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PubMed1993

Serological characterisation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by co-agglutination technique.

Antibiotic susceptibility pattern in cases of acute gonococcal urethritis, was studied by single disc diffusion technique and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by agar dilution technique were determined for 5 antibiotics, viz penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin and norfloxacin. All the penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and non-PPNG strains were sensitive to norfloxacin. 72% of the isolates belonged to serogroup WII/WIII by co-agglutination technique.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A multidrug resistance transporter in Magnaporthe is required for host penetration and for survival during oxidative stress.

In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters use energy-dependent efflux action to regulate the intracellular levels of antibiotic or xenobiotic compounds. Using mutational analysis of ABC3, we define an important role for such MDR-based efflux during the host penetration step of Magnaporthe grisea pathogenesis. Mutants lacking ABC3 were completely nonpathogenic but were surprisingly capable of penetrating thin cellophane membranes to some extent. The inability of abc3Delta to penetrate the host surface was most likely a consequence of excessive buildup of peroxide and accumulation of an inhibitory metabolite(s) within the mutant appressoria. Treatment with antioxidants partially suppressed the host penetration defects in the abc3Delta mutant. abc3Delta was highly sensitive to oxidative stress and was unable to survive the host environment and invasive growth conditions. ABC3 transcript levels were redox-regulated, and on host surfaces, the activation of ABC3 occurred during initial stages of blast disease establishment. An Abc3-green fluorescent protein fusion localized to the plasma membrane in early appressoria (and in penetration hyphae) but became predominantly vacuolar during appressorial maturity. We propose that ABC3 function helps Magnaporthe to cope with cytotoxicity and oxidative stress within the appressoria during early stages of infection-related morphogenesis and likely imparts defense against certain antagonistic and xenobiotic conditions encountered during pathogenic development.

Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal↗
PubMed1975

Antibiotic sensitivity of two Aeromonas and nine Pseudomonas species.

An agar dilution method was used to determine the in vitro sensitivity of different Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species to sulphonamide, tetracycline, colistin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amplicillin, carbenicillin, and cephalothin. P. aeruginosa was generally sensitive to carbenicillin, colistin, tobramycin, and gentamicin. P. putida and P. fluorescens were generally resistant to beta-lactam antibodies but sensitive to gentamicin and tobramycin. P. cepacia and P. maltophilia were mostly resistant to colistin, gentamicin and tobramycin. Other Pseudomonas species were usually more sensitive to the antibodies tested. Strains of Aeromonas hydrophila were mostly resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics but sensitive to other antibiotics, while strains of A. shigelloides were very sensitive to all antibiotics tested.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2001

Multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) locus in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium DT104.

In order to understand the role of the mar locus in Salmonella with regard to multiple antibiotic resistance, cyclohexane resistance, and outer membrane protein F (OmpF) regulation, a marA::gfp reporter mutant was constructed in an antibiotic-sensitive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 background. Salicylate induced marA, whereas a number of antibiotics, disinfectants, and various growth conditions did not. Increased antibiotic resistance was observed upon salicylate induction, although this was shown to be by both mar-dependent and mar-independent pathways. Cyclohexane resistance, however, was induced by salicylate by a mar-dependent pathway. Complementation studies with a plasmid that constitutively expressed marA confirmed the involvement of mar in Salmonella with low-level antibiotic resistance and cyclohexane resistance, although the involvement of mar in down regulation of OmpF was unclear. However, marA overexpression did increase the expression of a ca. 50-kDa protein, but its identity remains to be elucidated. Passage of the marA::gfp reporter mutant with increasing levels of tetracycline, a method reported to select for mar mutants in Escherichia coli, led to both multiple-antibiotic and cyclohexane resistance. Collectively, these data indicate that low-level antibiotic resistance, cyclohexane resistance, and modulation of OMPs in Salmonella, as in E. coli, can occur in both a mar-dependent and mar-independent manner.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Determination of the real standard distribution of susceptible strains in zone histograms.

The procedure for NRI, a method for normalised resistance interpretation, is presented. By means of its promising autocalibration system the method generates zone breakpoints for resistance in zone diameter histograms for bacterial species-antibiotic combinations. These breakpoints give a normalised interpretation of resistance which is independent of disc test standard chosen, disc potency, medium used, inoculum size, etc. of the individual laboratory as long as the performance shows good reproducibility and precision. The method should be further tested as a tool for setting "bacteriological breakpoints" or "epidemiological breakpoints", for calculating resistance rates for comparative purposes, e.g. in antibiotic resistance surveillance, and for quality control of the disc diffusion test.

Drug Resistance, Bacterial↗
PubMed1997

[Evaluation of a breakpoint test for determination of fluconazole susceptibility of yeasts].

Using the breakpoint test at 1 g/ml and 4 g/ml fluconazole, a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of < or = 4 g/ml fluconazole was determined against 78.5% of the 1254 clinical yeast isolates. When compared with the micro broth dilution test, none of a subset of 128/1254 strains had a higher MIC in the dilution test than in the breakpoint test, however, in 43.0% of the 128 strains the MIC was lower in the micro broth dilution test when compared to the MIC of the breakpoint test. In a subset of 94 strains with an MIC of > 4 g/ml fluconazole determined in the breakpoint test, the elevated MIC could be confirmed only in 45.7% of the strains when using the micro broth dilution test. The percentage of breakpoint test confirmation as well as the number of strains with decreased susceptibility towards fluconazole (> 4 g/ml) were species dependent, thus, the number of decreased-susceptible Candida albicans strains was smaller than that of C. glabrata or other Candida species such as C. krusei, C. inconspicua and some C. tropicalis strains. The breakpoint test allows to identify susceptible strains with a high accuracy. Strains with an MIC > 4 g/ml fluconazole should be tested in the micro dilution test to confirm decreased susceptibility and thus to indicate the need for higher dosage of fluconazole or a change of the antifungal therapy. The breakpoint test proved to be a rapid and reliable screening test.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1991

[Mycobacterium examination system at the National Jewish Center in the States].

Impressions on visit to Mycobacteriology Laboratory of National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine are reported. The BACTEC and Gen-Probe Method are introduced to the laboratory system on mycobacterial examinations such as detection, identification, drug susceptibility and minimal inhibitory concentration test.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1989

[Slide culture and rapid sensitivity test for tubercle bacillus].

We use the slide culture and direct sensitivity test for tubercle bacillus. The sputum specimens was taken from 479 cases. The positive rates of slide culture method and thick smear were 50.5% and 47.8% respectively. The positive rates from slide culture and modified Loewenstein-Jensen medium were 48.2% and 51.9% respectively. The results of sensitivity test of both methods in 40 cases were quite similar. The slide culture technique is a simple, cheap and very rapid method for sensitivity test, it is particularly useful for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