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PubMedDate not supplied

[Intraoperative diagnosis of retinal ruptures in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in avitreous eyes by using a coloring agent].

Sixteen patients were operated for regmatogene retinal detachment developed at different time periods after a previously made vitrectomy; no retinal ruptures were found in preoperative examinations. The method of colouring with subretinal fluid, 0.1% fluorescence solution, was intraoperatively used for the detection of such ruptures. The coloured fluid escaped from the subretinal cavity through a retinal rapture into the vitreal cavity, which ensured an easy visualization of ruptures. Retinal ruptures could be detected in all 16 (100%) patients. They were located in 8 (50%) cases in the zone of previously made sclerotomy and were regarded as an outcome of the local proliferative vitreoretinopathy on the remains of the basic vitreous elements.

Female↗
PubMed1988

Photodynamic laser therapy. A bladder cancer protocol.

This data, along with data from other research studies, indicate that PDT is a promising new treatment for noninvasive bladder cancer. In the current study at Veterans Administration Medical Center, three of the four patients who received Thiotepa have had recurrences of their bladder tumors or positive urine cytology. The three patients who received PDT have not experienced any recurrences or positive urine cytology. Since we have been involved in this trial, we have developed some recommendations that other institutions may want to follow. The tip of the laser fiber is very bright. To decrease eye strain and fatigue, a lens cap with a green eye shield should be used on the cytoscope. All staff should wear green-colored safety eye glasses. This will protect their eyes from constant exposure to the intense incandescent radiation, and if the fiber should break, it would protect their eyes from the bright red color. With all the extra equipment such as ultrasound, power meters, light sources, and anesthesia equipment, it is important to avoid tripping over extension cords. The cords should be covered. Also, it is important not to bump into the equipment, which can happen because the OR is dark. At this time, the laser technician is the only person authorized at our medical center to operate the argon-pumped tunable dye laser. In the future, if more research programs are started or therapy is approved for other uses, additional personnel will be trained.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Deuteranomalous color matching in the deuteranopic eye.

Two observers were classified as deuteranopes by standard tests including two-degree anomaloscope matches. Color matching similar to the Rayleigh type was then carried out for a 10-degree field size at retinal illuminance ranging from 1 to more than 3000 trolands (td). The results show that at the larger field size and higher levels of retinal illuminance, a third independent color-mediating mechanism with the sensitivity of the deuteranomalous cone is participating in the color match. The results also confirm participation of a different third mechanism with rod sensitivity at levels below about 100 td. There is a range of transition between the two as the level increases above 100 td. Therefore large-field color matching in these deuteranopes is trichromatic at the levels tested, not dichromatic, and a third cone system is found to operate at typical photopic light levels under static viewing conditions in a dichromatic eye.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1985

Risk factors for ocular melanoma: Western Canada Melanoma Study.

Between April 1, 1979, and March 31, 1981, 90 individuals in the four western provinces of Canada were diagnosed as having ocular melanomas. Of 87 age-eligible cases (age 20-79 yr), 65 (75%) were interviewed along with age- and sex-matched controls chosen at random from the provincial populations. Individuals with blue eyes had a significantly greater crude risk of ocular melanoma than those with brown eyes [odds ratio (OR)=3.0, P=.04]. Subjects with red or blonde hair were at higher risk of having ocular melanoma than those with black or dark-brown hair (OR=7.7, P=.03). Indoor workers appeared to be at elevated risk for ocular melanoma even after controlling for eye and hair color (OR=3.5, P=.006).

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Analysis of ophthalmic arterial flow by color Doppler imaging in glaucomatous eyes].

The blood flow velocity of the ophthalmic artery was analyzed by color Doppler imaging in normal subjects and patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or normal-tension glaucoma (NTG), to investigate the changes in intraocular circulatory dynamics. Maximum systolic flow velocity (Vmax), minimum diastolic flow velocity (Vmin), time-averaged flow velocity (Vmean), and resistivity index (RI) were determined. The coefficients of variation as indices for the reproducibility of the measurements in five normal volunteers were 5.0 +/- 4.0%, 8.8 +/- 5.7%, 7.9 +/- 7.5%, and 2.3 +/- 1.9% (mean +/- SD) for Vmax, Vmin, Vmean and RI. Measurements of ophthalmic arterial flow velocity were made in 20 patients with POAG, 20 patients with NTG, and 30 normal subjects matched for mean age. The POAG patients and NTG patients showed a significant reduction in the three indices for velocities (p < 0.01) and a significant increase in RI (p < 0.05) compared with normal subjects. There were no significant differences in all the four indices between POAG and NTG in patients matched for similar visual field defects and mean age. Our results indicate that the circulatory dynamics of the ophthalmic artery were different in glaucoma patients than in normal subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Defective pigment granule biogenesis and aberrant behavior caused by mutations in the Drosophila AP-3beta adaptin gene ruby.

