SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Intellectual Disability”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Ethics and intellectual disability.

A shift in accepted practice regarding sharing research led one editor to discuss adopting a legal rather than a moral stance to enforce ethical standards. Familiar ethical concerns regarding consent and balancing individual rights against those of others are considered, alongside lacunae in the field, by drawing on virtue ethics. Reappraisals of quality of life, person-centered planning and normalization are discussed, concluding that developing ethical relationships with people who have intellectual disability takes precedence over client competency.

Behavioral Research↗

PubMed2004

Memory development and intellectual disabilities.

Neuropsychological research has permitted different cognitive profiles among subjects with intellectual disabilities (ID) of different etiology to be defined. For example, numerous authors have stressed that the typical language profile for people with Down's syndrome (DS) consists of poor production with greater compromise of morphosyntax than of lexical abilities, but relatively preserved comprehension. Children with Williams' syndrome (WS) often show marked impairment in certain visuospatial abilities (especially praxic-constructive) and relative preservation of both productive and receptive language, at least concerning the phonological elements. These observations seem to support a theoretical approach that considers ID not as a mere slowing of normal cognitive development, but as distinct, individual profiles that can be qualitatively specified. The importance of this approach was shown in several recent studies of memory, especially implicit memory in subjects with ID. Neuropsychological studies suggest insufficient development of the mnemic function in ID at different levels of articulation. Long-term memory has been extensively investigated in people with ID both in the explicit and in the implicit component. According to recent studies, people with ID should show a diffuse impairment of declarative mnesic abilities and a relative preservation of implicit memory. The focus of this study is on the characteristics of long- and short-term memory in children with ID and, particularly, with DS and WS. The results are relevant to knowledge on the qualitative aspects of the anomalous cognitive development in mentally retarded people and the neurobiological substrate underlying this development.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

The utility of anthropometric assessment at institutions and schools for individuals with intellectual disabilities and/or motor disabilities: a nation-wide survey in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: To obtain information regarding the actual methods used for nutritional assessment at institutions and schools in order to establish a nutritional assessment method for individuals with disabilities. METHODS: Questionnaires were sent to 1,080 selected institutions and schools for individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) and/or motor disabilities (MD). The response rate was 76.5%. RESULTS: The implementation rates for height and weight measurements were generally very high at both institutions and schools for individuals with ID and/or MD (85.5-100%), but those for other items were very low and varied among different disability types. The implementation rate for BMI was 17.9-71.9%, demonstrating that BMI was not widely used among institutions and schools for individuals with ID and/or MD. As for the methods for calculating percent body fat, a high percentage of institutions and schools for individuals with ID and/or MD indicated the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis for most disability types (60 - 77.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The percentages of institutions for individuals with ID and/or MD and of schools for individuals with ID and/or MD that implement nutritional assessment are very low, with variations among different disability types.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2001

[Latex allergy in patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities syndrome].

Our experience of an anaphylactic reaction to latex in a severely disabled patient led us to investigate latex allergy in 58 cases with severe motor and intellectual disabilities syndrome. Latex specific IgE, total serum IgE, and eosinophil counts in peripheral blood were evaluated, as well as past history of treatment with medical latex materials, operation and allergic disorders. Only one case who had been operated three times, had anaphylactic reaction and mild atopic dermatitis. Fifteen cases (25.9%) had latex specific IgE of class 2 or more. In this latex positive group, past history of allergic disorders, such as bronchilal asthma, atopic dermatitis and drug eruptions, were the most prominent factor. Those without such a history were characterized by frequent use of medical latex materials and multiple operations. In conclusion, the danger of an anaphylactic reaction to latex should be recognized, particularly in the medical care for disabled patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Low prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology in an institutionalized population with intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology in an institutionalized population with intellectual disability. METHOD: A retrospective review of charts for 162 women at a large state-owned facility was performed. Slides from 310 cervical Papanicolau smears were re-screened by a cytotechnologist and then reviewed by a pathologist. RESULTS: The prevalence of abnormal cytology (three out of 162 participants) and biopsy confirmed that the prevalence cervical dysplasia (one out of 310 smears) was low. CONCLUSION: The present preliminary study suggests that further investigation of the optimal interval for cervical cancer screening is warranted in this population.

Cytodiagnosis↗

PubMed1998

The nature of leisure in the lives of older adults with intellectual disability.

