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PubMed1977

Auditory perception of spatiotemporal patterns.

To test the tendency of subjects to perceptually organize discrete temporal patterns with regard to runs of identical stimulus events, spatiotemporal patterns of white noise were presented for reproduction. The subjects in Experiment I began their reproductions with the true starting points of the patterns, but the subjects in Experiment II, who could not perceive the true starting points, began their reproductions with either long or short runs. It is suggested that changes in runs of auditory patterns are perceptually analogous to changes in contours of visual patterns.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1998

Central auditory processing disorder in school-aged children: a critical review.

The rationale to evaluate for central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) in school-aged children is based on the assumption that an auditory-specific perceptual deficit underlies many learning problems including specific reading and language disabilities. A fundamental issue in this area is whether convincing empirical evidence exists to validate this proposition. Herein, we consider the issue of modality specificity by examining the extent to which reading, language, and attention disorders in school-aged children involve perceptual dysfunctions limited to a single sensory modality. Difficulty in validating CAPD as a diagnostic label is due in large part to use of the unimodal inclusive framework, which has biased the diagnosis to favor sensitivity of test results over documenting the specificity of the deficit. Indeed, empirical research documenting modality-specific auditory-perceptual dysfunction in this population is scarce. Therefore, the existing literature on this topic has not clarified the "true" nature of the problem, and has left many questions about this disorder unanswered. It is argued that demonstrating modality specificity is one way to rule out supramodal disorders as explanations for observed dysfunction. Multimodal perceptual testing is one logical approach to help clarify this area of investigation.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2006

Auditory pattern recognition and brief tone discrimination of children with reading disorders.

UNLABELLED: Auditory pattern recognition skills in children with reading disorders were investigated using perceptual tests involving discrimination of frequency and duration tonal patterns. A behavioral test battery involving recognition of the pattern of presentation of tone triads was used in which individual components differed in either frequency or duration. A test involving measurement of difference limens for long and short duration tones was also administered. In comparison to controls, children with reading disorders exhibited significantly higher error rates in discrimination of duration and frequency patterns, as well as larger brief tone frequency difference limens. These results suggest that difficulties in the recognition and processing of auditory patterns may co-occur with decoding deficits in children with reading disorders. LEARNING OUTCOMES: (1) As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to identify a relationship between reading and temporal processing. (2) As a result of this activity, the reader will be able to discuss the difference between sight-word decoding and phonological decoding. (3) As a result of this activity, the reader will be able to explain a relationship between reading skills and the identification of auditory patterns.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1978

Using competing speech to estimate articulatory automatization in children: the possible effect of masking level and subject grade.

In order to study the possible influence of masking level and subject grade on a procedure for determining a child's articulatory automatization (Manning et al., 1976) 47 first and second grade and 49 third and fourth grade children were administered the McDonald Deep Test of Articulation under one of five conditions of auditory masking (earphones only, or presentation of competing speech at 50, 60, 70, or 80 dB SPL). Results indicated no significant difference in subject performance across the factors of masking level and subject grade. The findings suggest that these factors do not appear to be critical in the clinical application of the suggested procedure for estimating children's automatization of newly acquired phonemes.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Co-distribution of sensory gating and impaired niacin flush response in the parents of schizophrenics.

Complex illnesses may result from the interaction or addition of multiple factors. We examined the familial co-distribution of two abnormalities common in schizophrenia: impaired auditory sensory gating and impaired flush response to niacin. In ten families, the obligate carrier parent had sensory-gating deficits, while eight of the ten parents without a family history of schizophrenia had impaired flush response. No parents had both deficits. The data are consistent with a theory suggesting the interaction of these two factors in some cases of schizophrenia.

Evoked Potentials, Auditory↗
PubMed1992

Infant auditory temporal acuity: gap detection.

The development of auditory temporal acuity during infancy was examined in 3-, 6-, and 12-month-old infants and in adults using the gap detection paradigm. Listeners detected a series of gaps, or silent intervals, or variable duration in a broadband noise. In order to vary the acoustic frequencies available to the listener, a high-pass noise was used to mask frequencies above specified cutoffs. High-pass maskers with cutoffs of 500, 2,000, and 8,000 Hz were used. The minimum detectable gap was determined using the Observer-based Psychoacoustic Procedure. The thresholds of 3- and 6-month-olds were considerably poorer than those of the adults, although the effect of masker condition was about the same for these 3 groups. The thresholds of 12-month-olds were significantly worse than the adults when the stimulus was unmasked or when the masker cutoff frequency was 2,000 or 8,000 Hz. When the masker cutoff frequency was 500 Hz, 12-month-olds fell into 2 groups: some had gap thresholds that were about the same as 3- and 6-month-olds, while some had gap thresholds that approached those of adults. In a second experiment, a larger group of 12-month-olds were tested with a 500-Hz masker cutoff. Average performance of 12-month-olds was about the same as that of 3- and 6-month-olds in Experiment 1. Some infants attained thresholds close to those of adults. Thus, gap detection thresholds are quite poor in infants, although the similarity of the effect of frequency on performance in infants and adults suggests that the mechanisms governing temporal resolution in infants operate qualitatively like those in adults.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toward the development of an objective index of dysphonia severity: a four-factor acoustic model.

