Use of recultivated electrofilter ash dumping areas for sheep breeding.
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Animal Feed↗
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Results for “METALS, RADIOACTIVE”
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Fast cadmium inhibition of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria in vivo and in vitro studies using perturbed angular correlation of gamma-rays.
The effect of cadmium on the photosynthetic activity of Synechocystis PCC 6803 was monitored in this study. The oxygen evolving capacity of Synechocystis treated with 40 muM CdCl(2) was depressed to 10% of the maximum in 15 min, indicating that Cd(2+) penetrated rapidly into the cells and blocked the photosynthetic activity. However, neither photosystem II (PSII) nor photosystem I (PSI) activity showed a significant short-term decrease which would explain this fast decrease in the whole-chain electron transport. Thermoluminescence measurements have shown that the charge separation and stabilization in PSII remains essentially unchanged during the first few hours following the Cd(2+) treatment. The electron flow through PSI was monitored by following the redox changes of the P700 reaction centers of PSI. Alterations in the oxidation kinetics of P700 in the Cd(2+)-treated cells indicated that Cd(2+) treatment might affect the available electron acceptor pool of P700, including the CO(2) reduction and accumulation in the cells. Perturbed angular correlation of gamma-rays (PAC) using the radioactive (111m)Cd isotope was used to follow the Cd(2+) uptake at a molecular level. The most plausible interpretation of the PAC data is that Cd(2+) is taken up by one or more Zn proteins replacing Zn(2+) in Synechocystis PCC 6803. Using the radioactive (109)Cd isotope, a protein of approximately 30 kDa that binds Cd(2+) could be observed in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that Cd(2+) might inactivate different metal-containing enzymes, including carbonic anhydrase, by replacing the zinc ion, which would explain the rapid and almost full inhibition of the photosynthetic activity in cyanobacteria.
Cadmium↗
Metalloprotein separation and analysis by directly coupled size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy.
The feasibility of using directly coupled size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (HPLC/ICP-MS) for the separation and subsequent elemental analysis of metalloproteins in biological samples has been studied. Data, on up to eight elements, was acquired simultaneously and the reconstructed elemental profiles from the chromatographed samples were quantified by flow injection analysis. Absolute and relative detection limits, reproducibility, operational dynamic range, and linearity of response were initially evaluated by analyzing standards of metallothionein protein of known elemental composition for Cd, Zn, and Cu. There was evidence of displacement of Zn from the protein during chromatography and the substitution of Cu sequestered from the mobile phase. Cd associated with the protein was fully recovered during chromatography. Memory effects, due to protein adsorption to the glassware in the torch box, were minimal and there was no degradation of the resolution of the chromatographed peak during extended transport through the HPLC/ICP-MS interface. The versatility of the technique has been demonstrated by the quantitative multi-element analysis of cytosolic metal-binding proteins separated from the polychaete worm Neanthes arenaceodentata. Fidelity of analysis has been demonstrated by two independent procedures: first, by comparing the elemental profiles obtained by directly aspirating the HPLC eluant into the ICP-MS to those obtained by collecting fractions and quantifying the metal content of the proteins in the conventional analytical mode; second, by comparing the stable isotopic profiles for 114Cd obtained by simultaneous ICP-MS analysis with radiometric profiles of 109Cd obtained by counting radioactivity associated with collected fractions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Enzymatic formation of plant cerebroside: properties of UDP-glucose: ceramide glucosyltransferase in radish seedlings.
The activity of cerebroside synthase (UDP-glucose: ceramide glucosyltransferase) was found in the microsomal fraction of radish hypocotyls, and was studied. One % of the radioactivity due to UDP-[3H]glucose added to the membrane fraction was incorporated into cerebroside within 60 min. Optimum pH and temperature of the activity were pH 7.8 and 30 degrees C, respectively. No metal ions enhanced the cerebroside synthase activity, dissimilar to that in animal tissues. The apparent Km for UDP-glucose was approximately 200 microM. The same activity was also observed in radish roots and cotyledons, but proportions of UDP-[3H]glucose incorporation were slightly lower than that in hypocotyls. Exogenous ceramide species having trihydroxy sphingoid bases, which were major ceramide components of radish cerebrosides, usually stimulated cerebroside formation in microsomal fractions from radish seedlings, while any ceramide types having dihydroxy sphingoid bases were ineffective on the glucosylation reaction. It was assumed, therefore, that cerebroside synthase in radish seedlings would have substrate selectivity for ceramide species.
