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Results for “anger expression”

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PubMed1999

Factors influencing tackle injuries in rugby union football.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of selected aspects of lifestyle, personality, and other player related factors on injuries in the tackle. To describe the detailed circumstances in which these tackles occurred. METHODS: A prospective case-control study was undertaken in which the tackling and tackled players ("the cases") involved in a tackle injury were each matched with "control" players who held the same respective playing positions in the opposing teams. A total of 964 rugby matches involving 71 senior clubs drawn from all districts of the Scottish Rugby Union (SRU) were observed by nominated linkmen who administered self report questionnaires to the players identified as cases and controls. Information on lifestyle habits, match preparation, training, and coaching experience was obtained. A validated battery of psychological tests assessed players' trait anger and responses to anger and hostility. The circumstances of the tackles in which injury occurred were recorded by experienced SRU coaching staff in interviews with involved players after the match. RESULTS: A total of 71 tackle injury episodes with correct matching of cases and controls were studied. The following player related factors did not contribute significantly to tackle injuries: alcohol consumption before the match, feeling "below par" through minor illness, the extent of match preparation, previous coaching, or practising tackling. Injured and non-injured players in the tackle did not differ in their disposition toward, or expression of, anger or hostility. Some 85% of tackling players who were injured were three quarters, and 52% of injuries occurred when the tackle came in behind the tackled player or within his peripheral vision. Either the tackling or tackled player was sprinting or running in all of these injury episodes. One third of injuries occurred in differential speed tackles--that is, when one player was travelling much faster than the other at impact. The player with the lower momentum was injured in 80% of these cases. Forceful or crunching tackles resulting in injury mostly occurred head on or within the tackled player's side vision. CONCLUSIONS: Attention should be focused on high speed tackles going in behind the tackled player's line of vision. Comparative information on the circumstances of the vast majority of tackles in which no injury occurs is required before any changes are considered to reduce injuries in the tackle.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Age and the understanding of emotions: neuropsychological and sociocognitive perspectives.

Sociocognitive approaches suggest that the ability to understand emotions should be well maintained in adult aging. However, neuropsychological evidence suggests potential impairments in processing emotions in older adults. In the current study, 30 young adults (aged 20-40 years) and 30 older adults (aged 60-80 years) were tested on a range of emotional ability measures. There were no age effects on the ability to decode emotions from verbal material. Older people were less able to identify facial expressions of anger and sadness, and showed poorer ability to identify theory of mind from pictures of eyes. The results indicate specific age-related deficits in identifying some aspects of emotion from faces, but no age effects on the understanding of emotions in verbal descriptions.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A psychosomatic theory of allergic sensitization; allergy as a quasi conditioned reaction].

A psychosomatic theory concerning the sensitization process of immediate type allergy is presented. According to this theory the allergy systems from a deficient local defense function of the respiratory tract's mucous membranes. It is assumed that persons, with a specific disposition and learning experiences, in certain conflict situations where emotional impulses cannot be expressed, tend so suffer an obstructive hyperfunction of the nasal and/or bronchial mucosa including hyperemia, swelling, hypersecretion (and spasms of the bronchial muscular system). These modifications of mocous function result from suppressed aggressive expressions (rage, anger, attack) in connection with avoidance tendencies. Thus the immunological reaction may also be the result of bronchial asthma and of chronic rhinitis. This theory allows to regard the process of sensitization as a learning process and to consider the allergy as a classic conditioned response to the atopic allergen as a conditional stimulus. The obstructive hyperfunction (which, of course, can also occur by stimuli other emotional) creates "critical phases". During these the immune system can be activated against atopic allergens in sufficient quantity. However, anyone is probably more sensitized against allergens found in locations where his emotional impulses are not expressed. In this context a house dust allergy, for example, refers to conflicts within the confines of the house, but does not necessarily attribute symbolic qualities to house dust itself.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗

PubMed1991

The effect of hypnotically induced emotional states on brain potentials evoked by painful argon laser stimulation.

The relationship between pain perception and emotional states is well known. However, the nature of this relationship and how different emotional states affect sensory and cognitive dimensions of pain remains uncertain. Results from experimental investigations are often contradictory, which may be due to methodological difficulties in inducing pain and monitoring physiological responses. In addition, most studies have focused on a single emotion, and data on the relative effects of different emotional states are lacking. In the present study we attempted to eliminate some of these methodological problems. Laser evoked potentials were used as a quantitative correlate to pain perception and were measured in 12 highly hypnotically susceptible subjects during seven conditions: (a) a prehypnotic baseline condition; (b) a neutral hypnotic control condition; (c-e) hypnotically recalled anger, fear, and depression in randomized order; (f) a hypnotically recalled happy condition, and (g) a posthypnotic awake control condition. The pain evoked potentials were significantly decreased in the angry condition and significantly increased in the depressed condition compared with baseline. No differences could be detected for either the happy or the fear-related condition compared with the baseline or neutral hypnotic condition. A significant positive correlation between the subjective intensity of depression and the increase in evoked potentials was found, but none for the other three emotions. The results support earlier findings that clinical depression is related to increased pain perception, and findings that the expression of anger can inhibit the experience of pain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cardiovascular reactivity, emotional factors, and home blood pressures in black males with and without a parental history of hypertension.

