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PubMed2005

Concurrent validity of the language development survey: associations with the MacArthur-Bates communicative development inventories: words and sentences.

This study examined the concurrent validity of the Language Development Survey (LDS), a 310-word parent report screening tool for language delay in toddlers, by testing its associations with the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories: Words and Sentences (CDI:WS), a 680-word parent report instrument. Participants were 239 toddlers 23-25 months of age. The correlation between total vocabulary score on the 2 instruments was .95, and correlations across comparable semantic categories ranged from .84 to .94. The correlation between the LDS and the CDI:WS for mean length of phrases calculated on 3 examples of the child's longest and best phrases was .90. Both instruments demonstrated that parents reported higher vocabulary and mean phrase length scores for girls. The study indicates that information obtained from the LDS about rank ordering of toddlers in terms of their reported vocabulary and mean length of phrases is equivalent to that obtained from the longer CDI:WS.

Child Language↗

PubMed1993

Women in the 'developing world' and their perceptions of health: an area for examination by the nurse from the 'developed world'.

The aim of this paper is to consider how nurses from the 'developed world', in this instance Great Britain, may assist women from the 'developing world', specifically from Pakistan, to meet their and others' health needs. To explore nurses' understanding of women from Pakistan and its translation into delivery of nursing care, a number of topics require exploration. These include culture, health, origins of Pakistani women who have settled in Britain, clarification of the geographical area under discussion and a brief introduction to two studies that have investigated the health beliefs of communities in Pakistan, in particular the health beliefs of women. Appreciation of studies that illustrate women's beliefs about health can provide a basis upon which further examination can take place. Ideas can then be assimilated into a framework for nursing care centred around anthropological and holistic approaches to women from Pakistan. The outcome of this should be an examination of women's beliefs within a cultural context in relation to nursing care and management.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed2003

Choline availability during embryonic development alters the localization of calretinin in developing and aging mouse hippocampus.

Choline availability in the diet during pregnancy alters fetal brain biochemistry with resulting behavioral changes that persist throughout the lifetime of the offspring. In the present study, the effects of dietary choline on the onset of GABAergic neuronal differentiation in developing fetal brain, as demarcated by the expression of calcium binding protein calretinin, are described. In these studies, timed-pregnant mice were fed choline supplemented, control or choline deficient AIN-76 diet from day 12-17 of pregnancy and the brains of their fetuses were studied on day 17 of gestation. In the primordial dentate gyrus, we found that pups from choline deficient-dams had more calretinin protein (330% increase), and pups from choline supplemented-dams had less calretinin protein (70% decrease), than did pups from control-dams. Importantly, decreased calretinin protein was still detectable in hippocampus in aged, 24-month-old mice, born of choline supplemented-dams and maintained since birth on a control diet. Thus, alterations in the level of calretinin protein in fetal brain hippocampus could underlie the known, life long effects of maternal dietary choline availability on brain development and behavior.

Aging↗

PubMed2003

Choline availability during embryonic development alters progenitor cell mitosis in developing mouse hippocampus.

Previously, we reported that dietary choline influences development of the hippocampus in fetal rat brain. It is important to know whether similar effects of choline occur in developing fetal mouse brain because interesting new experimental approaches are now available using several transgenic mouse models. Timed-pregnant mice were fed choline-supplemented (CS), control (CT) or choline-deficient (CD) AIN-76 diet from embryonic day 12 to 17 (E12-17). Fetuses from CD dams had diminished concentrations of phosphocholine and phosphatidylcholine in their brains compared with CT or CS fetuses (P < 0.05). When we analyzed fetal hippocampus on day E17 for cells with mitotic phase-specific expression of phosphorylated histone H3, we detected fewer labeled cells at the ventricular surface of the ventricular zone in the CD group (14.8 +/- 1.9) compared with the CT (30.7 +/- 1.9) or CS (36.6 +/- 2.6) group (P < 0.05). At the same time, we detected more apoptotic cells in E17 hippocampus using morphology in the CD group (11.8 +/- 1.4) than in CT (5.6 +/- 0.6) or CS (4.2 +/- 0.7) group (P < 0.05). This was confirmed using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin anti-digoxigenin fluorescein conjugate antibody nick end-labeling (TUNEL) and activated caspase-3 immunoreactivity. We conclude that the dietary availability of choline to the mouse dam influences progenitor cell proliferation and apoptosis in the fetal brain.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Establishment of accurate incidence rates for head and spinal cord injuries in developing and developed countries: a capture-recapture approach.