Brassica↗
Potential interactions of ionophore drugs with divalent cations and their function in the animal body.
The ionophoretic antibiotics, monensin and lasalocid, bind numerous mono- and divalent cations, primarily in dimeric complexes that facilitate the passage of metal ions through hydrophobic lipid membranes. Ionophores vary in their affinity for metal ions. Similarly, transport rates of the resulting complexes depend in part upon the affinity constant of the drug ion-binding interaction, and in part, upon local environmental and physical factors. The normal uptake, transport and use of divalent minerals in the animal body is accomplished via numerous endogenous "ionophore" transport routes. We studied the possibility that exogenous ionophores such as monensin and lasalocid might alter normal intestinal uptake of divalent metal ions. In the first experiment, chickens were fed either monensin or lasalocid; 45Ca, 59Fe or 64Cu was individually instilled into an exteriorized isolated loop of the duodenum and absorption allowed for 1 h. Radioactivity was measured in the duodenal mucosa. Compared with controls, 59Fe and 64Cu were lower in tissues from animals given monensin, but higher in animals given lasalocid. 45Ca was lowered in gut mucosa by both drugs. In the second experiment, liver Cu, Fe and Zn were measured in chickens and sheep fed diets containing monensin or lasalocid. Small differences in basal tissue levels of ions were observed in both sheep and chickens fed the ionophoretic drugs. Drenching sheep with 100 mg X animal-1 X d-1 Cu2+ as CuSO4 resulted in enhanced Cu accumulation in all animals, with the largest accumulation measured in those fed monensin. These preliminary data suggest that adding monensin and lasalocid to diets may change the bioavailability, gut uptake and tissue deposition of divalent minerals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animal Population Groups↗
Separation of iron and cobalt using 59Fe and 60Co by dialysis of polyvinylpyrrolidone-metal complexes: a greener approach.
An environmentally benign method to separate iron and cobalt has been developed using a safe chemical, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The method involves dialysis of PVP-Fe and PVP-Co complexes against triple-distilled water. (59)Fe and (60)Co were used as radioactive tracers of iron and cobalt throughout the experiment. No other chemicals are required for clean separation of cobalt from iron. The optimum condition for separation has been obtained at pH 5 using 10% aqueous solution of PVP. The method is applicable from trace scale to macro-scale. Very high separation factors have been obtained.
Cobalt↗
Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of the new water-soluble radioactive platinum(IV) complexes.
A novel class of water-soluble Pt(IV) complexes with histamine (Hist) and radioiodinated histamine ([(125)I/(131)I]Hist) has been synthesised with the goal of potential application for concomitant anticancer radio-chemotherapy of solid tumours. The prepared complex of 1:2 metal:ligand stoichiometry ([Pt(IV)(Hist)(2)(OH)(2)]Cl(2)) was characterised by microanalysis, mass spectrometry, and chromatographic methods. Cytotoxic/cytostatic activities of the complex were examined by flow cytometry method using the MCF-7 cells line. A slightly lower cytotoxicity of the Pt(IV) complex comparing to cisplatin was found (IC(50) 59 and 48 microM, respectively). Both cisplatin and the histamine complex show a cytostatic activity by blocking MCF-7 cells in S-phase of cell cycle. Biodistribution studies in normal rats revealed the highest accumulation of the (131)I-labelled complex in liver and kidneys (41.3% and 12.4% ID after 24 h post-intravenous injection (p.i.v.)). The similar pharmacokinetics was observed in tumour-bearing C3H/W mice, however, a lower accumulation in liver was observed following an intraperitoneal comparing to an intravenous administration. A concentration of the complex in tumour increased with time post-intraperitoneal injection (1.2 and 2.5%ID/g after 2 and 24 h (p.i.), respectively). An increasing tumour/muscle ratio was also observed (2.2 and 4.5 after 2 and 24 h p.i., respectively), and that suggests a penetration of the complex into the tumour cells, and a permanent binding with some cellular components, probably with the DNA.
