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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Self-image and social-image factors in adolescent alcohol use.

To investigate the social image of adolescent drinking, high-school students were asked to rate slides of drinking and nondrinking peer models. The image was ambivalent, with both social liabilities and possible social benefits (including toughness and precocity). This image was then related to adolescent drinking behavior. It was hypothesized that adolescents might be more likely to drink if their self-concepts were consistent with a drinking image (consistency theory), if their ideal self-concepts were consistent with a drinking image (self-enhancement) or if their friends admired a drinking image (impression management). Analyses of subjects' current drinking behavior supported both the consistency and self-enhancement hypotheses. Moreover, boys' intentions to drink in the future were related to consistency and impression-management variables (controlling for current drinking). Girls' intentions were not related to any of these self-image and social-image factors. Implications for adolescent alcohol use and misuse are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Do parents still matter? Parent and peer influences on alcohol involvement among recent high school graduates.

This study investigated the influences of peer and parent variables on alcohol use and problems in a sample of late adolescents in the summer immediately prior to entry into college. Participants (N = 556) completed a mail survey assessing peer influences (alcohol offers, social modeling, perceived norms), parental behaviors (nurturance, monitoring), and attitudes and values (disapproval for heavy drinking, permissiveness for drinking), and alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated significant associations between both peer and parental influences and alcohol involvement, and showed that parental influences moderated peer-influence-drinking behavior, such that higher levels of perceived parental involvement were associated with weaker relations between peer influences and alcohol use and problems. These findings suggest that parents continue to exert an influential role in late adolescent drinking behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Perceived-Benefit-of-Drinking Scale: approach to screening for adolescent alcohol abuse.

An index that measures adolescents' perceived benefits of drinking, the self-administered Perceived-Benefit-of-Drinking Scale, has been tested on a high school population. Results indicate that the instrument is practical and that it generates a scalable, reliable, and valid measure of reasons for drinking. The scale's strong relationship with other drinking behavior indicators makes it a potentially useful clinical screening device because it can serve as a proxy measure to assess the drinking behaviors of adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Cognitive processes in adolescent drug use: the role of positivity bias and implications for prevention policy.

Recent investigations of the role of expectations about the effects of alcohol in drinking behavior suggest that there is a functional relationship between expectancies and alcohol use. Specifically, greater positive expectancies are related to heavier drinking patterns. In contrast, expectations about the negative consequences of alcohol use seem to be unrelated to drinking behavior. These differential roles of positive and negative expectancies as mediators of alcohol use reflect the robust phenomenon of positivity bias in human information processing. The theoretical and clinical implications of this phenomenon with respect to adolescent drug use are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Drinking-driving behavior of young men in relation to accidents.

To determine the role of drinking in the accidents of young men, data were examined from a representative survey sample of 1670 young men in south-eastern Michigan and from official accident statistics of 4 states. By age 20 over half the sampled men drank at least once weekly and drove at least once monthly after drinking. Alcohol was involved in 3-8% of all crashes of 20-year-olds. The highest accident rates without alcohol involvement occurred at ages 18-20, whereas the most alcohol-involved accidents occured at ages 22-24.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1998

Beyond black, white and Hispanic: race, ethnic origin and drinking patterns in the United States.

This study used data on 42,862 U.S. adults, including 18,352 past-year drinkers, to describe differentials by race and national origin in U.S. drinking patterns. Age-sex standardized estimates were presented within 21 categories of ethnic origin for whites and within five categories each for individuals of black and other races. Of the three racial groups, whites were the most likely to drink, but blacks had the highest volume of intake and frequency of heavy drinking. Differences by ethnic origin within racial categories were as marked as differentials between races. Compared to whites of European origin, those of Hispanic and native American origin were less likely to drink but consumed more alcohol on days when they drank. Whites of Southern and Eastern European origin drank proportionately more wine and demonstrated more moderate drinking patterns (lower intake per drinking day and/or less frequent heavy drinking) than those of Northern or Central European origin. Hispanics of Caribbean origin were less prone to heavy drinking than other white Hispanics; similarly, blacks from the English-speaking Caribbean showed more moderate drinking patterns than other blacks. Individuals of Asian origin, in particular those of non-Japanese origin, had the most moderate drinking patterns within the category of other race. Although the black/white differentials in volume of intake and frequency of heavy drinking disappeared after adjusting for marital status, education and income, most of the differences by ethnic origin retained their statistical significance if not their original magnitudes. These findings indicate that cultural forces exert a strong effect on drinking behavior. Differences among European whites with respect to prevalence of drinking, beverage preference and frequency of heavy drinking suggest that the association between ethnic origin and drinking behavior may persist even after many generations of presumed acculturation.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2005

