelets by inhibiting the release of endogenous AA.

12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid↗

PubMed1989

[The rheologic aspects of washed donor erythrocytes].

Washing off donors' red blood cell pack with NaCl isotonic solution results in improvement of red blood cell rheologic properties: their aggregation reduces, deformability increases, osmotic resistance rises. Heparin addition to the washing off solution in a dose of 5 IU/ml prevents development of antiheparin activity in red blood cells after washing off. Application of washed-off red blood cells of donors has advantages as compared to transfusion of the whole blood.

Blood Donors↗