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PubMed1993

The relationship between children's coping styles and psychological interventions for cold pressor pain.

This study examined the hypothesis that matching pain management interventions to children's preferred coping methods would increase pain tolerance and decrease self-reported pain during the cold pressor pain paradigm. Children aged 8-10 years were classified as 'attenders' (focusing on the stimulus) or 'distractors' (focusing away from the stimulus) based upon their spontaneous coping responses during a baseline exposure to the cold pressor. Children were then randomly assigned to 1 of 3 intervention conditions (sensory focusing, imagery, or no intervention) and completed the cold pressor procedure again 2 weeks later. A significant interaction was found between coping style and intervention. Children who were classified as distractors demonstrated greater tolerance when taught to use imagery techniques (a 'matched' intervention). Although pain ratings tended to be lower for distractors using imagery, the significant interaction resulted from an increase in ratings for the distractors using sensory focusing (i.e., a 'mismatched' intervention). Results suggest that, for distractors, interventions that are consistent with natural coping methods are most effective in enhancing abilities to cope with pain, while a mismatched intervention reduces coping abilities. The findings also suggest further study regarding how to provide effective pain intervention with attenders, since neither intervention enhanced coping in this group.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

Active and passive coping strategies in chronic pain patients.

This study assessed the validity of active and passive coping dimensions in chronic pain patients (n = 76) using the Coping Strategies Questionnaire and the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory. The validity of active and passive coping dimensions was supported; passive coping was strongly related to general psychological distress and depression, and active coping was associated with activity level and was inversely related to psychological distress. In addition, the Coping Strategies Questionnaire was found to be a more psychometrically sound measure of active and passive coping than the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping strategies and continued drug use among methadone maintenance patients.

Drug addiction has been conceived as a maladaptive means of coping utilized by individuals unable or unwilling to deal with stresses in more adaptive ways. Although a growing body of evidence supports the link between alcohol abuse and maladaptive coping styles, there is relatively little empirical support for the connection between maladaptive coping and other kinds of drug use. The present study employed a cross-sectional design to assess coping and drug use in a sample of 276 methadone maintenance patients. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the factor structure of the coping measure and the relationship between coping and unauthorized drug use. The results suggest that coping and drug use are related in this population and that this relationship is different for Black patients than for White patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1993

Coping as a predictor of adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome.

The present study examines whether skills for coping with relapse-risk situations assessed during treatment can predict outcome in adolescents treated for drug and alcohol abuse. After the exclusion of individuals who evidenced low commitment to change, who were institutionalized following treatment, or for whom outcome data were unreliable, analyses were conducted on 57 adolescents. It was hypothesized that coping factors reflecting problem-focused, social-support, self-blame, and wishful-thinking strategies would predict 6-month outcome status. A multiple regression analysis found that the coping factors accounted for significant variance in the prediction of a composite measure of treatment outcome and also predicted variables reflecting total days using and initial length of abstinence. Examination of the influence of coping factors in relation to outcome revealed that wishful thinking and social support contributed significantly to the prediction of total days using and length of initial abstinence, respectively. These findings were interpreted to suggest that one's cognitive approach to coping may impact drug and alcohol relapse by reducing appraised stress in a relapse-risk situation and, thus, decreasing active coping efforts. Additionally, these results highlight the importance to successful outcome of utilizing social resources. The findings are interpreted to suggest that interventions aimed at cognitive aspects of coping and enhancing social support in substance abusing teens may be useful in preventing relapse.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Coping strategies in immigrant men and women with type 2 diabetes.

The aim of this study was to assess coping strategies of foreign-born men and women with type 2 diabetes in relation to demographic (sex, age, time in Sweden), medical, and socio-economic situation, and as compared with Swedish-born patients. Participants were foreign-born type 2 diabetic patients of European and non-European origin in primary health care in Stockholm County, comprising 41 men and 36 women aged 35-64 years, compared with Swedish-born type 2 diabetes patients, 121 men and 111 women. The General Coping Questionnaire, which measures five main orientations, dichotomised into "positive" and "negative" factors, i.e. 10 coping strategies, was used in the assessment. Medical and socio-economic data were obtained from medical records and postal questionnaires. Foreign-born men showed an impact on 6 of 10 coping strategies, and foreign-born women on 2 of 10 coping strategies, as compared to Swedish-born subjects. Longer time since migration and higher educational level were associated with lower scores for stressful coping strategies, while having financial problems and receiving a disability pension were associated with higher scores. In conclusion, the most stressful coping strategies were found among foreign-born men. It seems to be essential to improve and adjust diabetes care for immigrants, also including the psycho-social perspective.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Nurses in cancer care--coping strategies when encountering existential issues.