Prevention of head and spinal cord injuries is defined as a reduction in the incidence of these disabilities. Accurate incidence data are fundamental to any prevention program. The current approaches toward determining incidence rates for head and spinal cord injuries are summarized. Previous research has focused on passive surveillance systems and population-based registries. An alternative system for monitoring the incidence of head injuries is discussed that uses a surveillance methodology called capture-recapture. This method employs multiple population-based sources to identify cases and uses the cases that overlap between the sources to estimate the degree of undercount in the population. This estimate in turn is used to produce an ascertainment-corrected incidence estimate. Through the use of methods such as capture-recapture, accurate monitoring of the incidence of head and spinal injuries across developing and developed countries is indeed feasible.

Bias↗

PubMed2006

Measuring youth development outcomes for community program evaluation and quality improvement: findings from Dissemination of the Rochester Evaluation of Asset Development for Youth (READY) tool.

PURPOSE: The Rochester Evaluation of Asset Development for Youth (READY) is a brief program-controlled evaluation and quality improvement tool used for assessment of four developmental assets for youth: caring adult relationships, basic social skills, decision making, and constructive use of leisure time. This article reports on the early implementation and combined benchmark data generated from the use of the READY tool by community-based youth-serving agencies in Rochester, New York. METHODS: Nine youth-serving agencies used the 40-item READY tool in 2002-2003. In addition to individual program evaluation and quality improvement, a combined dataset was developed and analyzed to establish community benchmarks. Program leaders' qualitative feedback on their experience with the READY tool is also reviewed. RESULTS: 1,070 youth participated. Those youth who reported feeling more connected to the programs in which they participated and having more active and frequent participation had consistently higher scores on measured outcomes. Overall, most agencies required some technical assistance to first field READY. Most agencies successfully used their own data to address program quality improvement, and reported being happy with their ability to do so. DISCUSSION: READY is a promising tool for measuring community-based program-attributable positive developmental outcomes for youth.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Defining the transcriptional redundancy of early bodywall muscle development in C. elegans: evidence for a unified theory of animal muscle development.

Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) are required for mammalian skeletal myogenesis. In contrast, bodywall muscle is readily detectable in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos lacking activity of the lone MRF ortholog HLH-1, indicating that additional myogenic factors must function in the nematode. We find that two additional C. elegans proteins, UNC-120/SRF and HND-1/HAND, can convert naïve blastomeres to muscle when overproduced ectopically in the embryo. In addition, we have used genetic null mutants to demonstrate that both of these factors act in concert with HLH-1 to regulate myogenesis. Loss of all three factors results in embryos that lack detectable bodywall muscle differentiation, identifying this trio as a set that is both necessary and sufficient for bodywall myogenesis in C. elegans. In mammals, SRF and HAND play prominent roles in regulating smooth and cardiac muscle development. That C. elegans bodywall muscle development is dependent on transcription factors that are associated with all three types of mammalian muscle supports a theory that all animal muscle types are derived from a common ancestral contractile cell type.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

WHO Motor Development Study: windows of achievement for six gross motor development milestones.

AIM: To review the methods for generating windows of achievement for six gross motor developmental milestones and to compare the actual windows with commonly used motor development scales. METHODS: As part of the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study, longitudinal data were collected to describe the attainment of six gross motor milestones by children aged 4 to 24 mo in Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the USA. Trained fieldworkers assessed 816 children at scheduled visits (monthly in year 1, bimonthly in year 2). Caretakers also recorded ages of achievement independently. Failure time models were used to construct windows of achievement for each milestone, bound by the 1st and 99th percentiles, without internal demarcations. RESULTS: About 90% of children achieved five of the milestones following a common sequence, and 4.3% did not exhibit hands-and-knees crawling. The six windows have age overlaps but vary in width; the narrowest is sitting without support (5.4 mo), and the widest are walking alone (9.4 mo) and standing alone (10.0 mo). The estimated 1st and 99th percentiles in months are: 3.8, 9.2 (sitting without support), 4.8, 11.4 (standing with assistance), 5.2, 13.5 (hands-and-knees crawling), 5.9, 13.7 (walking with assistance), 6.9, 16.9 (standing alone) and 8.2, 17.6 (walking alone). The 95% confidence interval widths varied among milestones between 0.2 and 0.4 mo for the 1st percentile, and 0.5 and 1.0 mo for the 99th. CONCLUSION: The windows represent normal variation in ages of milestone achievement among healthy children. They are recommended for descriptive comparisons among populations, to signal the need for appropriate screening when individual children appear to be late in achieving the milestones, and to raise awareness about the importance of overall development in child health.