Animals↗
Derivatization of glucose and 2-deoxyglucose for transition metal complexation: substitution reactions with organometallic 99mTc and Re precursors and fundamental NMR investigations.
Synthetic strategies for the bifunctionalization of glucose and 2-deoxyglucose at position C-1 for transition metal coordination are reported. In particular organometallic technetium and rhenium complexes for potential use in diagnostic nuclear medicine were synthesized and investigated. Specifically, a common iminodiacetic acid (IDA) moiety was O-glycosidically connected through an ethylene spacer group to produce the pure alpha- (in case of 2-deoxyglucose) and beta-anomer (in case of glucose). Reaction of the sugar derivatives with the organometallic precursor [M(H2O)3(CO)3]+ (M = 99mTc, Re) produced single products in high yield, which are water-soluble and water-stable. The displacement of the three water molecules of the metal precursor and thus the tridentate coordination of the metal-tricarbonyl core exclusively via the amine and the two carboxylic acid functionalities of the IDA chelate was verified by means of 1D and 2D 1H NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. The radioactive-labeled products (99mTc) proved their excellent stability in vitro in physiological phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4) and human plasma over a period of 24 h at 37 degrees C.
Deoxyglucose↗
MRI using hyperpolarized noble gases.
The aim of this study was to review the physical basis of MRI using hyperpolarized noble gases as well as the present status of preclinical and clinical applications. Non-radioactive noble gases with a nuclear spin 1/2 (He-3, Xe-129) can be hyperpolarized by optical pumping. Polarization is transferred from circularly polarized laser light to the noble-gas atoms via alkali-metal vapors (spin exchange) or metastable atoms (metastability exchange). Hyperpolarization results in a non-equilibrium polarization five orders of magnitude higher than the Boltzmann equilibrium compensating for the several 1000 times lower density of noble gases as compared with liquid state hydrogen concentrations in tissue and allows for short imaging times. Hyperpolarization can be stored sufficiently long (3 h to 6 days) to allow for transport and application. Magnetic resonance systems require a broadband radio-frequency system - which is generally available for MR spectroscopy - and dedicated coils. The hyperpolarized gases are administered as inhalative "contrast agents" allowing for imaging of the airways and airspaces. Besides the known anesthetic effect of xenon, no adverse effects are observed in volunteers or patients. Pulse sequences are optimized to effectively use the non-renewable hyperpolarization before it decays or is destroyed, using fast low-flip-angles strategies to allow for dynamic/breath-hold imaging of highly diffusible (He) or soluble (Xe) gases with in vivo T1-times well below 1 min. Since helium is not absorbed in considerable amounts, its application is restricted to the lung. Xe-129 is also under investigation for imaging of white matter disease and functional studies of cerebral perfusion. Magnetic resonance imaging using hyperpolarized gases is emerging as a technical challenge and opportunity for the MR community. Preliminary experience suggests potential for functional imaging of pulmonary ventilation and cerebral perfusion.
Adult↗
Solid-phase tyrosine-specific protein kinase assay in multiwell substrate-immobilized polyacrylamide gel.
Since tyrosine-specific protein kinase (TPK) is much less abundant than Ser/Thr-specific kinases in cells, determination of TPK activity in crude cell extracts or column chromatography eluates has been difficult. This is compounded by the absence of a rapid, economical method for the separation of high endogenous protein phosphorylation background from exogenously added tyrosine-containing substrates. We have developed a new solid-phase assay, which provides high sensitivity and efficiency at a low cost for assaying the TPK activity of crude enzyme preparations. This assay utilizes immobilized tyrosine-containing synthetic polymers such as (Glu:Tyr, 4:1)n in polyacrylamide gels. The kinase reaction is started by adding crude enzyme solutions and [tau-32P]ATP-metal ion mixtures into microtiter-size wells made in the gels. After the phosphorylation reaction, the reaction mixtures are removed and the gels are prewashed in water followed by electrophoresis to completely remove free radioactive ATP. 32P incorporation into the immobilized TPK-specific substrate can be detected by autoradiography and quantitated by cutting the gel pieces and counting them with a liquid scintillation counter. The simple, rapid method should facilitate screening of TPK inhibitors and activators as well as examining the substrate specificity of TPKs. Other enzymes, including Ser/Thr-specific protein kinases, can also be analyzed by this technique.
