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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

The effects of opioid antagonists on ingestive behavior in the domestic fowl.

The effects of opioid antagonists on food and water intake in commercial stocks of chickens were investigated. Four experiments were conducted to examine the effects of naloxone (N-allylnoroxymorphone) and naltrexone (N-cyclopropylnoroxymorphone) in broiler and Single-Comb White Leghorn cockerels. Birds were injected intramuscularly with either naloxone HCl or naltrexone HCl at doses from 2.5 to 10 mg/kg. Food and water were offered ad lib 15 min post-injection. In broilers, naloxone dose-dependently attenuated food and water consumption for 300 min, while in Leghorns naloxone attenuated food and water intake for 240 and 300 min, respectively. Naltrexone dose-dependently reduced food and water consumption for 300 min in both broilers and Leghorns. Neither naloxone nor naltrexone significantly altered food or water intake at 24 hr. A fifth experiment was conducted to verify the specificity of opioid antagonism for water intake. Broiler cockerels received an intraperitoneal injection of either isotonic saline (0.15 M NaCl) or hypertonic saline (2.5 M NaCl) followed by an intramuscular injection of either isotonic saline or naloxone HCl (5 mg/kg). Food was withheld for the entire experiment while water was offered ad lib 15 min following the second injection. Naloxone significantly attenuated drinking in normally hydrated and osmotically challenged birds for 150 min. The results suggest a role for endogenous opioid peptides in the regulation of food and water intake in meat and egg-laying stocks of chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Food intake of domestic fowl injected with adrenergic agonists and antagonists into the hepatic portal vein.

Cockerels of an egg-laying strain were used to study the mode of action of epinephrine on food intake in chickens. Intraperitoneal injection of 2500 micrograms epinephrine significantly depressed intake from 1-6 hr after injection. This effect was not modified by vagotomy at the level of the proventriculus (equivalent of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in the mammal). Injection of 25, 50 or 100 micrograms epinephrine into the hepatic portal vein depressed intake in a dose-related manner. One hundred micrograms epinephrine had similar effects when injected into the jugular vein as into the portal vein, although the latter injection had longer-lasting effects. As the liver is the major site of inactivation of epinephrine this suggests that it acts mainly at that organ. In order to find which type of receptor is stimulated by epinephrine in its action on feeding an alpha-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine, was injected into the portal vein at doses ranging from 63-3000 micrograms; there was no effect on intake at any dose. A beta-adrenergic agonist, salbutamol (500-2000 micrograms), depressed intake in a dose-related manner following portal vein injection. This effect was not attenuated by vagotomy. Aminophylline, an inhibitor of cAMP breakdown, had no effect on intake when injected into the portal vein (2500-10000 micrograms) and the depressing effect of 200 micrograms epinephrine was not modified by simultaneous injection of 10000 micrograms aminophylline. It is concluded that epinephrine acts on the liver to suppress intake via a vagally-mediated pathway, but that the mechanisms of action are not known.

Albuterol↗
PubMed1988

Differential cholinergic influences on the immobility response in various strains of domestic fowl.

A series of five experiments examined the effects of two anticholinergic drugs, atropine and scopolamine, on the duration of tonic immobility (TI) and susceptibility to the TI response in both Production Red and White Leghorn chickens (Gallus gallus), in an attempt to resolve previous contradictory findings about the effects of cholinergic manipulations on tonic immobility. These two anticholinergic drugs significantly reduced the duration of TI and, therefore, supported the conclusion that cholinergic systems are involved with the immobility response. However, the effects of these drugs on TI differed depending on the age, strain, local population, and handling experience of the individual birds.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Morphine hyperalgesic effects on the formalin test in domestic fowl (Gallus gallus).

Preliminary research demonstrated that formalin injected into the foot of leghorn cockerels elicited significantly more footlifts of longer duration than physiological saline. The formalin test was subsequently used to examine morphine effects in this species. Previous research demonstrated strain-dependent naloxone-reversible morphine hyperalgesia against thermal nociception in cockerels. In Experiment 1 herein White Leghorn cockerels were given either 0.0, 0.5, 1.5, or 2.5% formalin SC into the foot 30 min after an IM injection of either physiological saline or 2.5 mg/kg morphine sulfate. The frequency and duration of formalin-elicited footlifts increased significantly as a function of formalin concentration. Morphine significantly increased footlift frequency and duration at all but the 0.0% formalin concentration. Morphine inhibited respiration in these animals. In Experiment 2, naloxone (5.0 mg/kg) significantly reversed both the hyperalgesia and the respiratory depression induced by morphine. These results demonstrate that morphine hyperalgesia in leghorn cockerels is neither unique to hot plate test procedures nor peculiar to thermal nociception. Atypical morphine effects in this model may be specific to nociception, however, because hyperalgesia was not accompanied by atypical morphine effects on respiration.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Ovarian maturity as modified by partial sinistral ovariectomy and its transplantation in immature domestic fowl.

In laparotomized hens (70d old), about one-fourth part of the left ovary was removed in Group I and about one-half of it in Group II. In Group III, about one-half of the ovary was left intact and the other half was transplanted to the lateral side, near the caudal lobe of the left kidney. In Group IV, the left ovary was removed completely and about one-half of it was transplanted in the same hen as in Group III, and finally, Group V was run as a shamoperated control. On slaughtering, the gonadal status was examined at the age of 130d. The presence of yellow developing follicles were found in all the hens in Group IV (5 5 (b )), followed by Group II (7 9 (b )), Group III at transplanted site (3 5 (ab )), Group I (6 10 (ab )) Group V (1 12 (a )) and Group III at original site (0 5 (a )). The average number of yellow follicles were recorded 4.5 in Group 1, 5.2 in Group II, nil at original site and 6.3 at transplanted site in Group III, 7.6 in Group IV and 3.0 in Group V, considering those hens bearing yellow follicles only. These observations clearly indicated that the shortening of the ovary advances the maturity of the remaining intact part of the ovary. This may be due to more availability of gonadotropins per unit of ovarian tissue. Transplantation of the ovary with severed nerves hastened its development, indicating that some suppressive role on gonadal maturity may be imposed by the intact nerves.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the hypothalamus of the domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus.