Differences in cardiovascular responses to mental stress, psychological factors, and self-determined home blood pressure between black individuals with and without a family history of essential hypertension (EH) may suggest mechanisms responsible for the high incidence of EH in blacks. In this study, 12 black male students with a parental history of EH and 12 without a parental history of EH participated in a laboratory session during which two mental challenge tasks (anagrams and mental arithmetic) were presented. Following the laboratory session all subjects made daily recordings of their morning and evening blood pressure for four weeks (28 days) after the laboratory session. The results showed that sons of hypertensive parents had higher systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) than sons of normotensive parents at rest and during mental challenge; no reliable differences in heart rate were observed. Sons of hypertensive parents had higher self-determined home blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and scored significantly higher on psychological measures of Trait-Anger/Temperament, Anger-Out, and Submissiveness. Apparently there was no significant change in SBP or DBP over the four weeks prior to final examinations in either of the groups. Although the resting blood pressure level, weight, and family history predicted a large proportion of the variance in home SBP and DBP, the amount of explained variance, particularly for DBP, was significantly increased by the inclusion of psychological variables and the level of cardiovascular responses (and not the delta change) to mental challenge in the regression equation. These findings indicate that the degree to which self-determined home blood pressures can be predicted is enhanced significantly by considering both the level of cardiovascular responses to stress and psychological measures of the experience and expression of anger. The implications of these results are discussed in light of current research demonstrating that average home blood pressures are a better predictor of cardiac complications than casual (office) blood pressures.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Familial and psychological correlates of smoking in black and white adolescents.

Cigarette smoking is considered to be the single most preventable contributor to chronic diseases, but there is still great controversy about the initiation and maintenance of smoking among adolescents. The goal of this study was to examine familial and psychological factors that contribute to the initiation and maintenance of smoking among black and white adolescents. To accomplish this, we tested 602 male (275 black and 327 white) and 460 female (174 black and 286 white) adolescent students enrolled in health classes in Tampa, Florida. Among blacks, 15.6% were currently smoking cigarettes, compared to 34.8% of the white students. Blacks who initiated smoking were most influenced by having a sister who smoked, while maintenance was most influenced by an older brother who smoked. In contrast, white adolescents who initiated smoking were more likely to have an older brother who smoked, while maintenance of smoking was predicted by having a father who smoked. Furthermore, the data show that both the initiation and the maintenance of smoking among blacks is related to the experience of intense feelings of anger and irritability, while among white adolescents, these emotions contribute only to the initiation of smoking. These data indicate that smokers and nonsmokers differ in their emotional reactions to stress, and that ethnicity (black vs white) is an important determinant in the association between smoking and emotional reactions to stress. The overall pattern of the findings in this inquiry suggests that the efficacy of antismoking treatment procedures could be enhanced by targeting exaggerated emotional reactions for modification. The data also suggest that smoking prevention programs for adolescents should take into consideration pressures to smoke that may arise from having family members who smoke. Given the inherent problems of a cross-sectional research design, future research is needed to clarify the interrelationships between smoking, ethnicity, and measures of the experience and expression of anger.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1991

Neurasthenia: a paradigm of social psychopathology in a transitional society.

A particular social aspect of an illness is reflected in an emphasis on those symptoms that the society considers socially detrimental and/or destabilizing. Thus, in the work- and production-oriented society, chronic fatigue, which affects one's productivity and ability to work, becomes a hallmark of neurasthenia or neurasthenia-like syndrome. In a society based on rigid social structures and severely limited possibilities for social change, excessive irritability and outbursts of anger are perceived as a greater threat to the stability of the existing social order, and therefore they come to dominate the concept of neurasthenia. In Yugoslavia, neurasthenia has been primarily conceived of as a manifestation of an accumulated social frustration and anger; neurasthenia has then been constructed as a mental disorder because anger was expressed in a way that the society considered inappropriate, maladaptive, and pathological. A far-reaching, underlying purpose of this conceptualization of neurasthenia has been a preservation of the social status quo. While neurasthenia as a distinct mental disorder remains controversial, its dependence on the social context cannot be denied. Although the designation of neurasthenia so often seems provisional, because it symbolizes limitations and failures of our diagnostic and nosological systems, it serves a definite social purpose, which varies from time to time, and from one culture to another.

