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PubMedDate not supplied

[Probiotics--possibilities and limitations of their application in food, animal feed, and in pharmaceutical preparations for men and animals].

Probiotics are cultures of special microorganisms, which have been used as feed additives since the seventies of the past century and already since the twenties in food specimen and in pharmaceuticals. The definition of "Probioticum" was formulated in 1974 simultaneously with the use of living cultures in feed for various animals in order to substitute the application of nutritive antibiotics or chemotherapeutics. In the meantime probiotics are applied not only as feed supplements or pharmaceuticals but increasingly in suitable food specimens such as dairy products, fruit juices, chocolates, and even meat products. Of course, heating of such products prior to consumption or application must be ruled out. The selection of a suitable strain of a microorganism can be regarded as the primary requirement for the use as a probiotic. These cultures must be able to pass the stomach-duodenum barrier in a viable state and to multiply at the site of destination in the intestine. Additionally, they must be capable of producing antagonistic metabolites against a dominating saprophytic microflora resulting in a competitive growth. These abilities are common among lactic acid bacteria, e.g. lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Yet, intended autochthonous species do not possess very good technological features for the enrichment in food specimens, because their viability will decrease rapidly under unfavourable conditions as it is the case with mineral supplements in feed or with low acidity in fermented dairy products. Therefore, some other microorganisms like spore-forming species or yeast cultures were introduced as probiotic components. These possess some similar features which render them suitable for probiotic use. But their physiological and ecological traits do not qualify them as probiotics of first choice. The special efficacy of probiotics must be strictly verified in animal nutrition due to restrictive EC-regulations, in pharmacy due to legal restraints, and in food applications in accordance with food law regulations. Safety aspects are considered very restrictively in feed applications, in the food and pharmaceutical sector they should be in accordance with the intended purpose of "fulfilling health claims". In the presented review the different requirements for the application of probiotics in animal nutrition, in food, and in pharmaceuticals will be provided. The special effect of competitive exclusion of pathogenetic and toxinogenic microorganisms in fowl performance are mentioned and even the application of probiotics as marine aquacultures of fish and Crustaceae will be included. Furthermore, the safety aspects resulting from the tremendous amount of industrially produced cultures which are distributed into the environment will be discussed. In conclusion it may be pointed out that probiotics may serve to partially replace the presently reduced or even prohibited application of nutritive antibiotics or chemotherapeutics in animal nutrition and in fulfillment of health claims in man and animals. Economic and environmental aspects will reduce the overall application of probiotics world-wide. Restrictions of use and controls of efficacy and safety are essential and must be implemented periodically.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1975

The simulated tutorial. Method for assessing medical school applicants.

The simulated tutorial is a method for selecting medical students by their performance in a small problem-solving group, currently being tested at McMaster University. Four hundred and thirty-two applicants were randomly allocated to groups consisting of 5 or 6 members, assigned a group leader, and asked to work through two unstructured problem situations in a 50-minute session. Assessors, seated behind a one-way mirror, evaluated applicants according to their abilities to relate to their peers, to function in the group, and to define issues in the problem situations. Feedback from the assessors and applicants suggests that the simulated tutorial is potentially useful as a selection tool. All assessors thought they were able to evaluate the 5 or 6 applicants in the group in the time provided. Nearly 80% of the applicants who anonymously returned questionnaires felt they were able to express themselves during their simulated tutorial. The data also suggest that applicants with experience in small groups and applicants previously rated as having outstanding 'personal qualities' are given higher ratings than other applicants. A validation study of the simulated tutorial, comparing individual's scores with evaluations of performance in tutorial groups in the undergraduate M.D. programme, is currently in progress.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1965

A PILOT STUDY OF APPLICATIONS TO THE FOUR ONTARIO MEDICAL SCHOOLS FOR ADMISSION TO THE FIRST PROFESSIONAL YEAR.

In the fall of 1964, newspaper accounts of the medical school applicant situation in Canada reported that hundreds of fully qualified applicants were being turned away because of shortage of places. Such reports precipitated a pilot study of the applications received by the four Ontario medical schools for the first professional year of medicine and it was found, first of all, that the total of 1352 applications represented only 880 individuals. Nearly 32% of these applicants were American and 18% were citizens of Commonwealth or other countries. While a majority of the applicants met the minimal requirements of the schools, very few of the rejected applicants had academic records that justified admission when the informal standards of the schools were applied. It was concluded that it is erroneous to speak of a surplus of well-qualified applicants at the present time and that the need for recruiting programs still remains.