The distribution of VIP-immunoreactive neurons and fibers was detected in the hypothalamus of the chick by immunohistochemistry and light microscopy. A large amount of VIP cellular bodies was localized in the anterior and medial area of the hypothalamus with the highest density of cells in supraoptic, magnocellular preoptic, suprachiasmatic and paraventricular nuclei. Only few VIP-immunoreactive neurons were observed in the caudal section of infundibuli nucleus. A considerable concentration of VIP-positive fibers was also detected in the external layer of the anterior and posterior median eminence. Their presence might have origin both from the neurons of the infundibuli nucleus and from the cells of the paraventricular nucleus. Few VIP-immunoreactive fibers were revealed in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. These results tend to suggest that VIP may play more than one role in the hypothalamic regions, particularly in the preoptico-hypothalamic area. The presence of this peptide in the median eminence supports even more the hypothesis that it may be released into the portal circulation and transported to the pars distalis of the pituitary gland.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of hypophysectomy and growth hormone on immune development in the domestic fowl.

The effect of hypophysectomy and recombinant growth hormone (rcGH) treatment on the growth and development of the immune system was investigated in young chickens. Flow cytometric analysis of cell surface markers revealed no changes in the proportion of thymocytes expressing CT-1a, CD4, and/or CD8 among any of the treatment groups. In contrast, the proportion of both single positive CD4 and CD8 peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) was altered in hypox birds treated with rcGH compared to the vehicle-treated group. Specifically, rcGH treatment produced a decrease in the proportion of CD8+ cells and an increase in the percentage of CD4+ PBL. There was little change in the labeling intensity of PBL or thymocytes associated with any treatment; however, double positive (CD4+CD8+) thymocytes from hypophysectomized chicks that were not given rcGH had increased fluorescence relative to rcGH supplemented hypox chicks. As expected, hypophysectomy reduced body, skeletal, and thymic growth. Treatment of hypox chicks with rcGH enhanced body weight while thymic weights were somewhat increased. Skeletal growth was not significantly altered by rcGH. Bursal growth appeared refractory to either treatment. These studies support the conclusion that growth hormone influences thymic growth and the maturation of thymus-derived lymphocytes. These results also demonstrate a biological activity for chicken growth hormone derived through recombinant technology.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Distribution of CRF- and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

The distribution of CRF and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons was examined in the brainstem of the chicken. Very dense populations of both CRF and TH-immunoreactive (-ir) perikarya are co-extensive in separate neuronal systems throughout a large field of the rostral brainstem, encompassing locus ceruleus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, parabrachial nucleus, and the dorsal and ventral tegmental areas. They are present also in nucleus tractus solitarius, and sparsely in the ventral and lateral areas of the medulla. This co-distribution suggests that the effects of CRF upon central autonomic activity may be mediated via brainstem catecholamine systems. CRF-ir neurons alone are present also in midline nuclei, including n. centralis superior, n.annularis, n.linearis caudalis, and the raphe.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Feeding, drinking and temperature responses to intracerebroventricular beta-endorphin in the domestic fowl.

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of beta-endorphin (beta-END) on feeding, drinking and colonic temperature in rapidly growing (Rock-Cornish; RC) and slow growing (Single-Comb White Leghorn; SCWL) stocks of chickens. In the first experiment RC cockerels were injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV) with 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 micrograms of beta-END. In the second experiment RC cockerels were injected ICV with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 micrograms of beta-END. Experiments 3 and 4 were conducted identically to Experiment 1 and 2, respectively, except SCWL were used. Administration of beta-END at levels between 1.5 and 6.0 micrograms produced a significant curvilinear increase in feeding in both RC and SCWL chicks. In RC chicks, feeding was significantly elevated at 45 min and from 90 through 240 min postinjection, whereas in SCWL chicks feeding was increased from 90 through 300 min postinjection. Water intake was depressed in RC and SCWL from 60 through 90 min and from 30 through 60 min postinjection, respectively. Significant increases in water occurred at 180 and 300 min postinjection in SCWL. beta-END also induced a significant hyperthermia in RC and SCWL from 30 through 240 min and from 15 through 180 min postinjection, respectively. At low levels of beta-END, i.e., 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 micrograms, feeding, drinking and body temperature were significantly increased in both stocks. Feeding in RC chicks was stimulated in a linear fashion from 180 through 300 postinjection while feeding in SCWL was stimulated in a curvilinear manner from 180 through 240 min postinjection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of jejunal and ileal absorptive functions for glucose and valine in vivo--a technique for estimating real Km and Jmax in the domestic fowl.

1. A technique is described that enables the kinetic characterisation of the saturable absorption mechanisms in the chicken jejunum and ileum for glucose and valine in vivo (after correction for non-saturating components and unstirred layers) by estimation of real Km and Jmax. 2. In the ileum both nutrients have lower real Km and higher Jmax values than in the jejunum indicating, at least for hexose and amino acids, that the ileal enterocytes are functionally equipped and anatomically well-sited to fulfil the role of scavengers of the small intestine.

Animals↗