Acrylic Resins↗
An alternative to Portland Cement for waste encapsulation--the calcium sulfoaluminate cement system.
Currently, Portland Cement (PC) is used extensively in the solidification/stabilisation of a wide variety of wastes. In the nuclear industry, low and intermediate level radioactive wastes are encapsulated or immobilised within composite PC cement systems based on high replacement with blast furnace slag or fly ash. However, the high alkalinity of these PC-based systems will corrode reactive metals found in some wastes releasing hydrogen and forming expansive corrosion products. Alternative cement systems could provide a different hydration chemistry, which would allow wastes containing these metals to be encapsulated with lower reactivity. Calcium sulfoaluminate (CS A) cement is one such cement. It combines economy of cost and low emission of CO(2) with rapid strength gain and compatibility with other construction materials. Hydration provides an internal pore solution where the pH is considerably lower than that of PC. The main hydration product, ettringite, can incorporate a number of ions into its crystal structure, making it an ideal candidate for waste immobilisation. This paper details some results from a commercial CS A system that examines aspects of mixing, hydration of different formulations and aluminium corrosion behaviour. The fluidity of mixes can be adjusted by changing the formulations. All designed mixes were set within 24 h with little bleeding and the pH values were in the range of 10-11.5. In addition, a significant reduction in Al corrosion was observed compared to a composite OPC system. Although these results provide encouragement for the idea that CS A cement can provide a possible alternative to PC in the immobilisation of difficult and reactive wastes, further investigation is needed.
Aluminum↗
Positron emission tomography and radioimmunotargeting--general aspects.
To optimize radioimmunotherapy, in vivo information on individual patients, such as radionuclide uptake, kinetics, metabolic patterns and optimal administration methods, is important. An overriding problem is to determine accurately the absorbed dose in the target organ as well as critical organs. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a superior technique to quantify regional kinetics in vivo with a spatial resolution better than 1 cm3 and a temporal resolution better than 10 s. However, target molecules often have distribution times of several hours to days. Conventional PET nuclides are not applicable and alternative positron-emitting nuclides with matching half-lives and with suitable labelling properties are thus necessary. Over many years we have systematically developed convenient production methods and labelling techniques of suitable positron nuclides, such as 110In(T(1/2) = 1.15 h), 86Y(T(1/2) = 14 h), 76Br(T(1/2) = 16 h) and 124I(T(1/2) = 4 days). 'Dose planning' can be done, for example, with 86Y- or 124I-labelled ligands before therapy, and 90Y- and 131I-labelled analogues and double-labelling, e.g. with a 86Y/90Y-labelled ligand, can be used to determine the true radioactivity integral from a pure beta-emitting nuclide. The usefulness of these techniques was demonstrated in animal and patient studies by halogen-labelled MAbs and EGF-dextran conjugates and peptides chelated with metal ions.
Bromine Radioisotopes↗
Low-intensity X-ray-imaging scope (Lixiscope). Its applications in sports medicine and orthopaedic surgery.