The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of leisure in a sample of older adults with intellectual disability. Twenty-nine older adults participated in indepth interviews. An interview guide was utilized which included topics relating to leisure participation and social interaction in a variety of environments. Data were analysed according to the constant comparative method. The most pronounced theme that emerged from the data was lack of self-determination in leisure. Participants had few opportunities to freely choose leisure in any aspect of their lives. In many cases, opportunities for self-determined leisure were further constricted by age-related changes in the participants' lives.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

"Having the time of my life": an exploratory study of women with intellectual disability growing older.

In this paper we report on an exploratory study with a group of 13 older women with intellectual disability in Sydney, Australia, to add to the limited knowledge about how they perceive their lives as they grow older. We report the findings from the qualitative data gathered as an extension of a structured interviewing process. Analysis revealed five themes: "it's just who I am," "enjoying support from family and friends," "being part of the community," "feeling healthy," and having "enough money to buy what I need." We discuss these themes in relation to the concept of resilience. Overall, the women we talked with were ageing well, with meaningful, productive, and sustainable lives.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Prevalence, morbidity and service need among South Asian and white adults with intellectual disability in Leicestershire, UK.

BACKGROUND: Previous reports have suggested that South Asian and white UK populations have different prevalences of intellectual disability (ID), related psychological morbidity and service use. The aim of the present study was to compare these rates among South Asian and white adults in Leicestershire, UK. METHOD: This cross-sectional study is comprised of two parts. The analysis of prevalence is based on data from all South Asian and white adults known to the Leicestershire Learning Disabilities Register in 1991, with population denominators being drawn from the 1991 census. The other analyses use data collected from the most recent semi-structured home interviews, carried out between 1987 and 1998, with 206 South Asian and 2334 white adults. RESULTS: The prevalence of ID in adults in Leicestershire is 3.20 per 1000 in South Asians and 3.62 per 1000 in whites. Among adults with ID, South Asians have similar prevalences of disabilities to whites and significantly lower skill levels. South Asians show similar levels of psychological morbidity, but make significantly lower use than whites of psychiatric services, residential care and respite care. South Asians use community services as extensively as whites, but feel that they have a substantially greater unmet need, especially with regard to social services. CONCLUSION: South Asian and white populations have similar prevalences of ID and related psychological morbidity. Culturally appropriate services for South Asian adults may need to focus on skill development and community care.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Social skills and the stability of social relationships between individuals with intellectual disabilities and other community members.

Stability of social relationships may be an important indicator of lifestyle quality. Fifteen individuals with intellectual disabilities participated in an analysis of the relationship between their social skills (as measured via the Scales of Independent Behavior and the Assessment of Social Competence) and the stability of the social relationships they experienced with other community members, who were neither paid staff nor family members, across the course of 94 consecutive weeks. A participant's social skills did a moderately good job of predicting the average social stability achieved by all of his or her social network members, but a poorer job of predicting the average social stability achieved by the participant's three most stable social network members. The findings suggest that the stability of a participant's most stable social network members is based not on the participant's social skills, but rather on other factors.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2006

Physical fitness profile of elite athletes with intellectual disability.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to investigate the physical fitness profile of high-performance athletes with intellectual disability (ID) in comparison with able-bodied individuals. METHODS: Participants were 231 male and 82 female athletes. All evaluations were done using the EUROFIT physical fitness test. RESULTS: In comparison with population data, both male and female athletes with ID score better for flexibility and upper body muscle endurance, but have similar or lower values for running speed, speed of limb movement, and strength measures. Compared with age-matched physical education students, male athletes with ID score better for running speed and flexibility, and worse for strength. Female athletes with ID score not different from able-bodied individuals for flexibility, running speed, and upper body muscle endurance, but worse for strength measures. Athletes with ID also have poorer cardio respiratory endurance capacity compared with sportive peers without ID. Furthermore, male athletes have a more differentiated profile depending upon their sports discipline, compared with female athletes. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that high-performance athletes with ID reach physical fitness levels that are equal to or lower than those of able-bodied sportive counterparts. Further research should investigate the importance of reduced muscle strength to be the limiting factor.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Adult persons with intellectual disabilities on the island of Ireland.