Lysosomal protein trafficking is a fundamental process conserved from yeast to humans. This conservation extends to lysosome-like organelles such as mammalian melanosomes and insect eye pigment granules. Recently, eye and coat color mutations in mouse (mocha and pearl) and Drosophila (garnet and carmine) were shown to affect subunits of the heterotetrameric adaptor protein complex AP-3 involved in vesicle trafficking. Here we demonstrate that the Drosophila eye color mutant ruby is defective in the AP-3beta subunit gene. ruby expression was found in retinal pigment and photoreceptor cells and in the developing central nervous system. ruby mutations lead to a decreased number and altered size of pigment granules in various cell types in and adjacent to the retina. Humans with lesions in the related AP-3betaA gene suffer from Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, which is caused by defects in a number of lysosome-related organelles. Hermansky-Pudlak patients have a reduced skin pigmentation and suffer from internal bleeding, pulmonary fibrosis, and visual system malfunction. The Drosophila AP-3beta adaptin also appears to be involved in processes other than eye pigment granule biogenesis because all ruby allele combinations tested exhibited defective behavior in a visual fixation paradigm.

Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits↗
PubMed1996

Color vision in patients with a silicone intraocular lens.

PURPOSE: To test color vision in eyes with a silicone intraocular lens (IOL) and compare it with that in normal phakic eyes. SETTING: University Eye Clinic of Kuopio, Finland. METHODS: Color vision in 33 patients from 50 to 69 years old with a silicone IOL was evaluated with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test (FM 100) and the Color Vision Meter 712 (CVM) anomaloscope. In the FM 100 test, 37 normal phakic eyes served as controls; 21 were 50 to 59 years old and 16, 60 to 69 years old. In the CVM, 46 normal phakic eyes served as controls; 21 were 50 to 59 years old and 25, 60 to 69 years old. Nine of the 33 patients had a silicone IOL in one eye and a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) IOL in the other; the color vision in the two eyes was compared. RESULTS: The FM 100 results showed no significant difference between the silicone IOL and control eyes. In the CVM examination, the blue equation showed a significantly greater shift to the green side (patient sees more blue) in the silicone IOL group than in the control group. Other CVM results were similar between groups. No significant difference was found in any test between the 9 PMMA IOL eyes and the contralateral silicone IOL eyes. CONCLUSION: Eyes with a silicone IOL had color discrimination ability similar to that of normal phakic eyes. In the blue color sensitivity test, the silicone IOL eyes had significantly better results. There were no significant differences between eyes with a silicone IOL and contralateral eyes with a PMMA IOL.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Prostaglandin-induced iris color darkening. An experimental model.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the role of sympathetic innervation and the effect of topical prostaglandin therapy on iris color in pigmented rabbits. METHODS: Twelve Dutch-belted rabbits underwent unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx) at age 1 to 3 months. A second group of 11 rabbits underwent bilateral SCGx at age 1 month and were treated once or twice daily for 6 to 9 months with 1 drop (about 20 microL) of latanoprost, 0.005%, to one eye and its vehicle to the contralateral eye. Standardized color photographs of the iris of each eye were taken at 1- to 2-month intervals for 6 to 10 months and evaluated by 4 to 6 observers in a masked fashion. RESULTS: At 8 to 10 months after unilateral SCGx, 11 of 12 rabbits showed definite heterochromia, with the lighter-colored iris on the SCGx side. Of the 11 rabbits that underwent bilateral SCGx and unilateral latanoprost treatment, 9 showed heterochromia at 6 to 9 months, with the darker-colored iris on the latanoprost-treated side. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that sympathetic innervation is required for age-related, physiologic darkening of iris color in rabbits, that prostaglandins may compensate for sympathetic denervation to produce darkening in SCGx eyes, and that this model may be useful to study prostaglandin-induced iris color change.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2002

Primacy of spatial information in guiding target selection for pursuit and saccades.

