Personality correlates of coronary heart disease: a re-examination of the MMPI data.
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Adult↗
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Results for “Introversion, Psychological”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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Vulnerability to depression: a model centered on anhedonia.
The aim of the present study is to present a model of depressive vulnerability centered on anhedonia. After a review of the literature, we suggest a specific symptomatic profile associating anhedonia, introversion, low sensation-seeking, autonomy, dysfunctional attitudes, high displeasure capacity, obsessive-compulsive features, passitivity and pessimism. This symptomatic profile could constitute a mild chronic mood disorder which, following stress, might decompensate into unipolar endogenomorphic depression. Several methods of research are suggested to test the validity of our model.
Depressive Disorder↗
Influence of personality on behavioral response to cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide in patients with panic disorder.
The relationship between personality, as measured by selected clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, Psychasthenia, Social Introversion, and Anxiety) and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), and behavioral response to the panicogenic agent cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4) was examined in 29 patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Significant correlations were found between the MMPI Social Introversion scale and somatic, cognitive, and affective response to CCK-4. Both the MMPI Anxiety scale and the ASI correlated significantly with cognitive response to CCK-4, but not with somatic or affective response. None of the other selected MMPI clinical scales correlated with response to CCK-4. Multiple regression analyses identified the MMPI Social Introversion scale as the best predictor of all three indices of panic-anxiety induced by CCK-4. The results suggest that the relationship between neurotic introversion and sensitivity to CCK requires closer scrutiny.
Adult↗
Patterns of cognitive asymmetry and psychosis proneness.
We previously reported evidence in university students of three syndromes of schizotypy which have strong affinities with three-syndrome models of schizophrenia. As in schizophrenia two of the syndromes were associated with opposite hemispheric asymmetry patterns: an Active syndrome with a left > right asymmetry, and a Withdrawn syndrome with a right > left asymmetry. The third Unreality syndrome bore no consistent relation to pattern of asymmetry. Cognitive asymmetry was measured by comparing recognition memory for words with memory for unfamiliar faces using a neuropsychological test which assesses temporoparietal functions. Here the same approach was extended to the broader concept of psychosis proneness with a new inventory with four subscales: Introvertive Anhedonia, Impulsive Nonconformity. Unusual Experiences, and Cognitive Disorganisation. In support of the relevance of an activation dimension to cognitive asymmetry, Impulsive Nonconformity was associated with word > face superiority, as was a self report measure of Energy. Introvertive Anhedonia was associated with face > word superiority. As in schizophrenia these predicted asymmetry relations were significant in males only. Neither the Unusual Experiences nor Cognitive Disorganisation subscales were associated with cognitive asymmetry.
Adult↗
The sleep of 'morning' and 'evening' types.
A questionnaire developed by Ostberg to differentiate 'morning' types from 'evening' types was administered to 100 college students. The actual sleep behavior of the 11 extreme 'morning' types (larks) and the 10 extreme 'evening' types (owls) was monitored for two weeks with a sleep log and the Post-sleep Inventory. Data was collected from the owls for a further two-week period in which the owls had been instructed to attempt to arise at the lark arousal time. In addition to going to bed earlier and getting up earlier than the owls, the larks had a less variable sleep length and awakening time and took shorter naps than the owls. Larks further reported fewer physical problems and less mental activity across the night as well as more adequate sleep than owls, who differed little from the normal college population even after having their awakening time shifted.
Activity Cycles↗
The personality of the cardiac responder: interaction of seriousmindedness and type A behavior.