Canada↗

PubMed2003

[Dynamic simulation of nitrogen application level effects on rice yield and optimization analysis of fertilizer supply in paddy field].

Field and water tank plot experiments were conducted in Zhejiang Province in 1999 to determine the effects of nitrogen application amount and times on rice growth and yield, and rice growth simulation model ORYZA-0 and nitrogen management module were used to establish a modified nitrogen effect-rice growth model. The simulated results presented a higher positive relationship with the measured results. According to the simulated and measured results, 160 kg.hm-2 was the economic nitrogen application amount for two rice varieties production, and the nitrogen application strategies were: 1) < 100 kg.hm-2 nitrogen fertilizer should be applied within 35 days after transplanting; 2) when the nitrogen application level was between 100-200 kg.hm-2, it should be applied within 45 days after transplanting; 3) if the nitrogen application amount exceeded 200 kg.hm-2, it should be put into paddy field within 60 days after transplanting; 4) as the nitrogen application amount increased, the nitrogen supply at the later rice growth stage should be increased. As for the second cropping rice, the more times the nitrogen applied in the field, the more closeness the rice yield reached the APCUM curve(optimized nitrogen curve) suggested. But in real rice production, it is impossible for farmers to adopt more times of N applying, since labor and cost will increase. Based on the experimental parameters and real rice production situation, the reasonable nitrogen application under 160 kg.hm-2 levels for high yielding second cropping rice was split into 4 times with fraction 0.2:0.3:0.3:0.2 at 5, 20, 30, 40 days after transplanting. The rice yield could reach 5,916 kg.hm-2, resulted in a 3.12% increase as compared with the yield under actual fertilizer application amount and timing.

Crops, Agricultural↗

PubMed2004

[Effects of different application rates of humic acid compound fertilizer on pepper and its mechanism of anti-senility and incremental yield].

The effects of different application rates of humic acid compound fertilizer (HA) on the yield and physiological characteristics of pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) were studied in this paper. The results showed that different application rates of (HA) could affect the physiological activities and yield of pepper. The nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and peroxidase (POD) activity were improved with increasing application rate, but the change rate of NRA was reduced gradually. POD activity in inorganic compound fertilizer treatment was improved significantly when the application rate of fertilizer was higher than 0.3 g.kg-1, but that in HA treatment changed smoothly. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was improved significantly when the application rate of fertilizer was lower than 0.2 g.kg-1, and decreased gradually when the application rate was higher than 0.2 g.kg-1. The change of transpiration rate was consistent with that of SOD activity. The relationship between the application rate of fertilizer and the yield of pepper could be described with quadratic curve regression model. According to the equation, the highest application rate of HA should be 0.27 g.kg-1, and the highest yield of pepper could reach 165.22 g per pot.

Capsicum↗

PubMed2004

Comparison of Cervical Spine Motion During Application Among 4 Rigid Immobilization Collars.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the cervical spine range of motion that occurred during application of 4 rigid cervical immobilization collars, the time of application, and the amount of active range of motion available after application. DESIGN AND SETTING: We evaluated the amount of cervical motion that occurred during application of 4 commonly used collars: NECLOC (NL), StifNeck (SN), StifNeck Select (SNS), and Rapid Form Vacuum Immobilizer (VI). Each clinician applied a properly sized collar to both a small- and medium-size model 3 times. After application, active range-of-motion testing was completed with the subject in the supine and seated positions. SUBJECTS: A total of 17 certified athletic trainers participated. MEASUREMENTS: We used 3-dimensional kinematic head and thorax data to calculate peak angular displacement, total linear distance, and total angular distance during application and peak angular displacement during supine and seated range-of-motion testing. Application time was calculated during each trial. RESULTS: Significant differences between collars were noted for application time, total linear distance, and total angular distance (P<.01). The SN and SNS were applied significantly faster and with significantly less total linear distance and total angular distance than the NL and the VI collars. The NL was applied significantly faster and with significantly less total linear distance and total angular distance than the VI. During supine and seated active range-of-motion tests, the SN and SNS permitted significantly less cervical flexion-extension, rotation, and lateral flexion than the NL and VI. CONCLUSIONS: Of the collars tested, the SN and SNS appear to be the optimal collars for use by certified athletic trainers. They were applied with the least motion in the fastest time and provided superior restriction during active range-of-motion testing.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Demographics and quality profile of applicants to pediatric dentistry residencies.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to use Postdoctoral Application Support Service (PASS) data to study the quality and demographic trends for pediatric dentistry residency applicants. METHODS: PASS data on grade point average (GPA) and National Dental Board Exam, Part I (NBI) scores were used to determine applicant quality. PASS demographic data included: (1) gender; (2) citizenship; (3) ethnicity; (4) previous practice of dentistry; and (5) completion of a residency or internship. RESULTS: GPAs showed a significant increase for the 6 years investigated. NBI scores also indicated a significant increase. Significantly more females than males applied to pediatric dentistry residencies. A significant increase in US/Canadian applicants was found. Ethnicity was similar to that of dental school graduates, with minor exceptions. In several of the years studied, there were significant differences in applicants who previously practiced dentistry or completed a residency/internship vs applicants who had no such previous experience. CONCLUSIONS: Significant increases in grade point averages and National Dental Board Exam, Part I scores suggest a high quality of pediatric dentistry residency applicants and this trend seem to be continuing. There are significantly more female than male applicants. More research is warranted on actual acceptance data.