Child Development↗

PubMed2005

Development of a school-wide behavior program in a public middle school: an illustration of deployment-focused intervention development, stage 1.

School-wide behavior management systems can improve academic performance and behavior in middle schools, and they should have positive effects on students with ADHD. Unfortunately, evidence-based, school-wide behavior management systems have not been widely adopted because of problems with feasibility, acceptability, and sustainability. The Deployment-Focused Model of Intervention Development and Testing has been proposed as a promising method of bridging the gap between research and practice settings. A key aspect of the model is to involve the persons most likely to deliver the service (e.g., teachers) in the intervention development process from the very beginning. To illustrate this process, the authors describe the planning and implementation of a school-wide program designed to improve behavior in a public middle school.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Exploration of the frontiers of tradomedical practices: basis for development of alternative medical healthcare services in developing countries.

The study is a brief exploration of the functions and roles of the traditional healers in the total health care delivery system as a basis for tapping the salient features of this age old art: for the purpose of refining, and establishing it as an alternative medical health-care service. The investigation is considered relevant particularly in the developing countries where, in addition to the dearth of orthodox medical services, institutions and personnel, it is relatively cheaper, socio-culturally accessible and acceptable. Refining and developing some aspects of the traditional healers' services will serve the interest of the health consumers whose main concern is with service and not the source. Furthermore, it is hoped that the study will stimulate purposeful discussions on the need for an unbiased examination of the materials, methods and techniques of the traditional healers including, eventually, compiling a native pharmacopoeia. A more comprehensive account of the traditional healers contributions to the battle against diseases and maintenance of health and well being is envisaged.

Complementary Therapies↗

PubMed2001

Mechanisms of postnatal neurobiological development: implications for human development.

This review focuses on the postnatal neuroanatomical changes that arise during the first years of human life. Development is characterized by 2 major organizational periods. The first period begins at conception and includes the major histogenetic events such as neurulation, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. It has been proposed that these events may be controlled by genetic and epigenetic events, which give rise to neural structures that are amenable to external influence. The second period is a time of reorganization in the human cortex. These events occur during gestation and continue postnatally, possibly through the 2nd decade of life. This stage is characterized by dendritic and axonal growth, synapse production, neuronal and synaptic pruning, and changes in neurotransmitter sensitivity. Although the initiation of these events is influenced by endogenous signals, further neural maturation is primarily influenced by exogenous signals. To illustrate both the progressive and regressive events during the postnatal period, we use examples from the development of the human cortex.

Axons↗

PubMed2005

Does a triplet birth pose a special risk for infant development? Assessing cognitive development in relation to intrauterine growth and mother-infant interaction across the first 2 years.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether a triplet birth per se poses a risk to the development of infants' cognitive competencies and to the mother-infant relationship. METHODS: Twenty-three sets of triplets were matched with 23 sets of twins and 23 singleton infants (n = 138) with respect to gestational age, birth weight, and medical and demographic features. Infants with perinatal asphyxia, intraventricular hemorrhage of grade 3 or 4, periventricular leukomalacia, or central nervous system infection were excluded from the study. At 6, 12, and 24 months of age, mother-infant interaction was observed and infants' cognitive development was tested with the Bayley II test. RESULTS: Mothers of triplets displayed lower levels of sensitivity at 6, 12, and 24 months and infants were less socially involved at 6 and 24 months, compared with singletons and twins. Triplets scored lower than singletons and twins on the Bayley Mental Developmental Index at 6, 12, and 24 months. A weight discordance of >15% was found for 15 triplet sets (65.2%). The discordant triplets showed decreased cognitive skills at 12 and 24 months, compared with their siblings, and received the lowest scores for maternal sensitivity. Hierarchical multivariate regression analysis revealed that greater medical risk at birth, multiple-birth status, lower maternal sensitivity, and reduced infant social involvement in the first 2 years were each predictive of lower cognitive outcomes at 2 years (R2 = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Triplets appear to be at higher risk for cognitive delays in the first 2 years of life, and discordant infants are at especially high risk. This delay is related in part to the difficulty of providing sensitive mothering to 3 infants at the same time. The findings may assist practitioners in guiding prenatal and postpartum parental care and management.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1985

Economic development and occupational health in Latin America: new directions for public health in less developed countries.

