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PubMed1975

Effects of increased teacher support on young children's learning.

6 groups of middle-class children (N = 116) received training in a motor skill, skipping, and a cognitive task, conservation of substance, under 2 conditions of teacher supportive behavior. Children in 3 treatment groups received instruction under the condition of increased teacher support, while instruction was given with nonvaried teacher support to 3 control groups. Experimental and control group gain scores on the 2 learning tasks were compared. Findings suggested that preschool children, especially girls, benefit significantly by increased teacher support in learning a motor skill, but greater gain was made in the cognitive area when receiving training under the condition of nonvaried teacher support.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Systematic reviews of bladder training and voiding programmes in adults: a synopsis of findings from data analysis and outcomes using metastudy techniques.

AIM: This paper reports a comparison of the data analysis and outcomes from four Cochrane systematic reviews on bladder training and voiding programmes for the management of urinary incontinence using metastudy descriptive techniques to inform clinical practice, generate new ideas and identify future research directions. BACKGROUND: Bladder training is used for cognitively and physically able adults to regain continence by increasing the time interval between voids. Prompted voiding, habit retraining and timed voiding, collectively known as voiding programmes, are generally used for people with cognitive and physical impairments in institutional settings. Bladder training and voiding programmes feature as common clinical practice for the management of urinary incontinence. METHODS: A synopsis of four Cochrane systematic reviews that included randomized controlled trials on bladder training, prompted voiding, habit retraining and timed voiding was undertaken using metastudy techniques for the synthesis of qualitative research, and has provided a discursive comparison and contrast of the meta-data analysis and outcomes of these reviews. RESULTS: Frequency of incontinence was the most common and constant outcome measure of effectiveness in the reviews. Limited data were available on other health outcomes, change in dependency status, quality of life and cost-effectiveness. The systematic review on bladder training included different types of urinary incontinence, whereas those on voiding programmes did not differentiate the type of incontinence. There is evidence on the effectiveness of bladder training but long-term follow up studies are needed. Evidence on the effectiveness of voiding programmes is limited and not available for many outcomes. CONCLUSION: Future research needs to consider the theory underpinning interventions for bladder training and voiding programmes for urinary incontinence and should incorporate recognized 'quality' research designs, established outcomes and long-term follow up. It is unclear whether health outcomes for people with comorbidities, cognitive and physical impairments will improve if extensive diagnostic and assessment investigations are undertaken.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Meditative stress coping program with psychosomatic patients].

A stress management training for ambulant psychosomatic patients has been developed. Essential parts of the intervention are meditative body relaxation (Kum Nye) and meditative cognitive restructuring. The training has been applied to psychosomatic patients with various kinds of diagnosis in a total of 14 group sessions. The following indicators of therapy success have been assessed: Positive and negative self-communication, positive and negative emotionality, depression, bodily complaints, number of days with bodily complaints and 12 coping scales. Results are reported in agglomerated single case judgements. In the intervention group 55% of the participants showed improvements vs. 14% in the waiting-list-control group. The significant results are appraised as clinically not fully satisfying; possible improvements of the intervention are discussed. Hints to a contraindication with abdominal complaints are given.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Training staff to prevent aggressive behavior of cognitively impaired elderly patients during bathing and grooming.

1. Cognitively impaired elderly patients often become aggressive toward caregivers who are providing assistance with bathing and grooming, but caregivers can learn methods to prevent or reduce some of the aggression. 2. The R.E.S.P.E.C.T. model describes key practices caregivers can use to better meet patient needs and reduce aggression, increasing their understanding and skill. 3. In addition to training, observation of performance and consultation are important steps in enabling caregivers to apply and maintain their skills.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Computer-based rehabilitation of cognitive impairments and motor arm function of patients with hemiparesis after stroke].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of the computer program made for the patients after stroke to treat their cognitive impairments and hemiparesis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The experimental group involved 10 patients after stroke who were obliged to train on a computer every day during their three-week stay on the rehabilitation ward. The control group involved 10 patients after stroke who did not participate in any computer training during their rehabilitation process. The first part of the computer tasks trains the attention impairments and visual-motor co-ordination problems. We modified the joystick by adding special buttons to train movements of the wrist, thumb and forefinger of the impaired hand. Computer tasks are made in the way to stimulate both the cognitive functions and hand dexterity at the same time. RESULTS: This initial research shows a statistically significant improvement of the cognitive functions and hand dexterity among patients from the experimental group. According to these results we did not observe any significant improvement in the cognitive functions among patients who did not train on a computer (control group). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this research suggest the usefulness of this computer program in training cognitive impairments and visual-motor co-ordination as well as hand dexterity among the patients after stroke.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Psychosocial therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder.