Previous studies have examined the facilitative effects of prior spatial information on target selection for saccadic eye movements. More recently, studies have shown that prior spatial information also influences target selection for smooth pursuit. However, direct comparisons of the effects of prior information on target selection for pursuit and saccades have not been made. To this end, we provided different classes of prior information and measured their effects on target selection for pursuit and saccades. In Experiment 1, we assessed the relative effects of spatial cues (indicating the target stimulus' initial location) and color cues (indicating the target stimulus' color) on eye movement latencies. In Experiment 2, we assessed the effects of motion cues (indicating the target stimulus' direction of motion) in addition to spatial cues. For both pursuit and saccades, we found that spatial cues reduced eye movement latencies more than color cues (Experiment 1). Spatial cues also reduced eye movement latencies more than motion cues (Experiment 2), even for pursuit, despite the fact that stimulus motion is essential for the generation of pursuit eye movements. These results indicate that both pursuit and saccades are affected to a greater degree by spatial information than motion or color information. We suggest that the primacy of spatial information for both pursuit and saccades reflects the importance of spatial attention in selecting the stimulus target for both eye movements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Quantitative analysis of striped coat-color patterns in Large White-->Duroc chimeric pigs with special reference to the genetic control mechanisms of the dominant black-eyed white phenotype.

Coat colors of four chimeric pigs produced by the microinjection of dissociated blastomeres of (Landrace x Large White) blastocysts to the blastocyst cavity of Duroc x Duroc) blastocysts (Kashiwazaki et al., 1992) exhibited characteristic horizontal stripe-patterns. We carried out quantitative analysis of those patterns in order to derive information concerning the genetic regulatory mechanisms of the dominant black-eyed white phenotypes in the pig. In the four chimeras, the theoretical mean widths of the single-clone stripe calculated from the estimated widths of minimal recognizable stripe (MRS) (Tachi, 1988) were 2.1 +/- 0.1, 2.23 +/- 0.15, 1.89 +/- 0.06, and 1.93 +/- 0.28 cm respectively. The estimated number of single-clone stripes in the thoracico-lumbar region of those animals were 42.3, 40.7, 46.3, 44.2, and about twice the mean number of vertebrae in the same region (Duroc, 20 or 21; Large White 21 or 22). Furthermore, the mean length of thoracico-lumbar vertebrae in two of the chimeric pigs, as measured on X-ray radiographs, was approximately twice the mean single-clone stripe width. It was concluded that the stripe-patterns of the chimeric pigs probably represented the dermatome patterns of epidermis; and in the pig, a single somite was likely to be derived from the clones of two primordial cells, as originally proposed by Gearhart & Mintz (1972) in the mouse. It was suggested, furthermore, that in the Large White-->Duroc chimeric pigs, melanocytes that migrated into the region of skin formed by a Large White dermatome could not survive, thus creating a clearly demarcated white stripe. Possible involvement of KL or c-kit in the dominant black-eyed white phenotype of the pig is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Retinogeniculate projections in albino and ocularly hypopigmented rats.

The retinogeniculate fiber projections were studied by degeneration methods in several strains of rats with pigmentation in their eyes and pelts ranging from the intensely pigmented self phenotype to the albino. The ipsilateral retinogeniculate input in the self, Irish, and hooded rats, and rats with "bicolor fundus" is located medially within the dorsal alteral geniculate nucleus (LGd) and is seen as a single lamina of moderately dense degeneration.

Albinism↗
PubMed1994

Electrophysiological measurements of spectral mechanisms in the retinas of two cervids: white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and fallow deer (Dama dama).

Electroretinogram (ERG) flicker photometry was used to study the spectral mechanisms in the retinas of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and fallow deer (Dama dama). In addition to having a rod pigment with maximum sensitivity (lambda max) of about 497 nm, both species appear to have two classes of photopic receptors. They share in common a short-wavelength-sensitive cone mechanism having lambda max in the region of 450-460 nm. Each also has a cone having peak sensitivity in the middle wavelengths, but these differ slightly for the two species. In white-tailed deer the lambda max of this cone is about 537 nm; for the fallow deer the average lambda max value for this mechanism was 542 nm. Deer resemble other ungulates and many other types of mammal in having two classes of cone pigment and, thus, the requisite retinal basis for dichromatic color vision.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Ocular pigmentation in white and Siamese cats.

Ocular pigmentation in white cats with blue and yellow eyes and in Siamese cats was examined ophthalmoscopically and histologically. Yellow-eyed white cats had entirely normal ocular pigmentation. Blue eyes of white cats had normal pigmentation of the iridial and retinal pigment epithelia but no stromal pigmentation of the iris or choroid. This deficit is apparently due to the absence of stromal pigment cells, certainly in the iris. As a general rule, the blue eye of white cats had no tapetum. Siamese cats had reduced pigmentation of the iridial and retinal pigment epithelia and no stromal pigmentation of the iris or choroid. The lack of pigmentation is apparently due to the inability of stromal pigment cells to produce pigment, certainly in the iris. We conclude that the abnormality of visual pathways previously described in the Siamese cat is not due simply to a deficiency of pigment of cells of neural crest origin.

Animals↗