During assessment and management of individuals with voice disorders, clinicians routinely attempt to describe or quantify the severity of a patient's dysphonia. This investigation used acoustic measures derived from sustained vowel samples to predict dysphonia severity (as determined by auditory-perceptual ratings), for a diverse set of voice samples obtained from 134 adult females, with and without voice disorders. Stepwise multiple regression analysis on all voice samples, followed by randomized and repeated cross-validation (random selection of 75% of the original 134 voice sample corpus; 100 iterations) indicated that a four-variable model comprised of time and spectral-based acoustic measures was able to strongly predict perceived severity of dysphonia (mean R = .880; mean R(2) = .775). A cepstral-based measure (CPP/EXP ratio) was determined to be the most significant contributor to the prediction of dysphonia severity, though it is clear that the addition of other acoustic measures (pitch sigma; shimmer (dB); and the Discrete Fourier Transformation ratio, a measure of low versus high frequency spectral energy) add substantially to the accurate prediction of severity. The results are interpreted and discussed with respect to the key acoustic characteristics that contributed to the prediction of severity, the value of identifying a subset of time and spectral-based acoustic measures which appear sensitive to a perceptually diverse set of voices, and the possible use of acoustic models in guiding auditory-perceptual ratings.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Abnormality in the self-monitoring mechanism in patients with fibromyalgia and somatoform pain disorder.

BACKGROUND: Auditory hallucinations and passivity experiences are associated with an abnormality in the self-monitoring mechanism that normally allows us to distinguish self-produced from externally produced sensations. It is unclear if chronic central pain disorders such as fibromyalgia and somatoform pain disorders also involve a defect of the self-monitoring mechanism. METHODS: Responses to tactile stimulation were assessed in four groups of subjects (N = 40): patients with fibromyalgia, patients with somatoform pain disorder, patients with schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations and/or passivity experiences, and normal control subjects. The subjects were asked to rate the perception of a tactile sensation on their left and right hands. The tactile stimulation was either self-produced by movement of the subject's right or left hand or externally produced by the experimenter. RESULTS: Normal control subjects experienced self-produced stimuli as less intense than identical, externally produced tactile stimuli. In contrast, patients with fibromyalgia, patients with somatoform pain disorder, and patients with schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations and/or passivity experiences gave the same perceptual ratings for tactile stimuli produced by themselves as those produced by the experimenter (intergroup difference, p = .043; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16-0.68). Post hoc tests revealed that this significance was mainly caused by the fibromyalgia (p = .046; 95% CI, -1.66-0.13) and the somatoform pain disorder group (p = .033; 95% CI, -1.71-0.06). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that central pain disorders such as fibromyalgia and somatoform pain disorders interfere with the correct functioning of the self-monitoring mechanism that normally allows us to distinguish self-produced from externally produced tactile stimuli.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Infant discrimination of rapid auditory cues predicts later language impairment.

The etiology and mechanisms of specific language impairment (SLI) in children are unknown. Differences in basic auditory processing abilities have been suggested to underlie their language deficits. Studies suggest that the neuropathology, such as atypical patterns of cerebral lateralization and cortical cellular anomalies, implicated in such impairments likely occur early in life. Such anomalies may play a part in the rapid processing deficits seen in this disorder. However, prospective, longitudinal studies in infant populations that are critical to examining these hypotheses have not been done. In the study described, performance on brief, rapidly-presented, successive auditory processing and perceptual-cognitive tasks were assessed in two groups of infants: normal control infants with no family history of language disorders and infants from families with a positive family history for language impairment. Initial assessments were obtained when infants were 6-9 months of age (M=7.5 months) and the sample was then followed through age 36 months. At the first visit, infants' processing of rapid auditory cues as well as global processing speed and memory were assessed. Significant differences in mean thresholds were seen in infants born into families with a history of SLI as compared with controls. Examination of relations between infant processing abilities and emerging language through 24 months-of-age revealed that threshold for rapid auditory processing at 7.5 months was the single best predictor of language outcome. At age 3, rapid auditory processing threshold and being male, together predicted 39-41% of the variance in language outcome. Thus, early deficits in rapid auditory processing abilities both precede and predict subsequent language delays. These findings support an essential role for basic nonlinguistic, central auditory processes, particularly rapid spectrotemporal processing, in early language development. Further, these findings provide a temporal diagnostic window during which future language impairments may be addressed.