BACKGROUND: Information on the numbers of adult persons (aged 20 years and over) with intellectual disability (ID) is rarely collated at a national level. This is an impediment to service planning especially for a changing population. METHODS: A database of all persons in receipt of ID services has been operating in the Republic of Ireland since 1995. In Northern Ireland, regional databases can be used to provide similar information. RESULTS: A total of 25,134 persons were known to services in 2002; an overall prevalence for the island of 6.34 per 1,000. However this rate varied for different age groupings and across the two parts of the island. General population characteristics, as well as service factors, appear to account for this. Significantly more people lived with family carers in Northern Ireland. By 2021, it was estimated that the population would increase by over 20% with around one-third of persons aged over 50 years. CONCLUSIONS: These data illustrate the variations that exist in the numbers of adult persons with ID known to services across and within regions of a country. Hence caution must be exercised in extrapolating prevalence rates derived in one area to another. The availability of comparative national data highlights issues around the equitable funding and delivery of services.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Self-concept and adaptive behaviour of people with intellectual disability in integrated and segregated recreation activities.

BACKGROUND: Leisure and recreation are areas in which the inclusion of people with intellectual disability (ID) in the community is required. In Israel, leisure activities have been developed over the past decade as part of the services provided to individuals with ID in the regular programmes of the community. However, even within those frameworks, people with ID are typically segregated from the whole population. METHODS: The purpose of the present study was to examine whether individuals with ID who participate in recreation activities with normal people as equals are different in their self-concept and adaptive behaviour from their counterparts who participate in segregated recreation programmes. Two hypotheses were examined: (1) whether people with ID who participate in integrated recreation programmes have a higher self-concept than those who participate in segregate programmes; and (2) whether individuals with ID who have better adaptive behaviour have a higher self-concept than people with ID who have lower adaptive behaviour. RESULTS: The hypotheses were partially confirmed. Differences were found in two subscales of self-concept. First, the physical self-concept of individuals with ID who participated in integrated programmes was found to be higher than that of their counterparts who participated in segregated programmes. Secondly, satisfaction with the whole self-concept of people with ID who participated in integrated programmes was found to be higher than of those who participated in segregated programmes. CONCLUSIONS: The implications of the research findings are discussed and future planning is recommended.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Community and cluster centre residential services for adults with intellectual disability: long-term results from an Australian-matched sample.

BACKGROUND: Changes in residential accommodation models for adults with intellectual disability (ID) over the last 20 years in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States have involved relocation from institutions primarily into dispersed homes in the community. But an evolving alternative service style is the cluster centre. METHODS: This paper reports on the relocation of a matched group of 30 pairs of adults with moderate and severe IDs and challenging behaviour who were relocated from an institution into either dispersed housing in the community or cluster centres but under the same residential service philosophy. Adaptive and maladaptive behaviour, choice-making and objective life quality were assessed prior to leaving the institution and then after 12 and 24 months of living in the new residential model. RESULTS: Adaptive behaviour, choice-making and life quality increased for both groups and there was no change in level of maladaptive behaviour compared with levels exhibited in the institution. However, there were some significant differences between the community and cluster centre group as the community group increased some adaptive skills, choice-making and objective life quality to a greater extent than the cluster centre group. CONCLUSIONS: Both cluster centre and dispersed community living offer lifestyle and skill development advantages compared with opportunities available in large residential institutions. Dispersed community houses, however, offer increased opportunities for choice-making, acquisition of adaptive behaviours and improved life quality for long-term institutionalized adults with IDs.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2001

The health-related quality of life of children with refractory epilepsy: a comparison of those with and without intellectual disability.

PURPOSE: To determine whether refractory epilepsy affects the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of children with or without intellectual disability (ID), and if the presence of ID independently compromises HRQOL in children with refractory epilepsy. METHODS: Subjects were parents of children with refractory epilepsy, whose syndrome had been defined using ILAE (International League Against Epilepsy) criteria and video-EEG monitoring. Children had the presence or absence of ID determined by formal neuropsychological or educational assessment. The relative effect of epilepsy on the two intellectual ability groups was determined using relevant clinical variables. Parents completed a valid epilepsy-specific HRQOL questionnaire for children, the Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy Questionnaire (QOLCE), and, depending on intellectual ability level, the Child Behaviour Checklist or Developmental Behaviour Checklist. RESULTS: Both intellectually normal children with epilepsy and children with epilepsy and ID were more likely to have psychosocial problems compared with their respective intellectual ability reference populations. The results also revealed that children with ID had reduced HRQOL compared with intellectually normal children; a result independent of epilepsy. Analysis of the relationship between epilepsy variables and HRQOL revealed that the QOLCE was the most sensitive in detecting variation in age at onset, seizure frequency, and medications taken. CONCLUSIONS: The HRQOL of children with refractory epilepsy is greatly affected, regardless of intellectual ability level. The presence of ID in children with epilepsy independently depresses HRQOL outcomes. Compared with two generic HRQOL measures, the QOLCE was the most sensitive measure to variation in epilepsy variables.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mothers of children and adolescents with intellectual disability: social and economic situation, mental health status, and the self-assessed social and psychological impact of the child's difficulties.