Anger↗

PubMed1986

The Multidimensional Anger Inventory.

Previous research suggests that anger has important social and health consequences, particularly cardiovascular health. The pathogenic aspects of anger have not been identified, however, in part because of a reliance on unidimensional measures of anger. The present article describes psychometric data for an inventory that is sensitive to the multidimensional nature of the anger construct. It was hypothesized that the newly developed Multidimensional Anger Inventory (MAI) would include scales reflective of the following dimensions of anger: frequency, duration, magnitude, mode of expression, hostile outlook, and range of anger-eliciting situations. The mode of expression dimension was expected to contain separate anger-in, anger-out, guilt, brood, and anger-discuss measures. The inventory was administered to two populations: male and female college students and male factory workers. Factor analyses of the MAI within the two samples showed that the frequency, duration, and magnitude dimensions clustered together to form an anger-arousal factor that accounted for 64% and 71% of the variance in the two samples, respectively. The range of anger-eliciting situations and hostile outlook emerged as separate dimensions, as hypothesized. Mode of anger expression was best described by two dimensions labeled anger-in and anger-out. Psychometric analyses of the scale showed that it possessed adequate test-retest reliability (r = 0.75) and high internal consistency (alpha = .84 and .89 for the two samples). The validity of the scale was supported by the expected pattern of relations with other inventories designed to assess anger or hostility. Comparisons of MAI scores between (college versus factory) and within (male versus female) populations were made.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Aging and attentional biases for emotional faces.

We examined age differences in attention to and memory for faces expressing sadness, anger, and happiness. Participants saw a pair of faces, one emotional and one neutral, and then a dot probe that appeared in the location of one of the faces. In two experiments, older adults responded faster to the dot if it was presented on the same side as a neutral face than if it was presented on the same side as a negative face. Younger adults did not exhibit this attentional bias. Interactions of age and valence were also found for memory for the faces, with older adults remembering positive better than negative faces. These findings reveal that in their initial attention, older adults avoid negative information. This attentional bias is consistent with older adults' generally better emotional well-being and their tendency to remember negative less well than positive information.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

The consequences of pairing questions: context effects in personality measurement.

The effect of context on responses to questions has been a prominent focus in social and political survey research. However, little investigation of context effects has been done for the measurement of psychological constructs. A measure of anger experience and expression in development uses vignettes describing interpersonal situations that provoke varying degrees of anger and require respondents to indicate their affective and/or expressive response to the situation. In this study, the consequences of pairing the two questions for each vignette are investigated. Pairing the anger-experience and likelihood-of-expression questions changes the item's context. Item response theory analysis similar to that used to detect differential item functioning was performed. For some of the items, responding to a single or paired question affected the extremity of responses. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for personality measurement.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

A comparison of two treatments for depression: the antidepressive program vs. traditional therapy.

This study compared a traditional therapy for depression with Antidepressive therapy, a regime of meaningless, boring work designed to provoke the patient to an assertive expression of anger. The Ss were 32 neurotic and 24 psychotic patients at the Tuscaloosa, Alabama Veterans Administration Hospital. Improvement was measured by scores on the Purpose-In-Life Test (PIL) and the Self-Rating Depression Scale. All patient groups improved significantly within a 1-week period. Neurotics treated on the Antidepressive program improved significantly more than neurotics treated on the Traditional program. However, the data failed to indicate that either program was significantly more effective than the other in the treatment of psychotics.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed1990

The 4-5-6 configuration on the MMPI in bulimics vs. controls.

The 4-5-6 configuration on the MMPI for females has been associated with problems in the direct expression of anger, as well as excessive dependency and affectional needs (Greene, 1980). Because these characteristics frequently have been ascribed to bulimic women, we hypothesized that the incidence of the 4-5-6 configuration would be greater for bulimic women (n = 26) than for female outpatients (n = 40) or a nonpsychiatric population (n = 31). We did not find the predicted differences in incidence of the 4-5-6 configuration in a study that used conventional cut-offs and treated the configuration as a discrete variable. However, when the characteristic was measured as a continuous variable, the nonpsychiatric population differed significantly from both clinical populations. Results are discussed in terms of feminine role conflict as a factor that differentiates women who seek psychiatric treatment from those who do not.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Social environments of adult homes.

