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PubMed2003

Functional MRI of human amygdala activity during Pavlovian fear conditioning: stimulus processing versus response expression.

Although laboratory animal studies have shown that the amygdala plays multiple roles in conditional fear, less is known about the human amygdala. Human subjects were trained in a Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Brain activity maps correlated with reference waveforms representing the temporal pattern of visual conditional stimuli (CSs) and subject-derived autonomic responses were compared. Subjects receiving paired CS-shock presentations showed greater amygdala activity than subjects receiving unpaired CS-shock presentations when their brain activity was correlated with a waveform generated from their behavioral responses. Stimulus-based waveforms revealed learning differences in the visual cortex, but not in the amygdala. These data support the view that the amygdala is important for the expression of learned behavioral responses during Pavlovian fear conditioning.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Empirical comparison of DRG variants using cardiovascular surgery data: initial results of a project at 18 German hospitals.

In 2000, the responsibility for selecting a DRG variant for use in Germany was assigned to a body comprising representatives of hospitals and insurers called the Self-Administration Board (or Board in this paper). To help the Board, we applied cardiac surgery data from 18 German hospitals to eight different DRG variants. The error caused by bad coding quality could be minimized this way, since all diagnoses and procedures in cardiac surgery must be recorded for quality assurance purposes. To match the German code to the appropriate code required by the DRG variant, we created mapping tables whenever needed. As far as cardiac surgery is concerned, the Australian AR-DRG and the French GHM variants provided the best medical relevance, while the AR-DRG variant considered the level of severity better. Other variants would have to be updated to better reflect the level of medical complexity. Three main causes for wrong grouping could be identified for all systems: incomplete mapping, not enough reference to multidisciplinary treatments, and system construction problems.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMed2001

Intron distribution difference for 276 ancient and 131 modern genes suggests the existence of ancient introns.

o introns delineate elements of protein tertiary structure? This issue is crucial to the debate about the role and origin of introns. We present an analysis of the full set of proteins with known three-dimensional structures that have homologs with intron positions recorded in GenBank. A computer program was generated that maps on a reference sequence the positions of all introns in homologous genes. We have applied this program to a set of 665 nonredundant protein sequences with defined three-dimensional structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), which yielded 8,217 introns in 407 proteins. For the subset of proteins corresponding to ancient conserved regions (ACR), we find that there is a correlation of phase-zero introns with the boundary regions of modules and no correlation for the phase-one and phase-two positions. However, for a subset of proteins without prokaryotic counterparts (131 non-ACR proteins), a set of presumably modern proteins (or proteins that have diverged extremely far from any ancestral form), we do not find any correlation of phase-zero intron positions with three-dimensional structure. Furthermore, we find an anticorrelation of phase-one intron positions with module boundaries: they actually have a preference for the interior of modules. This finding is explicable as a preference for phase-one introns to lie in glycines, between G/G sequences, the preference for glycines being anticorrelated with the three-dimensional modules. We interpret this anticorrelation as a sign that a number of phase-one introns, and hence many modern introns, have been inserted into G/G "protosplice" sequences.

Evolution, Molecular↗

PubMed1985

Chromosomal location of the gene encoding the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) in the mouse.

The gene encoding the neural cell adhesion molecule, N-CAM, has been localized on mouse chromosome 9. A BALB/cJ mouse genomic library prepared in lambda bacteriophage EMBL4 was screened by using a cDNA probe, pEC204, that corresponds to the coding region of the chicken N-CAM gene. Four weakly reactive and one strongly reactive recombinant phage were isolated. A region of the latter that was strongly homologous to pEC204 was subcloned to yield a new probe, pEC501. RNA transfer blots and nucleotide sequencing indicated that pEC501 encoded part of the mouse N-CAM gene. This probe defined a unique genetic locus, Ncam, associated with a restriction fragment length polymorphism that allowed the definition of two alleles. The locus could be provisionally assigned either to chromosome 9 or to chromosome 10 by correlating the presence or absence of mouse-specific DNA fragments reactive with the probe in a panel of somatic hybrid cell lines with the presence or absence of the various mouse chromosomes. Analysis of the inheritance of the Ncam-associated DNA polymorphism in recombinant inbred strains of mice revealed close linkage between Ncam and the Lap-1, Sep-1, and Thy-1 loci on chromosome 9. This result suggests an additional linkage between Ncam and the locus for the cerebellar mutation staggerer (sg). The Ncam locus provides an important reference point for mapping the genes for additional cell adhesion molecules as well as genes for other molecules involved in neural development and function.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Words created by children versus aphasic adults: an analysis of their form and communicative effectiveness.

