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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Biogenic amines, metabolites and monoamine oxidase in the filarial worm Setaria cervi.

Analysis of biogenic monoamines and their metabolites in Setaria cervi adults by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed dopamine as the major monoamine followed by norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). 5-Hydroxy indole acetic acid and tryptophan were also detected in significant amounts. A particulate-bound monoamine oxidase (MAO, EC 1.4.3.4.) catalysing the oxidative deamination of several amines was also demonstrated in both microfilariae and adults. The enzyme from the parasites exhibited unusually high Km values for various monoamines. Dopamine was oxidized at the maximum rate while putrescine was not utilized as the substrate. MAO was predominantly associated with the mitochondrial fraction and concentrated mainly in the cuticle-muscle-hypodermis layer of the filariid. The enzyme was most active around pH 7.5 and 37 +/- 2 degrees C, relatively stable in the frozen state but was thermolabile. The specific MAO inhibitors, clorgyline and deprenyl, inhibited the enzyme with Ki values of 2 x 10(-7) M and 5 x 10(-6) M, respectively. Diethylcarbamazine, suramin, levamisole and centperazine significantly inhibited MAO activity. (The characteristics of the enzyme indicated that it may have a role in host-parasite interactions).

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Scanning electron microscopy of Setaria cervi adult male worms.

Scanning electron microscopy studies of adult Setaria cervi male worms showed the presence of horn-like lateral appendages and characteristic striated bands on the ventral side of the tail. All other features were indistinguishable from other members of the genus Setaria.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Intermediary carbohydrate metabolism in the adult filarial worm Setaria digitata.

Several key enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism were assayed in Setaria digitata. In the cytosolic fraction pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were found. Among the TCA cycle enzymes succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate reductase, fumarase (malate dehydration), malate dehydrogenase (malate oxidation and oxaloacetate reduction) and malic enzyme (malate decarboxylation) were detected in the mitochondrial fraction. Only reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase, NADH oxidase and NADH-cytochrome c reductase were found in the mitochondrial fraction. The significance of these results with respect to the metabolic capabilities of the worm are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Pulmonary changes associated with dead filariae (Dirofilaria immitis) and concurrent antigenic exposure in dogs.

Initially, a group of 5 dogs had their left pulmonary artery ligated 7 months prior to the insertion of filariae (Dirofilaria immitis). A second group of 3 dogs was used as controls for the various components of the experiment. Antigen (D. immitis) was injected subcutaneously on 3 occasions and necropsy was performed 5 weeks after insertion of filariae. These results were then compared to those from the control dogs. With exposure to antigen, severe pulmonary arterial and parenchymal disease was produced in association with the insertion of dead D. immitis filariae into the pulmonary artery. In the dogs receiving antigen, the arterial and peri-arterial pathology was generally more intense and at a more advanced stage of organization than in the control animals. Interstitial pneumonitis was also more prominent in the antigen-stimulated dogs. The advanced nature of the reaction was also reflected in the skin histology of the injection sites. The pathology was similar to that reported for natural dirofilariasis and it appears that most of the pathology of dirofilariasis is associated with reactions to dead filariae or filarial by-products and concurrent antigenic experience.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Use of monoclonal antibodies to quantify subclasses of human IgG. II. Enzyme immunoassay to define antigen specific (anti-filarial) IgG subclass antibodies.

Because of their single epitope specificity, monoclonal antibodies (Mcabs) may perform with different levels of efficiency in immunoassays depending on the accessibility of the particular epitope recognized. In order to develop assays capable of detecting specific antibodies of each of the four human IgG subclasses, we have evaluated by ELISA the performance characteristics of a panel of Mcabs raised to the subclass proteins. At least one Mcab to each of the four subclasses was identified that was specific in its ability to capture its own relevant IgG subclass without any associated light chain, allotype or isoallotype activity and that was able to function effectively as a probe in an optimized, quantitative ELISA. When IgG subclass antibodies were measured in sera from patients with filariasis using specific filarial antigen, the sensitivities of each subclass antibody assay varied; for IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies the sensitivity of detection was 50 ng/ml and for IgG2 and IgG3, 10 ng/ml. The potency of the Mcab, determined by its titration for use as a probe, did not correlate with the sensitivity of the assay. These Mcabs were also capable of defining IgG subclass antibody responses qualitatively in immunoblot analyses with little or no non-specific binding. The availability of such highly characterized Mcabs for use in quantitative and qualitative definition of specific IgG subclass antibody responses should greatly improve our detection and subsequent understanding of the role of these IgG subclasses in various disease states.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1990

Effect of gamma irradiation on the hemocyte-mediated immune response of Aedes aegypti against microfilariae.

The effect of gamma irradiation on the melanotic encapsulation response of Aedes aegypti black eye Liverpool strain against inoculated Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) was assessed at 1, 2, 3, and 6 days postinoculation (PI). Mosquitoes received 6000 rad from a 137Cs source (Shepard Mark I irradiator) at 3 days postemergence and were inoculated with 15-20 mff 24 hr later. These mosquitoes were compared to nonirradiated controls that also were inoculated with 15-20 mff at 3 days postemergence. The immune response was significantly reduced in irradiated mosquitoes as compared with controls at all days PI. Although the response was significantly inhibited compared with controls, irradiated mosquitoes were still capable of eliciting a response against 69% of recovered mff at 6 days PI. External gamma irradiation did not significantly affect the proliferation of hemocytes associated with the melanotic encapsulation response of A. aegypti. The number of circulating hemocytes increased in irradiated mosquitoes in response to inoculated mff in a manner similar to nonirradiated, inoculated controls. Hemocyte monophenol oxidase activity, however, was significantly reduced in gamma-irradiated mosquitoes at 12 hr PI as compared with controls. The reduced immunological capacity of irradiated mosquitoes might be related to an interference with gene activity required for the synthesis or activation of enzymes that are directly or indirectly involved in the biochemical processes associated with the production of melanotic substances that sequester mff.

Aedes↗