Apgar Score↗
PubMed1983

[Psychopathology and various mechanisms contributing to the formation of the Kandinsky syndrome in acute alcoholic hallucinosis].

Forty patients with acute alcoholic hallucinosis associated with the Kandinsky syndrome were examined clinicopsychopathologically. Manifestation of the Kandinsky syndrome was limited by associative automatism in patients with stage II alcoholism with transient hallucinosis lasting 2-4 days. In patients with stage III alcoholism with more prolonged (6-9 days) psychoses, the non-extensive Kandinsky syndrome manifested itself in integrity. Psychopathological phenomena of the syndrome in the picture of acute alcoholic hallucinosis were notable for their descriptiveness, concreteness, extreme simplicity, and instability. Senestopathic and kinesthetic automatisms were localized at the sites of real painful disorders. Therefore, apart from cerebral disorders, the peripheral sensory mechanisms are considered to be of importance in the genesis of the Kandinsky syndrome.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Amusia and musicogenic epilepsy.

Amusia and musicogenic epilepsy are clinical disorders that provide a window into the localization of music in the brain. Classic clinical studies of patients with these disorders, coupled with more recent studies employing modern neuroimaging and sophisticated neuropsychologic paradigms, have converged in helping to elucidate the complex neural systems that are utilized in decoding music. The notion of cerebral dominance for music has been replaced by a concept of modular but interconnected networks that have wide bilateral localization in the brain and that are molded both by genetics and experience. These disorders also provide insight into the important interface between music and emotion.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1984

Hallucinations in children with conduct and emotional disorders: I. The clinical phenomena.

In a retrospective study, children referred to the Maudsley Hospital with conduct or emotional disorders who also suffered from hallucinations were found to be older than other children seen with similar diagnoses, more of them had below-average IQs and they were more frequently admitted as in-patients. In most cases hallucinations were auditory. When compared with a group of 20 controls matched on these differentiating features, the 20 children with hallucinations had more precipitants of illness, a shorter duration of the disorder, symptoms of depression, and a family history of mood changes. They also had more symptoms suggestive of cognitive-perceptual dysfunction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Crossmodal temporal order and processing acuity in developmentally dyslexic young adults.

We investigated crossmodal temporal performance in processing rapid sequential nonlinguistic events in developmentally dyslexic young adults (ages 20-36 years) and an age- and IQ-matched control group in audiotactile, visuotactile, and audiovisual combinations. Two methods were used for estimating 84% correct temporal acuity thresholds: temporal order judgment (TOJ) and temporal processing acuity (TPA). TPA requires phase difference detection: the judgment of simultaneity/nonsimultaneity of brief stimuli in two parallel, spatially separate triplets. The dyslexic readers' average temporal performance was somewhat poorer in all six comparisons; in audiovisual comparisons the group differences were not statistically significant, however. A principal component analysis indicated that temporal acuity and phonological awareness are related in dyslexic readers. The impairment of temporal input processing seems to be a general correlative feature of dyslexia in children and adults, but the overlap in performance between dyslexic and normal readers suggests that it is not a sufficient reason for developmental reading difficulties.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The auditory basis of language impairments: temporal processing versus processing efficiency hypotheses.

Claims have been made that language-impaired children have deficits processing rapidly presented or brief sensory information. These claims, known as the 'temporal processing hypothesis', are supported by demonstrations that language-impaired children have excess backward masking (BM). One explanation for these results is that BM is developmentally delayed in these children. However, little was known about how BM normally develops. Recently, we assessed BM in normally developing 6- and 8-year-old children and adults. Results showed that BM thresholds continue to improve over a comparatively protracted period (>10 years old). We also analysed reported deficits in BM in language-impaired and younger children, in terms of a model of temporal resolution. This analysis suggests that poor processing efficiency, rather than deficits in temporal resolution, can account for these results. This 'processing efficiency hypothesis' was recently tested in our laboratory. This experiment measured BM as a function of delays between the tone and the noise in children and adults. Results supported the processing efficiency hypothesis, and suggested that reduced processing efficiency alone could account for differences between adults and children. These findings provide a new perspective on the mechanisms underlying communication disorders, and imply that remediation strategies should be directed towards improving processing efficiency, not temporal resolution.

Auditory Threshold↗