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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

[Summing up the 5-year monitoring of morphology and function of the stomatognathic system in children exposed to radiation].

Monitoring of the maxillodental system in children born and living in regions contaminated by radiation as a result of the Chernobyl accident was carried out in 1997-2002 within the framework of Federal Program "Children of Russia", section "Chernobyl Children". Analysis of 5-year changes in the maxillodental morphology and function showed a trend to improvement: the prevalence of normal-for-age status increased and the parameters of maxillodental function normalized.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Child and adolescent violent deaths: an epidemiologic investigation.

OBJECTIVES: An apparent increase in violent deaths among children and adolescents in Detroit, MI in 2002 prompted a coordinated epidemiologic investigation involving federal, state and local organizations. METHODS: A descriptive analysis of cases and violent deaths (homicide, suicide or firearm-related) among juveniles <17 years was conducted, along with a case-control study using records from the medical examiner, police, schools and social service agencies. RESULTS: Twenty-nine cases were identified. Median age was 10 years (range 1 day-16 years), and 15 (52%) were male. There were 25 homicides, two suicides and two unintentional firearm-related deaths. Nine (31%) homicides resulted from child abuse and neglect, and eight (28%) were among bystanders. The most common mechanism of fatal injury was firearm (63%). Victims' families were more likely to have a history of familial violence, prior contact with the state social services agency, > or = 2 adults and > or = 4 persons in the household (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The 2002 deaths did not represent a statistically significant increase from previous years. Several findings were remarkable: the proportion of deaths among bystanders, females and children age <5.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sanitary and epidemiological well-being: topical problems].

The interaction of the interested services and authorities in implementing a package of goal-oriented organizational, comprehensive preventive and antiepidemic measures has given stability of the sanitary-and-epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation in some recent years. To accomplish the tasks, particularly those in developing a package of measures to reduce the prevalence of infectious diseases, the "Health" national program has been drawn up for 2006-2007 this year. One of the priorities of the program is to enhance the prophylactic orientation of the public health care system. Within the framework of this direction, it is planned to provide a further steady decline in the incidence of infections controlled by specific preventive means, primarily, in that of hepatitis B and rubella, to eliminate the congenital rubella syndrome, and to maintain the status of the Russian Federation as a poliomyelitis-free area. The subjects of the Russian Federation should redistribute allocations, by taking into account the funds envisaged in the Health program for purchase of vaccines, and direct them for implementation of other measures, such as personnel training, refrigerating equipment purchase, information-propagandistic work among the population, etc. In 2005, the poor situation established in the world due to the spread of avian influenza and there was a possible threat of influenza pandemic. Investigations ascertained the identity of influenza A virus (H5N1) isolated in the Russian Federation with the South-Eastern Asia-isolated viruses that caused mass epizooties of birds and severe diseases in persons contacting infected birds. It was assumed that 2006 spring migration might lead to the spread of pathogenic influenza H5N1 viruses throughout European Russia. This was due to the fact that the birds migrating to European Russia and a portion of birds migrating from Siberia have common winter nesting areas. To prevent mass influenza virus-infected birds' death and human infection in the epizootic localities, the federal surveillance service for protection of users' rights and human well-being jointly with the federal veterinary and phytosanitary surveillance service, and public health care administrative bodies has organized and implemented a package of measures: active headquarters have been set up in the epizooty-afflicted subjects to coordinate activities in localizing the spread of epizooty of birds; emergency commissions and antiepizootic commissions have been held; regulatory documents on the Russian Federation's subjects have been published; daily collection, analysis, systematization, and exchange of information between interested services, et. are under way.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Survey of chloramphenicol residues in diseased swine.

Tissue samples from 279 hogs suspected of having received antibiotic treatment were collected at federally-inspected abattoirs and submitted for chloramphenicol residue analysis during August and September 1984. Injection sites (when present), kidneys or muscle samples were tested by one of two gas chromatographic methods. Kidney samples were also tested at the abattoirs by the Swab Test On Premises. Thirty-one animals (11%) were found with detectable levels ranging from 1 part per billion to 5727 ppb. Highest levels were found at the injection sites, while levels in muscle tissue did not exceed 500 ppb. None of the kidneys from animals found to contain chloramphenicol residues produced a positive Swab Test On Premises result attributable to the presence of chloramphenicol. Twelve kidneys from animals free of chloramphenicol residues produced positive Swab Test On Premises results. Of these, five contained penicillin or streptomycin, but antibiotic residues were not detected in the remaining seven. In addition to the samples collected for this survey, samples from eight hogs representing a herd which had been treated for pneumonia were submitted by an abattoir in Manitoba in November 1984. Chloramphenicol levels in these animals ranged from 0.1 to 73 parts per million in the injection sites, and from 0.04 to 21 ppm in the muscle tissues. The survey data indicated that there were a significant number of animals reaching the abattoirs with detectable chloramphenicol residues, and that the Swab Test On Premises procedure was ineffective in detecting these animals.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1997

Health economics: a clinician's perspective.

