PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Elimination Disorders”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Pharmacokinetics of isotretinoin during repetitive dosing to patients.

The multiple dose pharmacokinetics of isotretinoin and its major blood metabolite, 4-oxo-isotretinoin, were studied in 10 patients with cystic acne and 11 patients with various keratinization disorders. Blood samples were obtained at predetermined times following the first dose, interim doses and the final dose. Blood concentrations of isotretinoin and 4-oxo-isotretinoin were measured by a specific and sensitive HPLC method. A lag time was usually observed prior to the onset of absorption following oral administration of the drug in a soft elastic gelatin capsule. Absorption then proceeded rapidly and maximum blood concentrations usually occurred within 4 h of drug administration. The harmonic mean half-life for the elimination of isotretinoin by the cystic acne patients was approximately 10 h after the initial dose and did not change significantly following 25 days of 40 mg b.i.d. dosing. Steady-state blood concentrations remained relatively constant after the fifth day of dosing. The harmonic mean elimination half-life in the patients with various disorders of keratinization was about 16 h. The results of the 2 studies suggest that no significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of isotretinoin occur during multiple dosing and that the multiple dose pharmacokinetic profile is predictable and can be described using a linear pharmacokinetic model. This suggests that the steady-state concentrations of isotretinoin can be predicted from single dose data.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Being on the track of thimerosal. Review.

The common preservative thimerosal is one of the most important organic mercury compounds human populations are exposed to. It has toxic effect on several cell lines, and it also induces programmed cell death in in vitro experiments. Association is suggested between application of thimerosal-containing vaccines and the occurrence of neurodevelopmental disorders, like autism. While specific recommendations were made to eliminate thimerosal from vaccines, consistent evidence is still lacking for an association of exposure and disease. Unfortunately, it is very hard to study the molecular background of complex human diseases directly; however, investigations on more simple model organisms may lead to a better understanding of thimerosal as a possible disease inducing factor.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

A disclusion appliance to eliminate occlusally generated TMD symptoms prior to, and during, fixed orthodontic therapy.

Temporomandibular disorders are of multifactorial origin. If it is determined that the patient's occlusal scheme is a contributing factor to his/her TMD symptoms, it is accepted that reversible, noninvasive procedures be instituted at the outset of treatment. Splint therapy conforms to this guideline and serves to provide temporary, reversible alteration of the occlusal scheme in order to provide this relief. In a mutually protected occlusion, the posterior teeth accept the occlusal force of closure, while the anterior teeth serve to separate the dentition during excursive movements. The purpose of the disclusion splint described in this article is to eliminate muscle hypertonicity, along with its ensuing problems, by establishing a mutually protected occlusion via the guide planes created by the acrylic portions of the splint. Simultaneously, it does not compromise the patient's freeway space but acts as a preorthodontic, adjunctive-orthodontic, or post-TMD "stabilization-retentive" appliance because of its inherent ability to promote disarticulation of occluding dental surfaces during function.

Dental Occlusion↗
PubMed1999

One thousand intercarpal arthrodeses.

Limited wrist arthrodesis is a useful method for treating specific carpal disorders that maximizes residual wrist motion and strength while eliminating pain. Selective fusion of specific carpal units can be used in degenerative arthritis, rotary subluxation of the scaphoid, midcarpal instability, scaphoid nonunion, Kienbock's disease, and congenital synchondrosis or partial fusion of specific carpal joints. This report presents our experience with more than 1000 limited wrist arthrodeses, and provides a review of the indications and technical considerations for specific intercarpal fusions, and subsequent results. To date this is the largest series of intercarpal arthrodeses and the study has demonstrated that these techniques are reliable and effective in dealing with a wide range of wrist disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Effects of stringent criteria on eligibility for clozapine among public mental health clients.

OBJECTIVE: This study estimated rates of eligibility for treatment with clozapine among clients in a public mental health system using criteria with various degrees of restrictiveness. METHODS: A stratified, random cluster sample of 293 clients was selected from among all clients with schizophrenic disorders known to the mental health system of the city and county of San Francisco during 1991. Data on variables associated with eligibility for clozapine were abstracted from clinical records, and eligibility was estimated using broad and stringent criteria. RESULTS: An estimated 42.9 percent of the clients were eligible for clozapine using broad eligibility criteria that included a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, two previous neuroleptic trials of at least 600 mg per day chlorpromazine equivalents for at least four weeks or tardive dyskinesia, Global Assessment of Functioning score less than 61, and no contraindications. Eliminating eligibility due to tardive dyskinesia alone, excluding persons with schizoaffective disorder, requiring six-week medication trials, and requiring three adequate medication trials instead of two resulted in substantial reductions in the rate of eligibility. CONCLUSIONS: Varying interpretations of the criteria for clozapine treatment listed in the medication package insert dramatically affect patients' eligibility for clozapine. Mental health agencies should endeavor to maintain a balance between restricting use of clozapine due to cost and providing it to the full spectrum of patients who might benefit from the medication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Assessment of iodine intake in the Israel coastal area.