Forty healthy university students were recruited from a larger sample to form subgroups of seriousminded and playful Type A and Type B individuals according to their responses to the Telic Dominance Scale and Jenkins Activity Survey. The experiment made use of a factorial design and tested the hypothesis that cardiovascular reactivity during a continuous perceptual motor task is highest in individuals who are characterized by a combination of seriousmindedness and Type A behavior pattern. Relatively low levels of sympathetic reactivity were expected in playful Type B individuals. Heart rate (HR) and pulse transit time (PTT) scores from baseline and task performance periods supported the conclusions that: (1) Cardiovascular activation appeared during task performance; and that (2) seriousmindedness and Type A behavior exerted particularly significant additive effects upon HR, whereas Type A behavior showed a stronger association than did seriousmindedness with PTT scores. Analyses using pre-task score as covariate to task-scores, indicated stronger reactivity for HR in Type A than in Type B subjects.
Achievement↗
Cognitive characteristics of bulimic and drug-abusing women.
This descriptive study contrasted specific coping styles, attitudes, and irrational beliefs among three groups of women: bulimics, drug abusers, and a normative comparison group. The substance abuse groups were found to be more irrational than the comparison group and were moodier and more socially alienated. They also were prone to a negative view of the world and a bleak outlook toward the future. Bulimic subjects put considerable importance on others' approval, tended to denigrate themselves, and were under a lot of self imposed pressure and chronic tension; drug abuse subjects were more introversive, perfectionistic, and subject to recent stress. By contrast, the normative comparison group appeared confident, sociable, and optimistic.
Adult↗
Anxiety sensitivity, conscious awareness and selective attentional biases in children.
The current study investigated whether physical anxiety sensitivity (AS) is associated with selective attentional biases to affective stimuli in children. The dot-probe paradigm was used to examine the deployment of attention towards words pertaining to anxiety symptomatology, socially threatening words, and positive words, in samples of 8-10-year-old children. Word pairs were presented under both masked and unmasked conditions. Irrespective of masking, children high in physical AS displayed an attentional vigilance for emotional words relative to neutral words, whereas those low in physical AS displayed a relative avoidance of such material. The results of this study are interesting as they not only suggest the presence of automatic AS-related biases in childhood, but that this is a general emotionality bias rather than one related to specific anxiety-related stimuli.
Affect↗
An experimental investigation of the cognitive vulnerability to depression.
The present study employed an experimental design, to examine the role of metacognitive processing in the prevention of relapse to depression. Eighty remitted depressed participants were randomly allocated to receive training in the metacognitive style of rumination, distraction, acceptance or no training control prior to a negative mood induction. Rumination prolonged the intensity of the negative mood consistent with no training, whereas both distraction and acceptance reduced the intensity of the negative mood. Changes in attitudes were only found in the acceptance condition, as participants in this condition reduced negative attitudes towards negative experiences. These results are consistent with information processing theory, and imply that acceptance-based preventative interventions may operate by both reducing the intensity of sad moods and altering one's attitudes towards temporary moments of sadness.
Adolescent↗
Neuroticism and introversion: a risky combination for disordered eating among a non-clinical sample of undergraduate women.
Recent evidence suggests that people who score low on measures of sociability may be at risk for certain types of psychopathology, including mood and anxiety disorders. In an attempt to extend these findings to other forms of psychopathology, we examined levels of neuroticism and extraversion in relation to eating problems in a non-clinical sample of undergraduate women. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) were completed by 196 first-year undergraduate females. We found that high neuroticism was related to high scores on both of the EDI subscales (Bulimia and Drive for Thinness) as well as high scores on the EAT-26 measure, replicating previous work. In addition, neuroticism served as a moderator such that lower extraversion (i.e., introversion) was related to greater disordered eating, but only for those women who scored high on neuroticism. Thus, a combination of neuroticism and introversion may be a risk-factor for symptoms of eating disorders in a non-clinical sample of university women.
Adult↗
Tangible reinforcers and child group therapy.
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Behavior Therapy↗
Shyness: relationship to social phobia and other psychiatric disorders.