This paper is a presentation of general/secular coping strategies and strategies related to the caritas orientation that nurses in cancer care use when encountering stress. As a concept, caritas indicates the will to do good. The paper tries to provide an answer to the question of which functional and dysfunctional coping strategies nurses use when coping with work-related stress. The study is qualitative and hypothesis-generating. The material analysed consists of 15 interviews with Swedish registered nurses and is based on a life-story approach. Pargament's coping theory related to the psychology of religion has been applied for interpretation purposes. The nurses use several coping strategies with the dominant strategy being a general boundary demarcation. Other strategies that were used for coping included emotional outlets, caritas--oblivion and periodically changing activity. The strategies can be used in a functional or dysfunctional way; e.g. dysfunctional coping was present when there was a lack of human support and boundary demarcation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

A comparison of the relative utility of coping and acceptance-based measures in a sample of chronic pain sufferers.

Previous research suggests that to define the problem of chronic pain as a problem of coping may not be as useful as framing it as a problem of acceptance for some patients. The coping approach may encourage, or at least permit, a somewhat inflexible agenda of pain reduction or control while the acceptance approach may allow a more flexible agenda of willingness to have pain in some circumstances where that serves the goal of better life functioning. The purpose of this study was to continue to examine the relative utility of concepts of coping and acceptance of pain. Two hundred and thirty consecutive patients seeking assessment from a pain management service were the participants in the study. Patients completed the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) and the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ). A revised scoring method was used for the CSQ (to correct for technical limitations noted in the past) and recently developed subscales of the CPAQ were examined. Correlation results showed that the acceptance variables were reliably stronger predictors of distress and disability compared with coping variables. Regression analyses confirmed that, compared with coping variables, acceptance accounted larger unique increments in variance in measures of patient functioning regardless of whether the coping variables were given priority in the regression equations. Increasing data support the view that the pain management field may benefit from evolving toward incorporating a less control-oriented and more accommodating view of aversive private experiences in some circumstances.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Psychological state, quality of life, and coping style in patients with digestive cancer.

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationships between psychological characteristics such as anxiety and depression, quality of life (QOL) and coping style among patients with digestive cancer. The subjects were 85 in-patients who were scheduled to undergo initial surgery for gastrointestinal cancer. The following psychological tests were administered: Japanese versions of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale, the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ C30 and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. The first 3 tests were performed on three occasions: before surgery, before discharge and 6 months after discharge. The results showed that there was no change over the 3 test administration days for the average scores of anxiety and that the scores of depression increased from before surgery to before discharge and did not return to presurgery levels at 6 months after discharge. Changes in each subscale score of the EORTC QLQ C30 across the 3 days displayed two typical trends. Relationships between the abovementioned trends and individual coping styles showed that the higher the score of "emotion-oriented coping style," the greater the deterioration in QOL subscales. It was suggested that focusing on a patient's coping style, particularly emotion-oriented coping style, is important and that patients likely to adopt a more emotion-oriented coping style should receive special consideration.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Coping strategies, injury characteristics and long-term outcome after burn injury.

Coping consists of cognitive and behavioural strategies aimed at enhancing adaptation, and the use of certain coping strategies is proposed to be beneficial for health. The relationship between coping strategies and burn injury characteristics, sociodemographics and long-term outcome was evaluated in 161 previous victims of severe burn injury. Functional and psychosocial restrictions were measured with the burn specific health scale-brief (BSHS-B) and related to coping strategies measured by the coping with burns questionnaire (CBQ). Patients were on average 47.7 years at measurement of health status and they were assessed 9.2 (S.D. = 4.8) years after injury. The mean area burned was 24.0 and 7.2% was full thickness injury. There was no relation between coping strategies and injury characteristics except in individuals with a full thickness burn exceeding 10%, who exhibited more Revaluation/adjustment. An Avoidant coping strategy was related to work status, marital status and living conditions, and this was the strategy most clearly related to "Bad outcome" in all scales of the BSHS-B. Emotional support was the most beneficial strategy and was mainly associated with the psychosocial scales of the BSHS-B.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Coping strategies and anxiety in caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease: the LASER-AD study.

BACKGROUND: Caregivers of people with dementia (CGPD) frequently have anxiety symptoms but little is known about the relationship of anxiety with coping strategies. METHOD: 126 people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their family caregivers living in the community were recruited from local psychiatric services, the voluntary sector and care homes. Sampling was designed to ensure that the sample was epidemiologically representative in terms of dementia severity, gender and care setting. We used the anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to measure anxiety and the Brief COPE to measure coping strategies. RESULTS: Use of dysfunctional coping strategies (Wald = 7.3, p = 0.007) and HADS depression caseness (Wald = 14.0, p < 0.001) were the only factors that predicted HADS anxiety caseness on logistic regression. LIMITATIONS: Anxious caregivers may be more likely to report their coping strategies negatively; these results do not clarify direction of causality. CONCLUSIONS: Dysfunctional coping strategies and depression appear to be the most important factors predicting caregiver anxiety. Addressing coping strategies may be a helpful intervention for managing caregiver anxiety.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Coping style and distress in newly incarcerated male adolescents.