Immediately after experiencing a traumatic event, many people have symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). If trauma victims restrict their routine and systematically avoid reminders of the incident, symptoms of PTSD are more likely to become chronic. Several clinical studies have shown that programs of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be effective in the management of patients with PTSD. Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy-a specific form of exposure therapy-can provide benefits, as can stress inoculation training (SIT) and cognitive therapy (CT). PE is not enhanced by the addition of SIT or CT. PE therapy is a safe treatment that is accepted by patients, and benefits remain apparent after treatment programs have finished. Nonspecialists can be taught to practice effective CBT. For the treatment of large numbers of patients, or for use in centers where CBT has not been routinely employed previously, appropriate training of mental health professionals should be performed. Methods used for the dissemination of CBT to nonspecialists need to be modified to meet the requirements of countries affected by the Asian tsunami. This will entail the use of culturally sensitive materials and the adaptation of training methods to enable large numbers of mental health professionals to be trained together.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1996

Individual difference variables that predict response to training in phonological awareness.

The cognitive abilities that predicted growth in response to a 12-week training program in phonological awareness were investigated with a sample of 100 kindergarten children. The children were selected from two elementary schools with historically low achievement in reading. Sixty children received training in both analytic and synthetic awareness skills, and 40 children constituted a no-treatment control group. Pretest measures included assessment of phonological awareness, phonological memory and naming rate, letter knowledge, reading and spelling, and general verbal ability. Growth in phonological awareness was assessed during the middle and at the end of the training period. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to estimate individual growth curves in phonological awareness for children in both the treatment and control groups. Initial comparisons between children in the two groups indicated substantial overall training effects in phonological awareness for children in the treatment group. For children in the training group, the model that best predicted growth in analytic awareness included invented spelling and general verbal ability, while growth in synthetic awareness was predicted best by a combination of invented spelling and rapid automatic naming of digits.

Awareness↗
PubMed2006

Prospective evaluation of inpatient and outpatient bladder training in children with functional urinary incontinence.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate, in a prospective study, the effectiveness of a bladder training program. Daytime and/or nighttime wetting as a consequence of functional urinary incontinence is a common problem in childhood. Various treatment options are available, including with cognitive-behavioral "bladder training." METHODS: Sixty patients (age 8 to 12 years) with urge incontinence or dysfunctional voiding were evaluated. After a no-treatment control period (average 6 months), patients underwent a 6-day bladder training course, which was offered either as inpatient or outpatient training, leaving the choice to the patients' parents. Clinical assessments were recorded at the beginning of the control period, at training entry and training completion, and after 1 (inpatient training group only), 3, and 6 months. RESULTS: Six months after training completion, 64.1% and 64.7% of the inpatient and outpatient groups with daytime wetting and 51.5% and 17.7% of the inpatient and outpatient groups with nighttime wetting were cured or had improved, respectively. The spontaneous cure rate during the 6-month control period was 0% to 20.5%. Of the inpatient group with urge incontinence, the functional bladder capacity increased by 15%. The children aged 9 to 12 years in the inpatient group had significantly greater cure rates than the 8-year-old children. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the control period, the bladder training program evaluated in this study resulted in significantly greater success rates. The results lead to the assumption that children with nighttime wetting treated in the inpatient training will succeed better than those in outpatient training. The cure and improvement rates of daytime wetting were greater than those for nighttime wetting.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1979

Pretraining for group psychotherapy. A cognitive-experiential approach.

Pretherapy training for group psychotherapy is conceptualized in terms of learned conditions of preparedness (objectives) and in terms of methods of preparation (procedures). Controlled studies of pretraining for group psychotherapy were reviewed in reference to these two dimensions and their effects. A controlled study of pretraining involving five outpatient therapy groups that used a new cognitive-experiential approach to pretraining was performed. Pretrained groups had significantly higher patient attendance and significantly fewer dropouts than nonpretrained groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

New hope for a disabling condition. Cognitive-behavioral approaches to panic disorder.

1. Panic disorder, which encompasses both biological and psychological dimensions, is a common anxiety-related problem that can result in significant disability. 2. Cognitive-behavioral approaches to panic disorder are effective in 70% to 80% of patients treated, and generally involve a combination of patient education, relaxation training, exposure, and cognitive restructuring. 3. Mental health nurses can benefit their panic disorder patients by becoming aware of cognitive-behavioral treatment options, and should consider adding these methods to their repertoire of therapeutic skills.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMed1996

[Cognitive rehabilitation in closed head injuries in childhood and adolescence].