Canada↗

PubMed1991

Application development in the DeSyGNER environment: dynamic assembly of independent information resources via direct manipulation authoring.

Dynamic assembly of applications from diverse and possibly disparate collections of information components is a key element for powerful information management environments. Traditional methods of application development hinder flexible integration of information components because they treat computer programs as single units of functionality; inter-application connections and sharing of intra-application information components are achieved only by special cooperation between program authors. We have created a multimedia applications development architecture called DeSyGNER (the Decision Systems Group Nucleus of Extensible Resources) that provides a generalized framework for the inter-connection of independently developed units into applications. By focusing on composition methods or paradigms for constructing applications from modular, reusable units, DeSyGNER fosters sharing and cooperation in application development.

Authorship↗

PubMed1966

Applications and enrolments at the Western medical schools: a study of medical matriculants for 1964.

All applicants and those who subsequently enrolled for the 1964-65 session in the Western medical schools were studied with the hope that it would encourage a national registration of applicants. Seven hundred and sixty-four applicants completed 865 applications for 288 places in four schools. Although the principal factor in selecting medical students in all Western schools is pre-medical performance, 49 "good-quality" (academically of good standing and under 30 years of age) resident applicants were not accepted in their own provincial school, and 49 places were filled with "poor-quality" students.The loss of good applicants to the Western medical schools and the 20% overlap of each school's applicant pool with that of other schools suggests that objective standards of quality must be developed, and that a regular annual national assessment of applicants should be conducted by the Association of Canadian Medical Colleges.

Canada↗

PubMed1996

Cyclosporin-A and its metabolites in the anterior chamber after topical and systemic application as determined with high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry.

Penetration of cyclosporin A (CSA) into the anterior chamber through the intact cornea after topical application is difficult due to its hydrophobic structure. Following systemic application the anterior-chamber levels of CSA are reported to be higher. CSA metabolites are more hydrophilic than CSA. Only high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry allows exact quantification of the CSA level and the identification of all CSA metabolites. We studied the anterior-chamber levels of CSA and different CSA metabolites after topical and systemic application. CSA and CSA-metabolite anterior-chamber levels were measured in 49 patients after topical application of CSA 2% eye drops preceding routine cataract surgery with 2 different application schemes and in 7 patients receiving systemic CSA after high-risk penetrating keratoplasty. After topical application the average CSA level measured in the anterior chamber was 81 ng/ml. The CSA-metabolite levels were much higher, reaching an average of 378 ng/ml. After systemic therapy the anterior-chamber levels of CSA and of the metabolites were much more balanced at 256 and 317 ng/ml, respectively. CSA penetrates into the anterior chamber after topical eye-drop application, but these levels are much lower than those measured after systemic CSA therapy. After topical application the CSA metabolites might play an important role; they are found in the anterior chamber in much higher concentrations than is CSA, and the metabolite pattern differs from that seen after systemic therapy. The relevance of these findings to the immunosuppressive activity of the CSA metabolites, however, remains unclear.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1997

[Preparatory courses for applicants for medical studies].