BACKGROUND: Iodine intake is necessary to maintain normal thyroid function and prevent iodine deficiency disorders. In 1990, a resolution calling for universal salt iodination to eliminate iodine deficiency worldwide was taken by the World Health Organization and endorsed by some 130 countries. As of today, very little is known about iodine intake and the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders in Israel, and the authorities do not require iodine enrichment of regular salt. OBJECTIVE: To assess the current level of iodine intake in an unselected group of residents from the Israeli costal area. METHODS: Spot urine samples were collected from three groups: Group A comprising 51 pregnant women attending the Womens Health Clinic at our institution, with a mean age of 32 years and at gestational week 28; group B consisting of 35 healthy subjects, mean age 38; and group C consisting of 16 euthyroid subjects harboring nodular goiters. Tap water and mineral water were also analyzed for iodine content. Iodine concentration was measured using the catalytic reduction of ceric ammonium sulfate method. RESULTS: When considering all groups together the median urinary iodine concentration was 143 micrograms/L, with 27% of the study population having concentrations under 100 micrograms/L and 7.8% under 50 micrograms/L. Values were distributed similarly between sites of residency, and no significant differences were seen between groups. The mean iodine concentration for tap drinking water was 22.8 micrograms/L (range 0.5-53.5 micrograms/L) and for mineral water 7 micrograms/L (range 0-15 micrograms/L). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, iodine intake appeared to be satisfactory in our study population, however mild deficiency may exist in up to 26% of this group. A nationwide survey is needed to better determine the status of iodine intake in Israel, allowing for recommendations on salt-iodine enrichment in the future.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Schizophrenia--a disorder of the corollary discharge systems that integrate the motor systems of thought with the sensory systems of consciousness.

BACKGROUND: In spite of intensive research, no causal anatomical lesion has been found in schizophrenia. It may instead be caused by malfunctioning circuits in the corollary discharge, feed forward (CD-FF) systems of thought. AIMS: To integrate with the CD-FF hypothesis recent data showing that subcortical motor systems participate in thinking. METHODS: We review CD-FF concepts in relation to recent evidence that 'motor' brain structures participate in cognitive processing. RESULTS: Malfunctioning of CD-FF systems that integrate thinking and consciousness could produce auditory hallucinations, delusions and disorganised thought. CONCLUSIONS: We hypothesise that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia lies in integrative circuits of basal ganglia, thalamus and frontal cortex. Fruitful research directions would include elucidation of CD-FF circuits at even higher brain levels, the behaviour of these circuits during dreaming, and their responses to late maturational events including synaptic elimination.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed1994

[Elimination of iodine deficiency: a challenge for the end of the century].

The purpose of this article is to review some essential elements that should be considered in the development of national and regional strategies for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders. Another objective is to analyze the current status of this deficiency, the criteria and parameters for evaluating the progress of control programs, and the political, legal, and institutional issues that must be borne in mind in order to reach the virtual elimination of iodine deficiency disorders in the present decade.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Preventing fatal diseases increases healthcare costs: cause elimination life table approach.

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether elimination of fatal diseases will increase healthcare costs. DESIGN: Mortality data from vital statistics combined with healthcare spending in a cause elimination life table. Costs were allocated to specific diseases through the various healthcare registers. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: The population of the Netherlands, 1988. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Healthcare costs of a synthetic life table cohort, expressed as life time expected costs. RESULTS: The life time expected healthcare costs for 1988 in the Netherlands were 56,600 Pounds for men and 80,900 Pounds for women. Elimination of fatal diseases--such as coronary heart disease, cancer, or chronic obstructive lung disease--increases healthcare costs. Major savings will be achieved only by elimination of non-fatal disease--such as musculoskeletal diseases and mental disorders. CONCLUSION: The aim of prevention is to spare people from avoidable misery and death not to save money on the healthcare system. In countries with low mortality, elimination of fatal diseases by successful prevention increases healthcare spending because of the medical expenses during added life years.