The creation of words through the novel combination of English morphemes (e.g., "map ball" to refer to a globe) was studied in 40 preschool children, 40 grade school children, and 40 adults. These lexical innovations were collected while subjects named pictured objects, and were evaluated in terms of incidence, communicative effectiveness, novelty, semantic accuracy, and certain linguistic characteristics. Preschool children's innovations were as communicatively effective as those of grade school children and adults and contained the highest proportion of innovations with redundant elements. Grade school children produced the highest proportion with semantic inaccuracies. This suggests that preschoolers invent words from a limited set of highly familiar terms, whereas grade schoolers rely more on partially known terms. In addition, the children's innovations differed significantly from those previously collected from aphasic adults. This demonstrates that aphasia does not cause a regression to an early level of linguistic sophistication.

Anomia↗

PubMed2004

Multi-species comparative mapping in silico using the COMPASS strategy.

MOTIVATION: The completion of human and mouse genome sequences provides a valuable resource for decoding other mammalian genomes. The comparative mapping by annotation and sequence similarity (COMPASS) strategy takes advantage of the resource and has been used in several genome-mapping projects. It uses existing comparative genome maps based on conserved regions to predict map locations of a sequence. An automated multiple-species COMPASS tool can facilitate in the genome sequencing effort and comparative genomics study of other mammalian species. RESULTS: The prerequisite of COMPASS is a comparative map table between the reference genome and the predicting genome. We have built and collected comparative maps among five species including human, cattle, pig, mouse and rat. Cattle-human and pig-human comparative maps were built based on the positions of orthologous markers and the conserved synteny groups between human and cattle and human and pig genomes, respectively. Mouse-human and rat-human comparative maps were based on the conserved sequence segments between the two genomes. With a match to human genome sequences, the approximate location of a query sequence can be predicted in cattle, pig, mouse and rat genomes based on the position of the match relatively to the orthologous markers or the conserved segments. AVAILABILITY: The COMPASS-tool and databases are available at http://titan.biotec.uiuc.edu/COMPASS/

Algorithms↗

PubMed1984

The nucleotide recognized by the Escherichia coli A restriction and modification enzyme.

The nucleotide recognition sequence for the restriction-modification enzyme of Escherichia coli A (EcoA) has been determined to be GAG-7N-GTCA. This sequence is fairly similar, but distinctly different from the two other type I restriction enzyme recognition sites known for E. coli B and E. coli K12, respectively. N6-adenosine methylation has been observed at nucleotide positions 2 and 12 within that sequence after modification by EcoA. As a reference point for mapping the single EcoA site in lambda, the position of lambda point mutation Oam29 has been determined also.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1991

Enzymatic cleavage of a bacterial chromosome at a transposon-inserted rare site.

The sequential use of the methylase M.Xbal (5'.TCTAGm6A) and the methylation-dependent endonuclease Dpnl (5'-Gm6A decreases TC) results in cleavage at 5'.TCTAGA decreases TCTAGA. This recognition sequence was introduced into a transposon derived from the Mu bacteriophage and transposed into the genome of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. M.Xbal methylation was provided in vivo by a plasmid containing the M.Xbal gene and the S. typhimurium genome was cleaved to completion by Dpnl at one or more sites, depending on the number of transposon insertions. The resulting genomic fragments were resolved by pulsed-field electrophoresis. The potential use of single M.Xbal/Dpnl cleavage sites as reference positions to map rare restriction sites is discussed.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2006

The fuzzy transformation and its applications in image processing.