The low-intensity x-ray imaging scope (Lixiscope) is a hand-held, totally portable fluorescopic device utilizing a low-energy, low-intensity gamma source of 125I. The unit was developed at the Goddard Space Flight Center for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. It has become apparent that there is increasing use of this tool, especially in sports medicine, to diagnose and treat injuries of the hand, foot, ankle, wrist and elbow at the time that they occur. The Lixiscope enables the orthopaedic surgeon to carry out the immediate screening at the scene of the injury with a hand-held x-ray unit. The unit gives a visible light output and the image can be recorded on instant processing film or used with other image-recording devices. The small size of the unit, combined with the minute radioactive source, provides a portability that we have not seen in the past. This will enable us to immediately differentiate between sprains and fractures right after the injury occurs. It is quite useful in finding metallic or other foreign bodies in the hand or foot, and is most useful in the operating or emergency room for this purpose. There are numerous applications for this unit in other fields of medicine and dentistry. It certainly should be considered an important development for immediate x-ray evaluation of the injured person.
Athletic Injuries↗
The significance of coronary arterial stenosis during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Myocardial infarction may develop during an uneventful open-heart operation. In order to better understand this complication, we undertook an experimental study. The left circumflex coronary artery of 20 dogs was narrowed to 50 per cent of its area by a metal screw clamp to produce a localized coronary stenosis. Regional myocardial perfusion in the distribution of both the stenotic circumflex and normal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries was measured by injection of a radioactive-labeled microsphere (15 +/- 5 mu). Circumflex coronary artery flow was measured with an electromagnetic flow probe. An epicardial electrogram was recorded in the distribution of the left circumflex. Measurements of regional myocardial perfusion, circumflex flow, and the epicardial electrogram were performed in each animal during the control (prebypass) state and during cardiopulmonary bypass with a beating and fibrillating ventricle. Half the animals had cardiopulmonary bypass performed at 50 mm. Hg perfusion pressure and half at 100 mm. Hg. The animals were put to death at the end of the study, and the hearts were sectioned, weighed, and counted. A cast was made of the stenotic circumflex coronary artery, the degree of stenosis is measured, and the per cent area stenosis calculated. The study showed that the effect of a 50 per cent coronary stenosis in reducing distal flow is apparent only during cardiopulmonary bypass at reduced pressure. The mechanism whereby a myocardial infarction develops during cardiopulmonary bypass could evolve from the development of a "critical" stenosis out of a mild-moderate one at a reduced perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Animals↗
Environmental pollution and pregnancy: risks and uncertainties for the fetus and infant.
Numerous environmental contaminants can affect the developing embryo, fetus, or infant. This essay explores such questions as these: What is the importance in mutagenesis and teratogenesis of macroenvironmental pollutants such as the heavy metals, dioxin derivatives, polychlorinated diphenyl compounds, and pesticides? What is the significance of microenvironmental pollutants (or social environmental factors) such as tobacco smoke, alcohol, and pharmacologic agents over which exposed individuals have considerable control? What are some of the ethical and legal implications of these toxins of which clinicians should be aware?
Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
Structure-activity relationships for metal-labeled blood flow tracers: comparison of keto aldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazonato)copper(II) derivatives.
Radiocopper-labeled pyruvaldehyde bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazonato)copper(II), Cu[PTSM], is under investigation as a radiopharmaceutical for evaluation of regional blood flow in the brain, heart, and kidneys because it affords relatively high levels of radioactivity in these organs upon intravenous injection, followed by prolonged tissue retention of the radiolabel. To probe and differentiate the physicochemical properties that are critical for blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration and tissue retention in complexes of this type, 17 67Cu-labeled copper(II) bis(thiosemicarbazone) derivatives of Cu[PTSM] have been prepared and characterized, focusing on the bis(thiosemicarbazone), bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone), bis(N4-dimethylthiosemicarbazone), and bis(N4-ethylthiosemicarbazone) derivatives of several alkylglyoxals (R(1) = Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, or Me(EtO)CH) and phenylglyoxal. The compounds studied varied in lipophilicity from log P = 0.75 to log P = 3.5 (where P is the octanol/water partition coefficient). In rat biodistribution studies the N4-methylthiosemicarbazone (R(1)TSM) and N4-dimethylthiosemicarbazone (R(1)TSM2) complexes always show comparable cerebral uptake at 1 min postinjection (iv) for any given R(1) group, while the thiosemicarbazone (R(1)TS) complex always penetrates the BBB less efficiently. Comparison of the various Cu[R(1)TS] derivatives shows that their brain uptake does tend to increase with increasing lipophilicity over the range 0.75 less than log P less than 2.4, although it never reaches that of the N4-alkylated derivatives. The Cu[R(1)TS] and Cu[R(1)TSM] complexes are found to exhibit prolonged cerebral retention of activity, consistent with their known susceptibility to reductive decomposition by intracellular sulfhydryl groups, while the more inert Cu[R(1)TSM2] complexes clear from the brain relatively rapidly. Tracer clearance kinetics in the heart and kidney are similar to those observed for the brain with each of the tracers examined.