BACKGROUND: Few large-scale studies with well-constructed samples have compared the socio-economic circumstances and social impact of raising a child with intellectual disability (ID). The aims of the present paper were to: (1) compare the socio-economic situation of mothers raising a child with ID to that of mothers of non-ID children; (2) assess the contribution of raising a child with ID to negative psychological outcomes for mothers; and (3) identify variables associated with negative psychological outcomes among mothers of children with ID. METHODS: The 1999 Office for National Statistics survey, Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in Great Britain, 1999, collected information on a multistage stratified random sample of 10 438 children between 5 and 15 years of age across 475 postal code sectors in England, Scotland and Wales. Secondary analysis was undertaken of the social and economic circumstances, and stress reported by 245 mothers of sampled children with ID and a comparison group of 9 481 mothers of sampled children who did not have ID. RESULTS: The results indicate that: (1) families supporting a child with ID were significantly economically disadvantaged when compared with families supporting a child who did not have ID; (2) when compared with mothers of sampled children who did not have ID, mothers of sampled children with ID reported that their child's difficulties resulted in greater social and psychological impact; (3) having a child with ID marginally reduced the odds of mothers screening positive for having mental health problems (once all other variables were taken into account); and (4) among mothers of children with ID, mental health problems were associated with the child's difficulties having a greater social impact, having a boy, the child experiencing more than one potentially stressful life event, poverty, receipt of means-tested welfare benefits and 'unhealthy' family functioning. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the importance of combating poverty among children with ID and their families, and the need to develop more complex models of understanding and intervention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Neuropsychiatric syndromes in adults with intellectual disability: issues in assessment and treatment.

The purpose of this article is to present a survey of important neuropsychiatric issues and recent findings regarding the evaluation and treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms and syndromes in patients with intellectual disability (ID). The cause of ID, environmental or genetic, can be determined in few patients. Etiology is idiopathic in most patients. ID and psychiatric illness are not mutually exclusive; individuals with ID have increased rates of psychiatric illness. Although recognition of significant axis I psychopathology is important, not all challenging behaviors in persons with ID will have a clear axis I diagnosis. Psychologic, behavioral, and environmental treatments are appropriate measures, but pharmacotherapy often is needed. Our experience has shown us that the more severe, disruptive, and dangerous the behavior, the stronger the indication for empirical drug treatment trials. Community-based models of support with neuropsychiatric intervention can be a potent therapeutic combination in the management of challenging behaviors in individuals with ID.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Mental health services for people with intellectual disability: a conceptual framework.

The present paper discusses the application of the 'matrix model' to mental health services for people with intellectual disability. There is great variability between the service models in this area, which makes comparisons and conclusions difficult. The present model facilitates the breaking down of these complexities into understandable parts so that future directions for research, service planning and delivery can be logical, coherent and evidence-based.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗

PubMed2006

The ComFor: an instrument for the indication of augmentative communication in people with autism and intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND: The ComFor (Forerunners in Communication) is an instrument to explore underlying competence for augmentative communication. More specifically, it measures perception and sense-making of non-transient forms of communication at the levels of presentation and representation. The target group consists primarily of individuals with autism and intellectual disability (ID) without or with only limited verbal communication. The ComFor is suitable for children and adults with a developmental level between 12 and 60 months. This paper describes the theoretical framework and structure of the ComFor, the results of a study on its psychometric properties and its clinical uses. METHOD: The ComFor was tested on a sample of 623 children and adults from the Netherlands and Flanders: a group with autism and ID (n = 310); a group with ID without autism (n = 174); and a control group of typically developing children (n = 139). RESULTS: The data generally support the reliability and validity of the ComFor. Internal consistency, inter-rater and test-retest reliability were found to be good. Construct validity (internal structure, convergent and divergent patterns) was established in different ways. The criterion-related validity has yet to be established, as predictive data are not available at the moment. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the results indicate that the ComFor is a promising instrument to explore underlying competence for augmentative communication. Areas for future research are outlined and the clinical relevance is discussed.

Adolescent↗