A longitudinal examination of the link between parent alcohol problems and youth drinking: the moderating roles of parent and child gender.

The unique and interactive effects of paternal and maternal alcohol problems on the drinking behavior of adolescent girls and boys were investigated. A prospective design was employed to examine changes in youth drinking behavior over a 3-year period in a community-based sample of 695 families. Results revealed that, as maternal alcohol problems increased, the likelihood of adolescent alcohol use increased. Paternal alcohol problems were associated with an increased likelihood of alcohol use for girls only. Findings point to the need for future research to investigate both maternal and paternal alcohol problems in community samples and with a sample size large enough to examine both parent and adolescent gender. Implications for preventive and interventive efforts are considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Aggregate comparisons of self-reported versus nonself-reported drinking in a general population survey.

Insight is gained into the validity of self-reported drinking in the general population by comparing self-reports and nonself-reports on the aggregate level. Married and cohabiting respondents of a general population survey (N = 2,169) were asked about both their own and their spouses' drinking behavior. It was found that on the aggregate level, distribution of "moderate" drinking and usual frequency of drinking is similar between self- and nonself-reports. Self-reported "heavy" drinking, however, is lower than nonself-reported "heavy" drinking among women in general, older women, and women with a lower education. Among men in general and older men in particular, however, self-reported occasional "heavy" drinking was found to be higher. The similar distribution of "moderate" drinking and usual frequency of drinking between self- versus nonself-reports gives reassurance about the validity of self-reported drinking behavior. The discordance in self-reported versus nonself-reported "heavy" drinking, however, raises questions about the validity. Interpretation of the discordance is not conclusive: more research (experimental and qualitative) has to be done to disentangle this issue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Drinking course in alcohol-dependent men from adolescence to midlife.

OBJECTIVE: Most studies of alcoholism course are based on clinical populations (characterized by severe and chronic alcohol-related problems) or community samples generally covering a short period of time. The current study assessed variations in drinking behaviors from adolescence to midlife in a community sample, describing age of "drinking firsts" (e.g., first alcoholic drink) as well as frequency and duration of periods of abstinence, alcohol dependence (AD) and nonproblem drinking. METHOD: Participants were 354 males with lifetime diagnoses of AD (mean age 50.35) from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry who were assessed regarding alcohol use, abuse and dependence histories (DSM-IV). Using a modified version of Skinner's Lifetime Drinking History, drinking history was reported in terms of distinct drinking periods (phases). RESULTS: Participants reported, on average, 4.18 phases, each lasting 8.22 years, and 12.78 years of AD. More than 60% experienced increases in AD symptoms at least once in successive phases, but only a third of those increases were extreme. In contrast, extreme decreases in AD symptoms were reported by more than 50% of participants. Further, half indicated that they had transitioned from both fewer to greater and from greater to fewer AD symptoms during their drinking years; 8.2% reported no changes in AD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Results reflect a wide variation in drinking behaviors among AD men as well as frequent fluctuations in course within individuals' drinking histories. Findings do not support a universal developmental model of alcoholism; notably, they provide counterevidence to the disease model concept of alcoholism course as progressive and chronic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Alcohol use among adolescents.