From 1991, the First Medical Faculty of the Charles University arranges for applicants for the medical study two-semester preparatory courses paid by the applicants. Their purpose is to improve knowledge of high-school physics, chemistry and biology with orientation to model questions published by the faculty [1, 2, 3]. Variants of 100-questions sets for the examination are generated by a computer and they are altered every year [4]. Two types of preparatory courses are available. Type A--every Monday and Tuesday between 17.00 and 18.45, physics and chemistry in odd weeks, biology and Latin in even weeks. Latin is not a discipline considered during the admission examination, however, managing of its basic knowledge facilitates not only understanding problems considered in the other disciplines, but it is particularly useful for learning the special terminology in the first year of the study of medicine. Course of type B is held once a month, on Saturdays between 8.30 and 14.00 and it is particularly designed for applicants residing beyond the capital city of Prague. In the course of 10 semesters implemented, 980 and 1,410 students passed through courses of type A and B, respectively [5, 6]. The purpose of our analysis was to evaluate the difference between results of admission procedure of applicants who participated and of those who did not participate in the preparatory course. Basic data were yielded by the Department of Students of the Deans Office. We considered the number of applicants, their results in the course of their four years of study at high schools and the number of points acquired in physical, chemical and biological tests. We furthermore obtained applications for preparatory courses in school years 1993/94 and 1994/95. The results were processed with the help of data base programs Access and Excel (Microsoft). In each of the years of interest, the applicants were divided into four groups depending on the type of the study: 1--medicine (L) and 2--stomatology (S) or depending on whether 3--they were registered in preparatory courses or 4--not. The analysis carried out resulted in the following conclusion: a--both groups of applicants (registered and not registered in preparatory courses) had comparable study results during the last four years of their high-school study; b--in the admission procedure, students, who passed through preparatory courses, achieved undoubtedly better results in comparison with those who did not pass through these course, which holds in medicine as well as stomatology; c--there was about the same improvement of knowledge of physics, chemistry and biology in both types of the preparatory courses.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1997

Applicants to B.Sc.N., R.N., and R.P.N. nursing programs: differences and predictors.

We surveyed 205 applicants to three types of nursing programs (B.Sc.N., diploma-R.N., and diploma-R.N.A.) offered in Toronto, Ontario. Applicants were predominately white, unmarried women living within commuting distance of the institutions to which they applied. Applicants to practical nursing programs tended to be older than applicants to B.Sc.N. and diploma-R.N. programs, be married, have at least one dependant, come from blue-collar families, be out of school longer, and submit fewer applications. Applicants with dependants were 11 times more likely to choose R.P.N. over R.N. programs. Recency of graduation and high school average were predictive of choosing B.Sc.N. over R.N. programs. While this 1992 cohort had some appreciation for the challenges facing the nursing profession, most applicants still expected to secure full-time employment in acute care post-graduation. The data provide an important benchmark for comparing current and future cohorts of applicants with respect to socio-demographic characteristics and expectations of nursing as a career choice.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Profiles of applicants for junior faculty posts to teach anatomy in the UK: changing populations of candidates.

This study was undertaken to document the popularity of appointments as temporary lecturer in anatomy (TLA) at the University of Manchester during the period 1991-1998, and to profile the applicants for the posts. Data concerning 465 applicants were collated from departmental records and application forms. Prior to 1996, there were about seven applicants per post and most were men who intended to pursue surgical careers. The mean age of the applicants was 26 years, range 22-61 years. Graduates of Manchester University formed 28% of applicants, non-UK graduates 11%, and 52% possessed qualifications additional to their medical degrees. After 1996, there were fewer applicants, about three per post, who were somewhat older, mean age 30 years, range 21-52 years, and from more diverse backgrounds; 40% were non-UK graduates. The probable reasons for the decline in popularity of the appointments are explored.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Misrepresentation of research citations among medical school faculty applicants.

PURPOSE: A descriptive study of bibliographic misrepresentations by applicants to medical school faculty positions. METHOD: The authors reviewed 250 1995 faculty applicant bibliographies from eight medical institutions, representing six medical specialities. Using computerized library database searches or direct retrieval, they evaluated the legitimacy of each journal, abstract, and book citation. The authors classified and tabulated the following discrepancies as misrepresentations: (1) citing a nonexistent article in an existent source, (2) claiming authorship on an article that did not list the applicant as an author, and (3) altering authorship order to enhance the applicant's position. RESULTS: The authors found 56 misrepresented citations among 2,149 verified articles (2.6%). These misrepresentations were distributed among 39 applicants (15.6%; 95% CI, 11.5% to 20.9%); 11 of whom (4.4%) had multiple discrepancies. Sixty-eight percent of all misrepresentations were due to discrepancies in authorship order, while journal citations constituted the most frequent source of misrepresentation (77%). CONCLUSIONS: Misrepresentation of bibliographic citations does exist among medical school faculty applicants. One possible solution to this problem would be to require applicants to document their bibliographic citations.