Accidents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular characterization as a target for cancer therapy in relation to orphan status disorders (Review).

The long-term effort in investigating chemical methods to eliminate only cancer cells has improved our knowledge and has led to the development of new drugs. The targets for cancer treatment may be large polymeric molecules such as DNA or microtubules as well as regulatory pathways for tumor development and cell survival preservation or tyrosine kinase activity. Examples of new agents are: trastuzumab (Herceptin), a humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in combination with cytotoxic agents, is used in a percentage of breast cancer patients; signal transduction inhibitor of abl tyrosine kinase STI 571 (Glivec) has been shown to be an active treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia and GISTs; epidermal growth factor receptors in certain tumors have been targeted with agents such as C225 (Cetuximab) and ZD 1839 (IRESSA); an adenosine deaminase analogue of deoxyadenosine, Cladribine (2-chloro-2 deoxy-adenosine) has shown high effectiveness in hairy-cell leukemia and the multitargeted antifolate (Premetrexed) and several vaccines have been studied and are in clinical trials for resistant cancers. These new drug developments represent a promising field for future cancer management.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2004

Dihydropyridine receptors are selective markers of Th2 cells and can be targeted to prevent Th2-dependent immunopathological disorders.

Th1 cells that produce IFN-gamma are essential in the elimination of intracellular pathogens, and Th2 cells that synthetize IL-4 control the eradication of helminths. However, highly polarized Th1 or Th2 responses may be harmful and even lethal. Thus, the development of strategies to selectively down-modulate Th1 or Th2 responses is of therapeutic importance. Herein, we demonstrate that dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR) are expressed on Th2 and not on Th1 murine cells. By using selective agonists and antagonists of DHPR, we show that DHPR are involved in TCR-dependent calcium response in Th2 cells as well as in IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 synthesis. Nicardipine, an inhibitor of DHPR, is beneficial in experimental models of Th2-dependent pathologies in rats. It strongly inhibits the Th2-mediated autoimmune glomerulonephritis induced by injecting Brown Norway (BN) rats with heavy metals. This drug also prevents the chronic graft vs host reaction induced by injecting CD4(+) T cells from BN rats into (LEW x BN)F(1) hybrids. By contrast, treatment with nicardipine has no effect on the Th1-dependent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis triggered in LEW rats immunized with myelin. These data indicate that 1) DHPR are a selective marker of Th2 cells, 2) these calcium channels contribute to calcium signaling in Th2 cells, and 3) blockers of these channels are beneficial in the treatment of Th2-mediated pathologies.

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethy↗
PubMed1993

[Detection of anticardiolipin antibody using the EIA kit prepared to eliminate interference of serum cofactor].

We studied sera from patients with various disorders including collagen diseases, Buerger's disease, deep vein thrombosis, repeated abortions and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in order to measure anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) titers. In our assay system, we can detect aCL against bovine cardiolipin and the complex of cardiolipin and beta 2-glycoprotein I (beta 2-GPI). This was done with simultaneous assays using blank wells and bovine cardiolipin coated wells in the EIA method in which both wells were also coated with bovine serum albumin possibly containing beta 2-GPI, then aCL titers was given by subtraction of O.D. values of blank wells from those of cardiolipin coated wells. When the aCL was quantified by anti human immunoglobulin antibodies, collagen diseases showed positive aCL in 15 (11.5%) out of 130 sera with positive anti ENA antibodies, 3 (11.1%) out of 27 sera with positive anti DNA antibodies and 3 (5.2%) out of 58 sera with other positive ANA sera. The other hand, we found positive aCL in 2 (4.9%) out of 41 sera from patients with Buerger's disease, 4 (36.4%) out of 11 sera from patients with deep vein thrombosis, 1 (7.7%) out of 13 sera from patients with repeated abortions and 6 (14.6%) out of 41 sera from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Twenty one (61.8%) out of these aCL positive sera had also positive IgG-aCL for the assay using anti human IgG antibody. Compared to previous reports, we thought, low incidence of aCL in our study was due to exclusion of anti beta 2-GPI antibody in our assay system.

Antibodies, Anticardiolipin↗
PubMed1989

Comparative study on ethanol elimination and blood acetaldehyde between alcoholics and control subjects.