Several ongoing national surveys, including the Monitoring the Future study, the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, are investigating the drinking behaviors of adolescents in the United States. These studies have found that the majority of adolescents under the age of 18 have consumed alcohol, although the minimum legal drinking age is 21. Drinking rates may even have increased in recent years in some age groups. No substantial differences exist among various sociodemographic subgroups with respect to drinking rates, although alcohol consumption generally is lowest among African-Americans and highest among whites. Moreover, alcohol consumption increases sharply throughout adolescence. Various attitudinal and behavioral factors, such as religious involvement, truancy, and average grade level, also influence adolescents' drinking behaviors. Almost two-thirds of 12th graders who report consuming alcohol experience at least one alcohol-related problem. Most adolescents drink to experience the pleasurable effects of alcohol, such as having a good time with friends.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Impaired drinking responses of rats with lesions of nucleus medianus: circadian dependence.

The drinking behavior of rats with electrolytic lesions of ventral nucleus medianus (vNM) was examined during acute hyperosmolality and hypovolemia. The brain-damaged animals were impaired in their drinking responses to systemic treatment with hypertonic saline or polyethylene glycol solution when they were tested during the day. However, apparently normal drinking responses to both dipsogenic challenges were observed when the same animals were pretreated with the stimulant drug, caffeine, or when they were tested at night. These results suggest that lesions of vNM may produce complex alterations in the control of drinking behavior rather than the destruction of sensory receptors. The lesions appear to disrupt both circadian influences on drinking and activational components of drinking that normally serve to facilitate the behavioral response. The present results, together with similar findings for rats given lesions of the subfornical organ, support recent proposals that periventricular tissue bordering the rostral wall of the third cerebral ventricle plays an important role in the central control of drinking.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A study of the relationship between protective behaviors and drinking consequences among undergraduate college students.

The authors identified the number, type, and frequency of protective behaviors that undergraduate college students who consume alcohol use to prevent alcohol-related consequences. Their hypothesis was that students who engage in more types of protective behaviors with greater frequency would be less likely to experience alcohol-related consequences. Participants consisted of a randomly selected sample of 1,355 undergraduates aged 18 years and older at a large public university. Students completed a mailed questionnaire on alcohol and health behaviors in spring 2002. The findings (after adjustment for covariates) indicated that self-protective behaviors are inversely associated with alcohol-related problems for women but not for men. The influences of gender and racial and ethnic differences are considered in relation to prevention and intervention programs aimed at reducing alcohol-related consequences on college campuses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Compelled to consume: the Implicit Association Test and automatic alcohol motivation.

The Implicit Association Test (IAT; A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee, & J. L. K. Schwartz, 1998) has recently been used to assess the role of alcohol-affect associations in drinking behavior. The current study examined the validity of an alcohol IAT with 88 hazardous-drinking college students who completed measures of drinking behavior, an explicit measure of alcohol motivation, and an IAT that assessed alcohol-motivation associations. Regression analyses indicated that IAT scores correlated with binge drinking and cue reactivity, replicating T. P. Palfai and B. D. Ostafin's (2003) results. Results also indicated convergent validity (the IAT was related to an explicit measure of alcohol motivation) and incremental validity (IAT scores were correlated with alcohol behavior after controlling for the explicit measure). Implications for understanding the self-regulation of drinking are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence and effectiveness of self-regulatory techniques used to avoid drunk driving.

Research suggests that drinkers often use personal self-regulatory techniques to avoid drunk driving. A population-representative sample of 427 people at high risk of drunk driving were interviewed to examine the extent to which they used self-regulatory techniques. Most popular techniques were limiting drinks to a predetermined number, organizing another driver, catching a taxi, and spontaneously delaying or avoiding driving after alcohol has been consumed. After controlling exposure to demographic and drinking behavior variables, limiting drinks to a predetermined number was the only technique associated with a reduced likelihood of drunk driving. Respondents who used taxis and drank low-alcohol beer were more likely to report drunk driving, as were those who spontaneously decided to delay or avoid driving after drinking. Although interpretation of the findings is constrained by the cross-sectional survey methodology, further investigations may lead to the development of countermeasures which promote the use of appropriate techniques.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1988

Alcohol consumption, type A behavior, and demographic variables. Results from the Normative Aging Study.