The relationship between shyness, social phobia and other psychiatric disorders was examined. The prevalence of social phobia was significantly higher among shy persons (18%) compared with non-shy persons (3%). However, the majority of shy individuals (82%) were not socially phobic. A significant and positive correlation was found between the severity of shyness and the presence of social phobia, but the data suggest that social phobia is not merely severe shyness. Social phobia was also positively and moderately correlated with introversion and neuroticism. Thus, shy persons with social phobia were shyer, more introverted, and more neurotic than other shy people, but none of these factors was sufficient to distinguish shy persons with social phobia from those without social phobia. The proportion of the shy group with psychiatric diagnoses other than social phobia was significantly higher than among the non-shy group, indicating that various diagnostic categories are prominent among the shy. The results are discussed in terms of the overlap in shyness and social phobia and the relationship of shyness to other psychiatric diagnoses and personality dimensions.
Adult↗
Trauma and autobiographical memory specificity in depressed inpatients.
Research on autobiographical memory has shown that clinical depression is associated with a difficulty in retrieving specific autobiographical memories in response to cue words. This study examined the relation between lack of autobiographical memory specificity and self-reported trauma in a group of depressed adults (N = 23). In addition to the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT; Williams & Broadbent, 1986) participants completed a number of questionnaires assessing the presence of traumatic experiences in the past, level of depression and neuroticism. The number of specific responses was not related to depression severity, but was significantly associated with the presence and severity of reported physical abuse. Participants who had been victim of physical abuse were less specific than participants who had not been confronted with such physical adversities. The results are discussed in the context of a functional hypothesis about the developmental relations between memory specificity, trauma and depression.
Adolescent↗
Relationship of personality traits and periodontal disease.
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Adult↗
Distal risk factors for suicidal behavior in alcoholics: replications and new findings.
BACKGROUND: To examine distal risk factors for suicidal behavior in alcoholics. METHODS: Two-hundred and eighty alcoholics were interviewed and completed the Childhood Trauma (CTQ) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaires (EPQ). RESULTS: One-hundred and twenty-one of the two-hundred and eighty alcoholics had attempted suicide (42.9%). Significantly more of the attempters were female and had a family history of suicidal behavior. Alcoholics who had attempted were significantly younger and had significantly higher CTQ scores for emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect. Attempters were significantly more introverted and neurotic on the EPQ. Significantly more alcoholics who had attempted suicide had received antidepressant medication. LIMITATION: Other possible distal and proximal suicide risk factors were not examined. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the suicide risk factor model may be applicable to suicidal behavior in alcoholics. Distal risk factors like childhood trauma, family history of suicide, and introversion may increase an alcoholics suicide risk when they experience a proximal or trigger factor like depression.
Adult↗
Electrodermal relationships with personality measures of psychosis-proneness in psychotic and normal subjects.
The relationships between several indices of psychosis proneness and bilateral electrodermal orienting were examined in a large group of normal subjects and a heterogeneous group of schizophrenic patients. In the normal group, the Cognitive Disorganisation scale was characterised by shorter latencies and more irregular patterns of responding that may indicate greater disinhibitory processing in the regulation of attentional mechanisms. The Unusual Experiences scale and paranoia (both measures of positive or 'active' schizotypy) were associated with a predominance of left hemisphere influences in normal female controls. High Introvertive Anhedonia scores predicted non-responding status in schizophrenic patients and hypo-responsivity in normal controls in support of some previous studies. Overall the results support the specificity and validity of different measures of psychosis proneness and the utility of psychophysiological investigation beyond the psychotic disorders themselves.
Adult↗
The impact of personality and religion on attitude towards substance use among 13-15 year olds.
A sample of 11,173 13-15 year old secondary school pupils completed a scale of attitude towards substance use alongside the short form of the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, measures of personal religiosity and an index of denominational identity. The data demonstrate that a negative attitude toward substance use is associated with tendermindedness, introversion, stability and social conformity. Personal religiosity and membership of Protestant sects are also positively correlated with rejection of substance use, even after controlling for individual differences in personality.
Adolescent↗