Health care economics is primarily concerned with the study of scarcity and choice. This has become increasingly important as health care spending is reduced. Reductions in spending are driven by federal and provincial government deficit reduction. Health economics analysis can be applied from a number of perspectives. Many physicians perceive health economics as a cost cutting exercise not primarily concerned with the quality of patient care. Health economics analysis may lead to ethical dilemmas in the physician/patient relationship. The physician's obligation to maintain an ethical relationship with patients may conflict with his or her role as rationer of health resources. It is difficult to balance conflicting roles, but physicians are obliged to participate in the economic debate to ensure optimal patient care.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Medicaid coverage of maternity care for aliens in California.

The quantity and cost-effectiveness of prenatal care is a critical reproductive health issue as federal and state legislators consider reducing publicly funded services to aliens. An analysis of data from medi-Cal, California's Medicaid program, shows that undocumented and legalized aliens who qualified for coverage under the provisions of federal legislation or the state's expansion of eligibility criteria accounted for 45% of deliveries financed by Medi-Cal in 1991; outlays for these deliveries are estimated at less than 2% of all Medi-Cal payments for that year. Most of these women also received prenatal care covered by Medi-Cal, but more than half were not enrolled in the program until after the first trimester of pregnancy (and thus may not have received adequate prenatal care). Alien women were enrolled for an average of 5-6 months of their pregnancy, whereas nonalien women who qualified for coverage were enrolled for about seven months. California's Proposition 187 would eliminate funding for prenatal care for undocumented aliens, but public outlays for labor and delivery could grow as a result of an increase in poor birth outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cooperative state-federal turkey ornithosis task force, Texas, 1974.

Ornithosis was suggested by a routine analysis of tissue specimens from Texas turkey flocks submitted to the Texas A&M University Poultry Disease Laboratory at Gonzales on April 30, 1974, and of subsequent specimens from four additional flocks. Subsequently, illness in humans at turkey processing plants in Texas, Nebraska, and Missouri, implicating turkeys from Texas, was confirmed as ornithosis in July 1974; and, associated with this outbreak, ornithosis was suspected as the cause of the death of one human. Action was taken by state and federal poultry disease control and inspection officials, public health agencies, and the turkey industry in Texas.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The need for policy and risk analysis--the Department of Energy experience.

Reduction of major risks to the public and workers is a top priority of all federal agencies. Given current and future budget realities, agencies cannot attempt to address all risks simultaneously nor to address certain relatively lower risk activities as rapidly as some would like. The assumptions and judgments inherent in using risk analysis in the absence of data, however, have to be clearly stated. What is needed is an integrated risk assessment and management process that meets the current and future needs of the government, as well as of stakeholders. Yet there have been many questions raised regarding risk assessment: our ability to define the risks on a specific substance or site basis and in a systematic way; methodology questions about identifying and assessing diverse hazards and risks as well as uncertainties in the estimates, data gaps, and concern over the quality of information; and the fact that "who" performs the risk assessment matters. Knowing these controversies surrounding risk and the use of risk-based approach, the Department of Energy (DOE) requested the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council to determine whether and how risk and risk-based decisions could be incorporated into a major federal program, the DOE's Office of Environmental Management. The report identified the major obstacles, issues, and barriers to implementing a risk-based management approach. The report concluded that the use of risk-based approach could help compare outcomes, build consensus, and gain early public involvement to include cultural, socioeconomic, historical, and religious values, if its purposes and limitations are well defined. A status of the DOE's ability to implement the recommendations presented in the report on the use of risk assessment in a major federal program and the adoption of principles for using risk analysis will be given.

Government Agencies↗
PubMed1993

A time series analysis of the impact of the alcohol warning label on antenatal drinking.

In a sample of over 12,000 African-American gravidas, we tested the hypothesis that the Federal Beverage Labeling Act of 1988 has decreased antenatal drinking. Results of time series analysis indicated a 7-month lag in the impact of the alcohol warning label. Controlling for population changes, antenatal drinking began to fall as of June 1990. However, this decrease was small in size and did not impact on the heaviest drinkers. Seasonal trends in drinking were also detected, with peaks around the end of the year and the summer.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Constructing deservingness: federal welfare reform, supplemental security income, and elderly immigrants.