Authorship↗

PubMed1999

Misrepresentation of research criteria by orthopaedic residency applicants.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that applicants for postgraduate training may misrepresent research citations. We evaluated the research citations that were identified in a review of the Publications and Work and Research sections from the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) data for all applicants to our orthopaedic residency program for the 1998 to 1999 academic year. METHODS: The citations were searched for on Medline. We initially used the name of the first author, then the name of the applicant, the name of the journal, the volume number, the issue number, and the page numbers. When a journal was not listed in Medline, an interlibrary search was instituted with use of the same format. When no match was made for any category, the citation was defined as misrepresented. Point estimates are reported as percentages. RESULTS: Publications were listed on sixty-four (30.0 percent) of 213 applications. One hundred and thirty-eight publications were cited; there were fifteen citations (10.9 percent) to book chapters, twenty-six (18.8 percent) to journals not listed in Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory, and twenty-one (15.2 percent) to articles listed as in press, in print, or submitted for publication. Seventy-six articles that had been cited as appearing in journals listed in Ulrich's Directory were checked and verified. Fourteen (18 percent) of these seventy-six publications were misrepresented. Misrepresentations included citations of nonexistent articles in actual journals and nonauthorship of existing articles. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that publications listed on postgraduate applications should be scrutinized carefully. Copies of cited publications should be required by residency programs before applications are considered complete. The importance of professionalism needs to be emphasized in the curricula of medical schools. Residency training programs should develop guidelines regarding misrepresentation.

Authorship↗

PubMed2002

Healthcare telematic applications in Cyprus.

OBJECTIVES: a) To present a review of ongoing health telematic applications in Cyprus. b) To promote the use of these health telematic applications in the Cyprus region. c) To help in the spin off of other health telematic applications thus enabling the offering of a better health service to the citizens. METHODS AND RESULTS: The health telematics applications include a medical system for emergency telemedicine (AMBULANCE and EMERGENCY-112 projects), a system for the evaluation of the risk of stroke by telemedicine (EROS), a diagnostic telepathology network in gynaecological cancer (TELEGYN), a collaborative virtual medical team for home healthcare of cancer patients (DITIS), and a health telematics training network (HEALTHNET). The paper refers to the set-up and characteristics of these applications and tries to relate them with the health policies that should be applied in Cyprus. CONCLUSIONS: It is anticipated that this paper will promote the importance of health telematics applications for Cyprus and increase the awareness on the possibilities that these applications offer for health policies in all levels of health related human resources.

Ambulances↗

PubMed2006

Context-aware workflow management of mobile health applications.

We propose a medical application management architecture that allows medical (IT) experts readily designing, developing and deploying context-aware mobile health (m-health) applications or services. In particular, we elaborate on how our application workflow management architecture enables chaining, coordinating, composing, and adapting context-sensitive medical application components such that critical Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Context (QoC) requirements typical for m-health applications or services can be met. This functional architectural support requires learning modules for distilling application-critical selection of attention and anticipation models. These models will help medical experts constructing and adjusting on-the-fly m-health application workflows and workflow strategies. We illustrate our context-aware workflow management paradigm for a m-health data delivery problem, in which optimal communication network configurations have to be determined.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed2005

Intra-anal and rectal application of L-erythro methoxamine gel increases anal resting pressure in healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the effect of a single local application of L-erythro methoxamine, an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist, on mean anal resting pressure (MARP) and cardiovascular variables in healthy volunteers. METHODS: L-Erythro methoxamine gel was administered in a single-blind manner; 0.3-3 per cent gels were applied perianally (n = 12), 1-3 per cent gels intra-anally (n = 16) and 1 per cent gel rectally (n = 8). MARP, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were measured before application and for up to 6 h afterwards. Blood samples were taken to estimate plasma drug levels. RESULTS: Perianal gel produced no increase in MARP. Intra-anal 1 per cent and 3 per cent gel produced a significant rapid rise in MARP for 4 and 5 h respectively after application (P = 0.012 and P = 0.017 respectively). Rectal 1 per cent gel increased MARP for 2 h after application (P = 0.036). Intra-anal gel resulted in an increase in systolic blood pressure (1 per cent gel at 2 h, P = 0.042; 3 per cent gel at 4 h, P = 0.017). One per cent intra-anal and rectal gels caused a decrease in the pulse rate for 2 h after application (P = 0.012 and P = 0.018 respectively). Six subjects complained of nausea and three of headache after gel application. CONCLUSION: Intra-anal and rectal gel produced a sustained rise in MARP with rapid onset in volunteers. This raises the possibility of a therapeutic application for L-erythro methoxamine in patients with passive incontinence and internal anal sphincter dysfunction.

Administration, Rectal↗