PURPOSE: To research relations between coping style and well-being in adolescent prisoners; previous research suggests that the stress of incarceration may be moderated by coping style in adult prisoners. METHODS: This research examined links between coping style and distress in 133 male adolescent prisoners on two occasions over a six-week period shortly after the commencement of their imprisonment. RESULTS: Anxiety and depression both declined over this period, with T1-T2 depression reduction negatively associated with T1 emotion-based coping and positively associated with T1 detachment. Emotion coping declined over the six weeks, whereas detachment coping increased. These changes were associated with improved depression and anxiety scores. CONCLUSIONS: Detachment and low emotional expression may assist incarcerated adolescents to adapt more positively to the initial period of imprisonment, and prisoners may adopt these more effective coping styles over time. These findings are explained in terms of adaptation to stressors specific to the prison environment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

A comparative investigation of the speech-associated coping responses reported by adults who do and do not stutter.

UNLABELLED: The Behavior Checklist, a self-report test procedure, was administered to 42 adults who stutter and 76 who do not in order to investigate the number, frequency of usage, type and nature of the responses that they reportedly employ to cope with the anticipation and/or presence of speech disruption. As a group, the participants who stutter reported a significantly greater number of speech-associated coping responses and a greater use of them than their nonstuttering peers did. Moreover, factor analysis made apparent fundamental between-group differences in the type and nature of certain forms of the coping responses reported by those who stutter and those who do not. This suggests that the quantitative and qualitative differences in the coping responses of those who do and do not stutter are potentially useful with respect to differential diagnostic and therapeutic decision making. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: (1) The reader will be able to describe differences in the number, frequency and types of coping behaviors used by PWS and PWNS. (2) The reader will be able to list similarities and differences in the type and nature of coping behaviors used by PWS and PWNS. (3) The reader will be able to discuss the features and use of the Behavior Checklist, a self-report procedure for assessing the responses used by adults to cope with the anticipation and occurrence of speech disruption.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Coping, pain severity, interference, and disability: the potential mediating and moderating roles of race and education.

UNLABELLED: Researchers have demonstrated that certain types of pain coping are correlated with less pain severity and disability and that there are differences between Caucasians and African-American pain patients in their use of specific coping strategies. However, the extent to which racial group differences exist in the associations between pain coping strategies and pain severity, interference, and disability is unclear. Furthermore, the role of education in these associations is uncertain. We recruited a diverse community sample of individuals with chronic pain and their spouses to examine this issue (N = 105). Participants completed the Coping Strategies Questionnaire, Multidimensional Pain Inventory, and Sickness Impact Profile. Results showed that African-American participants reported significantly more pain severity, interference, and disability and reported using diverting attention and prayer and hoping pain-coping strategies significantly more often than Caucasian participants; however, only the racial group difference in prayer and hoping remained when controlling for education. We also examined whether race and education interacted with coping strategies in relating to pain and disability. Significant three-way interactions were found for physical and psychosocial disability, suggesting that educational level should be included in analyses exploring racial group differences. The results suggest the need for pain treatments that take into account the educational and cultural context of pain. PERSPECTIVE: This article demonstrates that demographic variables such as race and education should be considered together when evaluating the effectiveness of coping with pain. The findings have the potential to enhance research and clinical practice with diverse groups.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Pain during mammography: the role of coping strategies.

This study examined the pain/discomfort ratings during mammography and their relationship to pain-coping strategies. Prior to their mammogram in order to assess how they cope with day-to-day pain experience 220 women completed an Iranian translation of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (IR-CSQ). Immediately after mammography, all subjects completed a modified version of the IR-CSQ to assess their coping style with pain during mammography. Ratings of pain/discomfort during the mammogram were also collected, using a 100-mm Visual Analog Scale and a 6-point Pain/Discomfort Rating Scale (PRDS). Up to 92% of the women reported that the mammogram examination was painful. However, considerable variability in pain ratings was found, with some women reporting severe pain and others reporting little or no pain. While the ratings of coping effectiveness in facing day-to-day pain experience were not significantly related to mammography pain ratings, there was a significant association between the ratings of coping efficacy in facing mammography pain specifically and measures of mammography pain. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses revealed that while higher use of catastrophising and coping self-statements in facing mammography pain were predictors of more severe pain during mammography, higher use of ignoring pain sensations was predictive of less severe pain during mammography. The potential significance of these findings for identifying patients at risk of poor adjustment to chronic pain is discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