The objective of cognitive neuro-rehabilitation is to give the patient with sequelae of moderate or severe head injury the hope of functional improvement, by means of strategies which mainly involve the basic mechanisms of learning, the higher cerebral functions and affective-emotional aspects. The various cognitive defects and the three basic ways of treating them are described: Training the different components of cognitive function. Compensatory training (adjacent development areas). Functional and integrative training. A brief reference is also made to the pharmacological treatment given to some patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Relaxation and skin conductance feedback in the control of reactions to cognitive tasks.

Peripheral physiological activity and verbal ratings of tension and nervousness were assessed during instructed relaxation, and relaxation assisted by feedback of skin conductance level (SCL). Sixteen volunteers attempted to use each strategy in turn in a cross-over design. Responses were monitored both during quiet relaxation, and throughout the performance of taxing cognitive tasks. Th electrodermal feedback made no difference to the reductions in SCL, heart rate or subjective ratings, when relaxation was carried out in undisturbed conditions. Following training, reactions to cognitive tasks were attenuated. It is suggested that while SCL feedback may aid the management of reactivity, it has little impact in the short term on depth of relaxation achieved by instructional programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Panic disorder: cognitive-behavioral treatment.

The effectiveness of an integrated treatment program utilizing cognitive-behavioral therapies for Panic Disorder was examined. Treatment was comprised of Cognitive Model of Panic-derived procedures, Cognitive Therapy and Applied Relaxation Training. Subjects meeting DSM-III-R criteria for Panic Disorder received thirteen 2.5-hr sessions of outpatient therapy in small groups, over a 12-week period. Subjects were given an extensive rationale of the etiology, development and maintenance of Panic Disorder, within the framework of the Cognitive Model of Panic, and controlled behavioral experiments in panic evocation to internal panicogenic cues, cognitive reappraisal of somatic and ideational cues, breathing retraining, Applied Relaxation Training and Cognitive Therapy to identify and remediate maladaptive beliefs and dysfunctional cognitive schemas. A comprehensive assessment battery was given at pre-mid-post-treatment which included measures of tripartite functioning, global severity, panic, fear, anxiety, depression and psychiatric symptomatology. Analyses indicated statistically significant improvements across all outcome domains. All subjects were free of spontaneous (uncued) panic attacks at post-treatment, and all met operationalized criteria for high endstate functioning. These findings are discussed, with recommendations for future research.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Practice parameters for the nonpharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

Insomnia is the most common sleep complaint reported to physicians. Treatment has traditionally involved medication. Behavioral approaches have been available for decades, but lack of physician awareness and training, difficulty in obtaining reimbursements, and questions about efficacy have limited their use. These practice parameters review the current evidence with regards to a variety of nonpharmacologic treatments for insomnia. Using a companion paper which provides a background review, the available literature was analyzed. The evidence was graded by previously reported criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine with references to American Psychological Association criteria. Treatments considered include: stimulus control, progressive muscle relaxation, paradoxical intention, biofeedback, sleep restriction, multicomponent cognitive behavioral therapy, sleep hygiene education, imagery training, and cognitive therapy. Improved experimental design has significantly advanced the process of evaluation of nonpharmacologic treatments for insomnia using guidelines outlined by the American Psychological Association (APA). Recommendations for individual therapies using the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommendation levels for each are: Stimulus Control (Standard); Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Paradoxical Intention, and Biofeedback (Guidelines); Sleep Restriction, and Multicomponent Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Options); Sleep Hygiene Education, Imagery Training, and Cognitive Therapy had insufficient evidence to be recommended as a single therapy. Optimal duration of therapy, who should perform the treatments, long term outcomes and safety concerns, and the effect of treatment on quality of life are questions in need of future research.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2003

A case of paraprosopia and its treatment.

INTRODUCTION: The present case study describes the neuropsychological testing and a cognitive-behavioural treatment for a 45-year-old female with paraprosopia--the experience of seeing faces sometimes distorted in grotesque and threatening ways. METHOD: The treatment focused on relaxation training, exposure, and cognitive restructuring. Ratings of subjective distress, self-reports and mood rating scale data were collected throughout an 8-week treatment period. Follow-up was at 6 weeks and 6 months. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Both subjective ratings and clinical interview suggested a reduction in the frequency of seeing the face and a substantial reduction in associated distress. Evidence for generalisation was less compelling. Suggestions are made for future psychological treatment of this uncommon disorder.

Journal Article↗