The spatial and rank (SR) orderings of samples play a critical role in most signal processing algorithms. The recently introduced fuzzy ordering theory generalizes traditional, or crisp, SR ordering concepts and defines the fuzzy (spatial) samples, fuzzy order statistics, fuzzy spatial indexes, and fuzzy ranks. Here, we introduce a more general concept, the fuzzy transformation (FZT), which refers to the mapping of the crisp samples, order statistics, and SR ordering indexes to their fuzzy counterparts. We establish the element invariant and order invariant properties of the FZT. These properties indicate that fuzzy spatial samples and fuzzy order statistics constitute the same set and, under commonly satisfied membership function conditions, the sample rank order is preserved by the FZT. The FZT also possesses clustering and symmetry properties, which are established through analysis of the distributions and expectations of fuzzy samples and fuzzy order statistics. These properties indicate that the FZT incorporates sample diversity into the ordering operation, which can be utilized in the generalization of conventional filters. Here, we establish the fuzzy weighted median (FWM), fuzzy lower-upper-middle (FLUM), and fuzzy identity filters as generalizations of their crisp counterparts. The advantage of the fuzzy generalizations is illustrated in the applications of DCT coded image deblocking, impulse removal, and noisy image sharpening.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1993

Branch duct origin of solid type pancreatic ductal carcinoma.

A case of branch duct origin of solid type pancreatic ductal carcinoma is presented. Stepwise tissue sections of an entire specimen, including the carcinoma area, and mapping, with special reference to the relationship between the main duct and the carcinoma area, were performed. Carcinoma cells of the branch duct showed intraductal spread with minimal stromal invasion. No carcinoma tissue was observed in the main duct. Therefore this case was considered to be of branch duct origin. The finding of histologically identified branch duct origin of solid type pancreatic ductal carcinoma indicates a distinct advantage to be gained by giving special attention to both the main and branch ducts when using image diagnosis for early detection of carcinomas, and may represent the first reported surgically resected case.

Humans↗

PubMed1994

Therapy with refugee families: what is a "good" conversation?

This article addresses the question of what is a "good" conversation by analyzing "poor" conversations. During a project on family therapy with refugee families, we often experienced what we labeled as "poor" conversations. We present examples of a variety of such conversations, which we then analyze with reference to therapeutic maps and central concerns of the therapists. We describe four patterns of therapist/client relationships that emerged from this analysis. The main focus of our discussion is to clarify when "poor" conversations may be an important part of the therapeutic process, and when and how they should be avoided. We believe that the issues we raise are central to therapeutic work in general and not just to therapy with refugee families.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1978

The vestibular nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus). IV. The projection to the spinal cord.

Horseradish peroxidase was injected at various levels of the spinal cord of the hen and the cells in the brain stem, labeled due to retrograde transport of the tracer enzyme, were mapped with particular reference to the vestibular nuclear complex. The Deiters' nuclei project ipsilaterally to the spinal cord. The projection from the nucleus Deiters ventralis reaches down to the lumbosacral spinal cord. The spinal projection from the nucleus Deiters dorsalis is somatotopically organized. Cells localized rostrally within the nucleus project to upper parts of the spinal cord cells localized caudally project to the lumbosacral spinal cord. The medial and the descending nucleus contain labeled cells in two compartments of the nuclei. In each of them a rostral one projects to the upper cervical cord, a caudal one projects to the thoracical spinal cord. In addition, labeled cells are observed in the reticular formation, mainly in the pons and the medulla oblongata, in the red nucleus, in the raphe nuclei and in the periaqueductal grey. Very few labeled cells are observed in the locus ceruleus, the nucleus intercalatus and in the nucleus of the solitary tract. In some cases, the number of labeled cells in the various nuclei in the brain stem projecting to the spinal cord was counted to get an impression of the quantitative importance of the vestibulospinal projection relative to afferents to the spinal cord from the other nuclei. The findings are discussed in the light of what is known of the vestibulospinal projection in mammals.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Non-invasive external regional measurement of cerebral circulation time changes in supratentorial infarctions using pertechnetate.

A method for measuring regional cerebral circulation time (rCCT) between the hemispheres using intravenous pertechnetate and a multidetector system is presented. Interhemispheric differences of rCCT instead of absolute values were selected because of the variation of pertechnetate bolus dispersion due to changes in the systemic circulation and injection technique inter-and intraindividually. Time activity curves over one minute were analyzed by a modified gamma function fitting method. The results are printed as a brain map which shows reference values and abnormal findings. Abnormal rCCT asymmetry was observed in 10 out of 77 controls (13%) and 58 out of 65 patients with cerebral infarction (89%). Within 2 weeks after a stroke shorter circulation time values on the side of the lesion than on the contralateral side were found in 5 patients. In the severe infarction cases and in the acute stages of infarction circulatory changes could be found in a great number of areas. In patients with manifest diabetes abnormal circulatory findings occurred in larger regions and in a greater number of the patients than in those without that disease. Although the luxury perfusion and diaschisis phenomena, as well as the influence of cross-over of the count rates between the hemispheres, reduce circulatory time differences, use of the present pertechnetate method allows detection of subtle regional circulatory changes in patients with brain infarction.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Glomerular representation of plant volatiles and sex pheromone components in the antennal lobe of the female Spodoptera littoralis.