The effect of salutogenic treatment principles on coping with mental health problems A randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: Although the theory of salutogenesis provides generic understanding of how coping may be created, this theoretical perspective has not been explored sufficiently within research among people suffering from mental health problems. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of talk-therapy groups based on salutogenic treatment principles on coping with mental health problems. METHOD: In an experimental design, the participants (residents in the community) were randomly allocated to a coping-enhancing experimental group (n=59) and a control group (n=47) receiving standard care. Coping was measured using the sense of coherence (SOC) questionnaire. RESULTS: Coping improved significantly in the experiment group (+6 points) compared with the control group (-2 points). The manageability component contributed most to this improvement. CONCLUSION: Talk-therapy groups based on salutogenic treatment principles improve coping among people with mental health problems. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Talk-therapy groups based on salutogenic treatment principles may be helpful in increasing coping in the recovery process among people with mental health problems and seem to be applicable to people with various mental health problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping patterns in mothers/caregivers of children with chronic feeding problems.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, with use of the Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP), coping behaviors were examined in 35 mothers/ caregivers of children with chronic feeding problems during hospitalization for treatment of these problems. Coping in families of children with these problems has not been addressed in research. This information is beneficial in planning and implementing treatment and follow-up services. METHOD: Correlations and t tests were used to look at variables related to the mothers'/caregivers' coping patterns and to compare their frequency of usage of these patterns. RESULTS: The mothers/caregivers in this study were most likely to cope with their child's feeding problems by making active attempts to understand the problems and by doing activities with family members. Several child and family variables were significantly related to maternal coping patterns. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that it is important to provide a variety of resources to families of children with chronic feeding problems during their children's hospitalizations, including access to support and information groups. The results also suggest that it is beneficial for these families to acquire a thorough understanding of their child's medical situation because this understanding seems to help them in their ability to cope.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Marginal accuracy of titanium copings fabricated by casting and CAD/CAM techniques.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Advances in computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology purportedly enhance the marginal fit of dental restorations. However, little information is available on the marginal accuracy of restorations manufactured with various CAD/CAM systems. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the marginal accuracy and refinement time of titanium copings fabricated by 3 different CAD/CAM systems relative to standard casting techniques. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-four stone die duplicates of a human maxillary central incisor, prepared for a metal-ceramic crown, with a uniform chamfer design, were divided into 4 groups (n=16). The specimens were restored with titanium copings using CAD/CAM systems Pro 50 (PRO), DCS (DCS), and Everest (EVE). A conventional titanium casting technique, Biotan (BIO), served as a control. Vertical and horizontal discrepancies between restoration margins and the preparations were each measured before and after manual refinement. This refinement was completed using a disclosing agent and by removing the internal positive defects of the copings. The marginal discrepancies of the copings were evaluated at 4 standard areas using 10 measurements, for a total of 160 measurements of each margin. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used for analyzing marginal accuracy. The coping refinement time was analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Wilcoxon rank sum tests (alpha=.05). RESULTS: The marginal discrepancies (microm) ranged from 32.9 to 127.8 before and from 3.4 to 58.4 after the manual refinement of copings. Manual refinement significantly improved the marginal accuracy (P<.0001) when compared with the initial fabrication. The relative (%) gain of marginal accuracy was PRO, 74.1%; DCS, 69.7%; EVE, 68.7%; and the control, BIO, 69.2%. The median duration of manual refinement time in minutes was 6.0 for PRO, 9.5 for DCS, 4.0 for EVE, and 4.0 for BIO (Kruskal-Wallis-test: P<.0001). CONCLUSION: Manual adjustment significantly improves the marginal accuracy of CAD/CAM system-fabricated titanium copings. The highest marginal accuracy was achieved with the DCS system, using a longer refinement time.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2005

Coping strategies in parents of children with cancer.

This study examined 395 parents (224 mothers and 171 fathers) of children with cancer in Sweden in terms of coping, assessed using the Utrecht Coping List. The use of each of seven coping strategies among parents of children with cancer was compared with data from parents of children with no serious or chronic diseases. In addition, the relationship between coping strategies and anxiety/depression was examined. No differences in the frequency of using the seven coping strategies were found between the study group and the reference group. Neither did the use of coping strategies differ among parents of children with various types of cancer, nor among parents at various points in time after the child's cancer diagnosis. A more frequent use of active problem-focusing, and a less frequent use of avoidance behaviour and passive reaction pattern, was related to lower levels of anxiety and depression in parents of children with cancer and in reference parents. Analyses of parents of children at different time points after diagnosis and in different diagnostic groups indicated that contextual demands influence the relation between coping and anxiety/depression.

Adaptation, Psychological↗