Factors influencing ethanol elimination rate and blood acetaldehyde concentration with regard to age, blood ethanol concentration, and degrees of alcoholic liver disorder were studied in alcoholic patients vis-à-vis healthy subjects. Ninety-four male alcoholic patients were divided into five groups according to age and into three groups according to blood ethanol concentration which ranged between 4.21 and 0.29 mg/ml. It was noted that as age increased, blood ethanol concentration decreased. Groups A, B, and C consisted of subjects whose ethanol levels were more than 2.5, between 1.0 and 2.5, and less than 1.0 mg/ml, respectively. Average values of ethanol elimination rate in Groups A, B, and C were 0.26, 0.23, and 0.18 mg/ml/hr, respectively. The rate increased as blood ethanol concentration elevated. The rate in Group B was significantly higher than that in the healthy control subjects who had blood ethanol levels between 1.0 and 2.5 mg/ml. The rate of ethanol elimination was independent of liver disorder judged by liver function test values. Blood acetaldehyde concentrations in the patients were less than 1.48 micrograms/ml, with an average value of 0.58 microgram/ml, and were significantly correlated with blood ethanol levels in both alcoholics and healthy subjects.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1988

Reactive psychosis. II. Does DSM-III-R define a third psychosis?

The DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria for "brief reactive psychosis" change the original concept of this disorder in a manner so restrictive as to virtually eliminate the diagnosis. In a companion paper to this one, we have reviewed the original concept and data supporting further study of this classification. We now argue that the operational criteria of the DSM-IIIs do not enhance the study of this putative disease entity, but rather thwart this goal by restricting the diagnosis so severely that too few cases will be found to test the third psychosis hypothesis. We suggest revised criteria that will retain the essential features of the traditional concept while defining explicit criteria in the style of the DSM-IIIs.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

[Disruption and recovery of grammatical speech in patients with acoustic-mnestic aphasia].

The clinical picture of acustico-mnestical aphasia, besides defects of understanding, naming and reiteration is characterized by disorders of a grammatical shaping of statements as well. Such disorders as yet have not been specially studied. The conducted study explored disorders and rehabilitation of speech grammar in 10 patients with acustico-mnestical aphasia with the aid of a neuro-linguistical analysis of spontaneous speech in patients and some special tests. The study made it possible to eliminate general types of agrammatism in different forms of aphasia and disorders, specific of acustico-mnestical aphasia. The suggested methods appeared to be adequate for a rehabilitation of speech grammar in this group of patients. Besides rehabilitative training may be used as a supplementary method for studying the character and structure of agrammatism in acustico-mnestical aphasia. The achieved results may be used for the diagnostics and rehabilitation of speech in this form of aphasia.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

"Nerves": a sociomedical diagnosis ... of sorts.

"Nerves" represents a common complaint among individuals from Appalachia. It appears to be a conglomerate term to encompass chronic anxiety without panic, mild depression without despair, neurasthenia without malaise, a smattering hypochondriasis and a surfeit of illness behavior, all superimposed on passive, dependent individuals with borderline normal intelligence and exposed to profound sociocultural deprivation. Definitive treatment of this disorder entails major changes or modifications in almost every aspect of their lives, including family structure, education, vocational training, and basic value systems. This may eliminate "nerves" but will not prevent the development of the more conventional psychiatric disorders to which more educated, middle-class individuals are vulnerable.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Screening Inventory-Retrospect (CAPSI-R): a questionnaire for adults concerning child and adolescent mental disorders.

This study examines the properties of the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Screening Inventory-Retrospect, CAPSI-R, a self-report 146-item questionnaire for adults concerning earlier child psychiatric symptoms, comprising both DSM-IV categories and functional impairment. The instrument was mailed to 359 former child psychiatric patients born between 1951 and 1977 (164 of whom responded) and to a matched control group (193 of whom responded). There was good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ranged between 0.62-0.93, and between 0.76-0.93 after elimination of one item). The lifetime prevalence of a mental disorder was 87.8% in the former patients' without considering impairment and 76.8% when impairment was considered. The corresponding figures for the control group were 49.7% and 10.4%, respectively. When the former patients' CAPSI-R diagnoses (with incorporation of the impairment criterion) were validated against the DSM-IV diagnoses based on information in their medical records, generally, an acceptable sensitivity and specificity were obtained. The overall kappa between CAPSI-R diagnoses and those from medical records was 0.79. The CAPSI-R shows promise for further evaluation and may be useful in recognising child and adolescent mental disorders in adults.

Adolescent↗