Occupational Health is increasingly recognized as an area of importance in Latin American public health. In the agricultural sector of the region, the concentration of arable land into large holdings devoted to the production of export crops has resulted in the formation of a large migrant work force and greatly increased use of pesticides. The manufacturing sector of Latin America has grown rapidly in size and importance. Throughout the continent, increasing numbers of workers are employed in high-hazard industrial jobs. Limited studies of occupational disease in agriculture, mining, and manufacturing suggest that there is a high prevalence of work-related illness in the populations at risk. Trade unions are generally weak, and the high rate of unemployment and underemployment render occupational health a low priority for many workers. Engineering controls and personal protective equipment are unknown or inadequate in many industries, and there is a shortage of trained occupational health professionals in the region. Steps are being taken by many Latin American governments to begin to address this problem. Needed are: increased worker and professional training; a uniform set of exposure standards; control of multinational marketing and usage of hazardous substances; the development of technical equipment appropriate for local use and increased research on occupational exposure in populations in less developed countries.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Developing gerontology in a developing country: The case of Sao Paulo, Brazil.

This paper details the efforts of a team of professionals to establish a gerontology center in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The focus is on some of the problems of the emergent profession in Brazil: the uncertain labor market; the problems of recruiting; the problems of generating a knowledge base on aging drawn from Brazil rather than borrowed from the American or European context; the problems of visibility, legitimacy, and financial support for the new gerontology center; the competition of aging programs with other government priorities. The article concludes by citing some benefits that might accrue to the field of gerontology by underwriting the development of such centers on aging in the developing countries.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Malnutrition in the developing and developed world: is small intestinal bacterial colonization important?

Malnutrition is a major problem on a global basis and will continue if current world population trends persist. Small intestinal bacterial colonization may contribute to malnutrition in populations whose dietary intake is marginal, such as those in developing countries and many elderly in the developed world. This review focuses on the evidence for small intestinal bacterial colonization in these subjects and briefly revises current thinking on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of this condition.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1991

Craniofacial development in children with unilateral clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate treated according to four different regimes. I. Maxillary development.

Lateral skull radiographs of 85 patients with unilateral clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate treated according to four different regimes were compared at three different ages regarding maxillary development. Regimes that included primary bone grafting to the alveolus at six months of age resulted in inhibited anterior maxillary growth and reduced maxillary inclination. Regimes that included secondary bone grafting after eruption of the incisors but before the eruption of the canines, resulted in better maxillary development, but were not as good as regimes that omitted bone grafting altogether.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Craniofacial development in children with unilateral clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate treated according to four different regimes. II. Mandibular and vertical development.

Lateral skull radiographs of 85 patients with unilateral clefts of the lip, alveolus and palate treated according to four different regimes were compared longitudinally, at three different ages, regarding mandibular and vertical facial development. It was found that there were no lasting differences in mandibular morphology resulting from regimes including primary or early secondary bone grafting. The non grafted group, however, showed increased mandibular length and anterior height. The jaw angle was increased and there was a more favourable sagittal jaw relationship. Regimes that included primary bone grafting were associated with reduced upper anterior facial height, which resulted in less harmonious facial proportions compared with treatment regimes including early secondary bone grafting done during the mixed dentition, or no bone grafting at all. Vertical development was greatest where bone grafting was excluded.

Alveolar Process↗

PubMed1985

The development of orthopaedic appliances and low cost aids in "least developed countries".

The constant reminder of ever-increasing costs and problems in regard to medical care in industrialized countries highlights the need for simplified, low cost, orthopaedic appliances for use in the non-industrialized areas of the world. Those who are engaged in the field of Orthopaedic Technology should withstand the temptation to propagate unreservedly the technologies of industrialized nations. Nowadays the so-called "non-appropriate technologies" have become the target of frequent criticism. The transfer of technology may offer visible progress in selected areas to a limited number of people but it conceals the danger of ignoring fundamental socio-economic conditions that affect the majority of people. During the United Nations Year of the Disabled, a group of international experts unanimously came to the conclusion that the current cooperation between industrialized and Third World countries requires revision leading to a new order. The consensus demanded a new emphasis on the development of technical orthopaedic services which would take into account the unique economic, social, cultural and environmental factors of each region. This paper examines the practices of technical orthopaedics in a "least developed country" and lays down principles and practical applications which could serve as a foundation for a more appropriate approach in this field.

Developing Countries↗