We studied the projection patterns of antennal lobe (AL) interneurones sensitive to plant volatiles and female-produced sex pheromone components in the female moth, Spodoptera littoralis. Ten compounds (eight plant-derived compounds and two sex pheromone components) were singly applied to the antenna and, using intracellular recording and staining techniques, the physiological and morphological characteristics of responding neurones were investigated. In addition, ALs stained with a synapsin antibody were optically sectioned using confocal microscopy, and a three-dimensional map of glomeruli in the anterior aspect of the AL was reconstructed. We used the map as a reference for identification of glomeruli innervated by projection neurones (PNs) that respond to plant volatiles and/or pheromone components. Nineteen PNs, responding to one to seven compounds of the ten tested stimuli, were stained with neurobiotin. These neurones each arborised in a single glomerulus in the frontal side of the AL. PNs responding to the same compound arborised in different glomeruli and PNs arborising in the same glomerulus responded to different compounds. Accordingly, glomeruli harbouring the dendritic arborisations of PNs responding to each of the tested compounds constituted a unique array of glomeruli that were not necessarily adjacent. It was thus clear that, at the output level, a single plant volatile or a sex pheromone component was not represented within a single glomerulus in the AL. We expect complex patterns of glomeruli to be involved in the coding of plant-derived compounds, as well as sex pheromone components, in female S. littoralis.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Logical types and ostensive insight.

Discrimination of analogic and digital modes in communication allows clearer distinction of transference (mutative) and extra-transference interpretation. Relying on explicit formulation, Strachey introduces 'implicit' mutative interpretation, which is explicitly extra-transferential but transferential as to process. Each interpretive verbalization has an analogic impact pertaining to the analogic unconscious level of archaic objects, and its emitter--the analyst--is its propositional subject. Interpretation can afford to be as explicit as possible inasmuch as it retains the metalevel in which the analyst can remain as third-party to what he formulates, but it must be gradual in making explicit the archaic object he actualizes. It is by 'withholding'--as Strachey says--the validation of the archaic relational analogic 'psychic reality' that is the referent of interpretive 'mapping', and not be verbal 'mapping' in itself, that the 'judgement of reality' underlying ostensive insight comes into play.

Awareness↗

PubMed1990

A Macintosh program for the management of biological samples generated by recombinant DNA techniques.

A series of Macintosh HyperCard Stacks have been developed to organize DNA clones. Four different levels of organization have been designed: the individual data cards including links to restriction maps and literature reference cards, the boxes in which the individual test tubes are organized, the freezers in which the boxes are kept and the laboratories where the freezers are found. A data base of all the commercially available DNA cloning vectors has been developed to illustrate how these stacks can be used to organize clones according to a functional hierarchy.

DNA Restriction Enzymes↗

PubMed1988

Contamination of a monoclonal antibody with LDH-virus causes interferon induction.

Interferon induction occurred unexpectedly during an in vivo study using a mouse monoclonal antibody. The interferon was typed alpha/beta and the titer reached a maximum at 24 hours in contrast with other inducers. Similar results were obtained with a virus pool derived from the antibody and with a LDV reference strain. MAP-testing of the monoclonal antibody revealed contamination with lactate dehydrogenase virus (LDV). The production of IFN seems to be controlled genetically. This experimental error demonstrates the importance of an appropriate quality control of biological materials.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

EEG mapping: current status and future prospects.

EEG mapping is the topographical display of parameters evaluated from multichannel EEG recordings. Different problems connected with EEG mapping are: number of electrodes, interpolation between electrodes, types of reference and statistical treatment of maps. These problems are discussed briefly and examples are given. To complete this report, a short historical background along with some comments about the clinical settings have been provided and attention given to future prospects.

Brain Mapping↗