Animals↗
Adenylosuccinate synthetase from Dictyostelium discoideum: effects of hadacidin analogs and binding of [14C]hadacidin.
The enzyme adenylosuccinate (sAMP) synthetase has been partially purified from Dictyostelium discoideum using hadacidin-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography, anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gel-filtration HPLC, resulting in a 2600-fold purification. Using a newly developed HPLC procedure to assay activity, it has been found that D. discoideum adenylosuccinate synthetase activity has apparent Km values for the substrates IMP, GTP, and aspartate of 36, 23, and 714 microM, respectively. The analog guanosine-5'-(beta, gamma-imino)triphosphate was found to be an inhibitor of GTP with a Ki of 15 microM, and IMP was competitively inhibited by its analog formycin B monophosphate with a Ki of 80 microM. An analysis of these kinetic data showed a pattern consistent with a fully random terter mechanism. Hadacidin, an analog of aspartate, was an inhibitor of that substrate at 86 microM. Other analogs of hadacidin were synthesized and examined for their effect on the sAMP synthetase activity. Compared to hadacidin, which produced 100% inhibition at 5 mM, it was observed that N-acetyl-N-hydroxyglycine, N-formylglycine, N-acetylglycine, and N-hydroxyglycine all inhibited between 50 and 75%, with N-(thiocarboxy)-L-aspartic anhydride less effective at 27%, and N-benzoylglycine at only 6%. N-Formylsarcosine, N-acetylmethionine, O-methylpyruvate oxime, and hadacidin methylester had no effect at this concentration. The adenylosuccinate synthetase activity was dependent on metal ions with maximum activity being obtained with Mg2+. The ability of the aspartate analog hadacidin to bind to the purified adenylosuccinate synthetase was demonstrated using anion-exchange HPLC and [formyl-14C]hadacidin. The radioactivity coeluted with the adenylosuccinate synthetase and the bound, radiolabeled hadacidin was displaced by excess aspartate.
Adenylosuccinate Synthase↗
Chemical and biological studies of 1-(2,5-dihydroxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane, an analogue of 6-hydroxydopamine.
Autoxidation of the bis(O-demethyl)-p-hydroquinone metabolite of the psychotomimetic amine 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM) at pH 7.4 leads exclusively to a bicyclic imino quinone. This imino quinone is a good alkylating agent, forming covalent adducts via 1,4 addition to thiols. The autoxidation appears to be dependent on trace metal catalysis and is dramatically inhibited by components of the 10000g supernatant fraction of rabbit liver homogenates. Incubation of tritium-labeled hydroquinone with bovine serum albumin under oxidizing conditions leads to significant amounts of nonextractable radioactivity which presumably is dependent on imino quinone alkylation of nucleophilic functionalities present on macromolecules. Incubation of tritium-labeled DOM with rabbit microsomes in the presence of NADPH leads to irreversible binding of the label to macromolecular components of the microsomes. Since this binding is NADPH dependent, it is likely that metabolic conversion of DOM to the hydroquinone is involved. The imino quinone oxidation product is highly lypophilic and is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. Intravenous administration of tritium-labeled imino quinone to rats resulted in significant nonextractable radioactivity in brain tissue. These properties of the hydroquinone metabolite parallel those reported for the structurally related sympatholytic compound 6-hydroxydopamine and have led to the hypothesis that the psychotomimetic properties of DOM may be mediated through 6-hydroxydopamine-type interactions of the hydroquinone with important macromolecules in the brain.
DOM 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine↗