This study describes the relations of patterns of alcohol consumption with Type A behavior, age, retirement, marital status, and socioeconomic status among male participants in the Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study. In April 1984, 1,663 men completed form N of the Jenkins Activity Survey; in September 1982, 1,556 of these men had responded to a mailed survey of drinking behaviors. When age, marital status, socioeconomic status, and retirement status were controlled for, Type A score was virtually unrelated to the probability of being a nondrinker, having three or more drinks per day, problems with drinking, and periodic heavier drinking. Three other measures from the Jenkins Activity Survey--speed and impatience, hard-driving and competitive, and involvement--also had little association with these drinking behaviors. Moderate drinking was found to be strongly associated with higher socioeconomic status and being married. Results suggest that socioeconomic status and possibly marital status, but not Type A behavior and retirement, may influence the relation of drinking with the development of coronary heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Ethanol effects on local cerebral glucose utilization in high-alcohol-drinking and low-alcohol-drinking rats.

Divergent ethanol-drinking behavior in rats selectively bred for high- or low-ethanol-drinking behavior could be related to differences in the sensitivity of the CNS to ethanol. In the current study, we examined the effects of acute (i.e., single injection) ethanol administration on local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) within selected brain regions of high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) and low-alcohol-drinking (LAD) rats. Adult, male, HAD and LAD rats from replicate line 2 were injected intraperitoneally with saline, or ethanol, at doses of 0.25 g/kg or 1.0 g/kg, during their dark cycle; 10 min later, [14C]-2-deoxyglucose ([14C]-2-DG; 125 microCi/kg) was injected into the femoral vein. Timed arterial blood samples were collected over 45 min and assayed for plasma glucose, ethanol, and [14C]-2-DG levels. Rats were then decapitated, and their brains were quickly extracted and frozen in isopentane at -50 degrees C. Coronal brain sections were prepared and apposed to x-ray film for 2 days, and image densities were determined by using quantitative autoradiography. Data were collected from several key limbic (nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, hippocampus, ventral pallidum, and septum), basal ganglia, cortical (medial prefrontal, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, entorhinal, piriform, and cingulate), and subcortical (thalamus, habenula, and superior colliculus) structures. After administration of both low (0.25 g/kg) and moderate (1.0 g/kg) doses of ethanol, LCGU values were lower, relative to those for saline controls, in several CNS regions (lateral septum; posterior cingulate, frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices; dorsomedial striatum; and dorsomedial thalamus) of LAD but not HAD rats. These findings may indicate that certain CNS regions of LAD-2 rats are more sensitive than regions of HAD-2 rats to the effects of low-to-intermediate doses of ethanol.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1997

Voluntary alcohol drinking and acetaldehyde metabolism in F2 hybrid crosses of AA and ANA rat lines.

Alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rat lines differ in their acetaldehyde metabolism and this has been suggested to be one reason for their different ethanol drinking behavior. To study whether acetaldehyde accumulation is indeed associated with alcohol drinking behavior and to evaluate which enzymatic differences previously observed in these rat lines are of importance in this regard, we produced an F2 generation from them. ADH and ALDH activities, and ALDH patterns were then assessed from these hybrids and correlated with their voluntary ethanol drinking and blood acetaldehyde concentrations measured during ethanol metabolism. A significant negative correlation between voluntary ethanol intake and blood acetaldehyde concentration was observed in F2 females drinking less than 17% of the total fluid as ethanol. In F2 males, hepatic microsomal high Km ALDH activities correlated negatively with blood acetaldehyde concentrations, indicating that low activity of this isoenzyme in ANA rats could be at least in part responsible for the accumulation of acetaldehyde in their blood. Finally, F2 rats that possessed the cytosolic ALDH isoenzyme pattern most frequently found in the AA rat line drank significantly more ethanol than the animals with typical ANA pattern, suggesting that this polymorphism might also be relevant in the regulation of voluntary ethanol drinking although it is probably not associated with acetaldehyde metabolism.

Acetaldehyde↗