On August 22, 1996, President Clinton signed the welfare reform law that ended eligibility for all immigrants to federal means tested entitlements. Poor elderly immigrants on Supplemental Security Income were specifically targeted. This article documents how the print media responded to these policy changes. The following are the major research questions: (1) How were older immigrants on Supplemental Security Income portrayed in the print media before and after federal welfare reform? (2) Who was involved in the print media coverage of older immigrants on Supplemental Security Income before and after federal welfare reform? (3) What types of statements were made by those involved in the print media coverage of older immigrants on Supplemental Security Income, before and after federal welfare reform? The approach used was an in-depth content analysis of newspaper articles from major U.S. newspapers. The findings demonstrate that older immigrants were constructed as "undeserving" in news articles prior to the passage of the federal welfare reform bill. However, after the passage of the federal welfare reform bill the coverage of older immigrants on Supplemental Security Income started to change, and older immigrants were portrayed as "deserving." In advancing aging policy for poor, vulnerable elderly, such as elderly immigrants, advocates, health and social service providers can play an influential role in bringing their voices to the print media.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Biological dosimetry -- cytogenetics findings at persons occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation.

A large number of physical and chemical agents are capable to course chromosomal aberrations. Ionizing radiation is frequent and well known course of chromosomal aberrations. If deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is irradiated before synthesis chromosomal-type aberrations are caused. Chromatid-type aberrations are results of DNA damages occurred during or after synthesis. Some of these changes could exist at patients several years after exposition. Biological dosimetry-cytogenetics analysis of persons occupational exposed to ionizing radiation in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina have been carried out in "Center for Human Genetics" of Medical Faculty in Sarajevo. In this study we have evaluated cytogenetics findings of persons employed in a zone of radiation. Cytogenetics findings have been demonstrated in allowed limit in 154 (81.1%) examinees, and cytogenetics findings were out of normal values in 36 (18.9%) examinees. The majorities who have been employed in a zone of ionizing radiation were in age group 40-44 (25.3%) and age group 45-49 (24.7%). Radiological technicians (35.7%) were exposed the most to ionizing radiation, than clinical nurse specialists (14.7%), radiologists (11.1), physicians (7.4%) machines technicians (6.3%), pneumologists (4.7%), orthopedists (4.2%) and scrub nurses (4.2%). Biological dosimetry-cytogenetics analysis have been carried out at 108 (56.8%) male and 82 (43.2%) female examinees. The most frequent aberration have been presented with 26.8% in the form of acentric fragments, than chromatid fragments with 21.2%, dicentric chromosomes with 19.5%, gaps with 18.7%, minutes with 12.2% and inter-arm interchanges with 1.6%.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Disability payments, drug use and representative payees: an analysis of the relationships.

AIMS: This study attempted to determine: if US federal cash disability payments increase the use of cocaine or opiates among those requalifying for supplemental security income (SSI) disability benefits compared with those who lost benefits; if drug use peaks at the beginning of the month after the receipt of the disability cash disbursement; and if money management by representative payees of requalifying SSI recipients suppresses drug use. DESIGN: A multi-site, prospective, 2 year longitudinal design was used with follow-up interviews conducted every 6 months. Urine samples were collected at the final three follow-up interviews. SETTING: Data were collected in Chicago, IL, Los Angeles, CA, and Seattle, WA, USA. PARTICIPANTS: This study used a randomly selected sample of 740 former recipients of SSI who had received disability benefits for drug addiction and alcoholism (DA&A) in 1996, were between the ages of 21 and 59 years, had not received concurrent social security disability insurance and provided testable urine samples and complete self-report data for at least one follow-up interview. MEASUREMENTS: Independent variables included demographics, SSI status at follow-up, representative payee status, drug treatment participation and income. Time of drug testing was operationalized as the first 10 days of the month versus the last 20-21 days based on when the urine sample was collected. The dependent variables were cocaine and opiate use, determined by urinalysis results. FINDINGS: Participants were 28% more likely to test positive for cocaine use in the first 10 days of the month than later in the month. This effect was general across all subjects and was not restricted to those receiving SSI benefits. No such effect was found for opiate use. Receiving SSI benefits did not increase cocaine or opiate use generally, nor did having a representative payee suppress use. CONCLUSIONS: The findings do not support the contentions that federal cash benefits appreciably increase drug use or that representative payees discourage use, at least when use is defined dichotomously. The 'check effect' for cocaine use appears to be general and not confined to those receiving federal cash benefits. The lack of a 'check effect' for opiate use is probably the result of the difference between a relatively steady state of opiate use associated with addiction and a binge pattern of cocaine use triggered by suddenly flush resources.

Adult↗