The purpose of this study was to examine the social environments of adult homes in the community to determine if different types of adult homes existed and which environmental variables best described each home type. Three hundred and two adult home staff rated 10 social environment variables of 49 adult homes using Moos' Community Oriented Programs Environment Scale. Using cluster analysis, 4 distinct environmental home types were identified. Discriminant analysis suggested that homes in each cluster differed primarily in their degree of staff involvement, staff support and expression of anger.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Component analysis of the Structured Interview for assessment of Type A behavior in employed women.

Components of the Structured Interview in employed women and the overlap between these components and those identified by self-report measures of Type A behavior were investigated. The sample consisted of 177 employed, white females 26 to 52 years old; 48% were classified as Type A. Principal components factor analysis yielded five factors: Clinical Rating, Hurried-Drive, Impatience, Pressured-Competitiveness, and Expression of Anger. Some differences in the factor structure were noted for this sample of employed women, compared with previous studies of employed men, particularly with respect to anger and impatience. The behavioral components of the Structured Interview did not correlate with self-report measures of Type A behavior (Framingham Type A scale and the Jenkins Activity Scale). Implications for future studies of employed women are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Harassment, hostility, and type A as determinants of cardiovascular reactivity during competition.

Anger/hostility and Type A behavior have been implicated in elevated cardiovascular reactivity and disease. In the present experiment systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were monitored during conditions of competition alone or in conjunction with goal blocking or harassment. Cardiovascular reactivity was examined as a function of conditions, Type A or B pattern, and various measures of anger/hostility. Harassment elicited significantly elevated SBP and HR changes relative to goal-blocking and control conditions. Type As reliably exceeded Type Bs in magnitude of SBP change during the harassment condition only. However, exploratory analyses correlating anger/hostility measures and cardiovascular reactivity indicated that only subjects scoring high on the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory showed significantly elevated SBP reactivity as a function of Type A behavior pattern, rated hostility during the A-B interview, or outward expression of anger assessed by the Framingham Anger-In vs Anger-Out Scale.

Arousal↗

PubMed1989

Internal consistency of a diagnostic interview for children: the Child Assessment Schedule.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the internal consistency of the content scales of the Child Assessment Schedule (CAS). A total of 116 psychiatric patients with a mean age of 10 years were administered the interview, and 92 parents were administered the parent version. Coefficient alpha was calculated for each of the 11 content scales. High internal consistency was demonstrated for school, friends, worries, mood, physical complaints, and expression of anger. More moderate but acceptable alphas were observed for the family, fears, and self-image scales. The same general pattern of results was observed for both the child and parent interviews. Additional analyses revealed that the number of items in the CAS could be reduced up to 30% without sacrificing internal consistency. These results indicate that 9 of the scales yield reliable scores.

Child↗

PubMed1982

Behavioral--physiological factors in the development and management of cancer.

Recent clinical and animal model studies have demonstrated an effect of behavioral variables on the course of cancer. Unrelieved anxiety, helplessness, depression, and the inability to modulate the expression of anger have been implicated as specific predictors of poor prognosis. The endocrinological sequelae of these emotional states may affect certain parameters of cell-mediated immunity involved in host resistance to neoplasia. Both corticosteroids and catecholamines are likely mediators of behavioral effects on immunological function. Hormonal variations may also affect growth of tumors directly, or through nonimmunological tissue specific mechanisms. Behavioral interventions based on elicitation of the relaxation response provide a means of influencing affective and physiological states that may have particular relevance to cancer. Practice of such interventions reduces anxiety and provides a substrate for coping that enhances the patient's sense of control. Such "immunization" against helplessness can forestall depression. Physiological effects of such behavioral interventions occur both on a direct and an indirect level. Elicitation of the relaxation response per se produces physiological alterations consistent with decreased arousal of the sympathetic nervous system. Furthermore, by reducing fear and helplessness, physiological changes related to such dysphoric states may be minimized

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Sex differences in the psychological reactions of medical and surgical patients to crisis intervention counseling: sauce for the goose may not be sauce for the gander.

The psychological reactions of 259 female and 130 male medical and surgical patients were examined. Both when they were discharged and when they were followed up 12 months later, women who received crisis intervention counseling during their hospitalisation showed the predicted psychological gains when compared with non-counseled women. They expressed fewer feelings of helplessness and more of competence in the short term and fewer feelings of anxiety and helplessness in the long term. Men showed some improvements in the short term but fewer in the long term when, although they later expressed more feelings of competence, there were also more of helplessness. Women and men also showed the predicted benefits of counseling similarly in fewer indirect expressions of anger on both occasions. They also showed less anxiety on discharge and fewer depressive feelings on follow-up. Explanations of the sex differences in terms of sex role stereotypes, the extent of each patient's crisis and possible methodological artefacts were considered.

Adolescent↗