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Results for “Morphological Characterization”

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PubMed1998

Scalp topography and source analysis of interictal spontaneous spikes and evoked spikes by digital stimulation in benign rolandic epilepsy.

OBJECTIVES: We report the analysis of scalp topography and dipole modeling of the rolandic spikes in 6 patients suffering of benign rolandic epilepsy of childhood with extremely high amplitude SEP by tapping stimulation of the finger of the hand. METHODS: EEG and BESA analysis were performed for both rolandic spontaneous interictal spikes and high amplitude scalp activity evoked by tapping and electrical stimulation of the first finger of the right hand. RESULTS: The evoked responses showed a morphology characterized by a rapid phase (spike) followed by a slow phase (slow wave). The spike presented an early small positive component followed by a main negative component. Similar morphology, dipole configuration and source localization were observed for both rolandic spikes and evoked high amplitude scalp responses. Dipole localization showed an overlap of spatial coordinates between rolandic and evoked spikes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the extremely high amplitude SEPs could be evoked spikes which probably had the same cortical generators of the spontaneous rolandic spikes.

Brain Mapping↗

PubMed2003

Proprotein convertase cleavage liberates a fibrillogenic fragment of a resident glycoprotein to initiate melanosome biogenesis.

Lysosome-related organelles are cell type-specific intracellular compartments with distinct morphologies and functions. The molecular mechanisms governing the formation of their unique structural features are not known. Melanosomes and their precursors are lysosome-related organelles that are characterized morphologically by intralumenal fibrous striations upon which melanins are polymerized. The integral membrane protein Pmel17 is a component of the fibrils and can nucleate their formation in the absence of other pigment cell-specific proteins. Here, we show that formation of intralumenal fibrils requires cleavage of Pmel17 by a furin-like proprotein convertase (PC). As in the generation of amyloid, proper cleavage of Pmel17 liberates a lumenal domain fragment that becomes incorporated into the fibrils; longer Pmel17 fragments generated in the absence of PC activity are unable to form organized fibrils. Our results demonstrate that PC-dependent cleavage regulates melanosome biogenesis by controlling the fibrillogenic activity of a resident protein. Like the pathologic process of amyloidogenesis, the formation of other tissue-specific organelle structures may be similarly dependent on proteolytic activation of physiological fibrillogenic substrates.

Cell Compartmentation↗

PubMed2001

Polymorphism in pentacene.

Pentacene, C(22)H(14), crystallizes in different morphologies characterized by their d(001)-spacings of 14.1, 14.5, 15.0 and 15.4 A. We have studied the crystal structure of the 14.1 and 14.5 A d-spacing morphologies grown by vapour transport and from solution. We find a close correspondence between the 14.1 A structure reported by Holmes, Kumaraswamy, Matzeger & Vollhardt [Chem. Eur. J. (1999), 5, 3399-3412] and the 14.5 A structure reported by Campbell, Monteath Robertson & Trotter [Acta Cryst. (1961), 14, 705-711]. Single crystals commonly adopt the 14.1 A d-spacing morphology with an inversion centre on both molecules in the unit cell. Thin films grown on SiO(2) substrates above 350 K preferentially adopt the 14.5 A d-spacing morphology, with a slightly smaller unit-cell volume.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Analysis of motile oligodendrocyte precursor cells in vitro and in brain slices.

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells are purported to migrate over long distances into the various brain regions where they differentiate into oligodendrocytes and fulfill their appropriate tasks, i.e., myelination of axons. Here we characterize motile oligodendrocyte precursor cells in detail. Video-time lapse analysis was performed on isolated precursor cells in single cell cultures, in co-culture with cerebellar microexplants, and in living brain slices. Motility analysis of individual cells was combined with electrophysiological, immunological, and morphological characterizations. Translocation of the cell bodies was not continuous but occurred in waves. All motile cells exhibited a simple morphology and most, but not all, of them expressed the A2B5 epitope in vitro. Patch clamp analysis of the motile cells confirmed that they belong to the O-2A lineage. The percentage of motile cells, as well as their velocities, were enhanced on substrate-coated laminin in comparison to poly-L-lysine. Motility was not influenced by the presence of cerebellar microexplants. O-2A progenitor cells did not migrate strictly along neurite fascicles which were projected from the microexplants. Glial progenitor cells in situ also did not strictly migrate along the main direction of the axonal fibers of the corpus callosum but rather traversed the fibers with an overall direction toward the cortex. After Lucifer Yellow filling of the motile progenitor cells in situ, we could demonstrate that they were dye-coupled to yet unidentified cells of the corpus callosum.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Dual origin of mouse spleen macrophages.

The present study concerns the isolation, characterization, origin, and kinetics of spleen macrophages. The spleen was first perfused in situ to remove monocytes from the vascular bed and then dissected and treated with collagenase. The macrophages in the cell suspension thus obtained were characterized morphologically and cytochemically and then quantitated. The spleen cell suspension was incubated for 24 h in Leighton tubes to obtain an enriched glass-adherent population of macrophages for characterization and [3H]thymidine-labeling studies. Almost all of the adhering macrophages were esterase positive, had Fc and C3b receptors, and ingested EIgG and opsonized bacteria. In vitro labeling with [3H]thymidine showed that approximately 5% of the mononuclear phagocytes in the spleen synthesize DNA and must be considered to be dividing cells. The course of the number of labeled monocytes and macrophages after a single injection of [3H]thymidine indicates migration of monocytes into the spleen, where they become macrophages. Calculation of the influx of monocytes into the spleen and of the local production of macrophages by DNA-synthesizing mononuclear phagocytes showed that under steady-state conditions, 55% of the population of spleen macrophages is supplied by monocyte influx and 45% by local production. This means that there is a dual origin of spleen macrophages. The mean turnover time calculated with the value for the efflux of spleen macrophages is 6.0 d.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Preparation and characterization of pH-sensitive proteinoid microspheres for the oral delivery of methotrexate.

Prot A7, a polypeptidic proteinoid composed of seven different amino acids, was synthesized and microspheres of 1-5 microm size were prepared by the self-assembly process. The morphological characterization of the microspheres was carried out using optical microscopy and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). Emphasis also has been made on studying the mechanism behind the microsphere formation and to relate it with the conformation of the polypeptide. These self-assembled microspheres were found to be pH-sensitive in aqueous medium. The suitability of the Prot A7 microspheres as a carrier for gastric irritant drugs was verified by choosing methotrexate (MTX) as a model drug. MTX was entrapped in proteinoid microspheres and its utility for the oral delivery system was verified by carrying out the drug dissolution studies in simulated gastric medium (pH 1.2) and neutral medium of the blood (pH 7) under physiological conditions. The pH responsive dissolution behaviour of the microspheres was clarified.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1965

THE DIFFERENTIATION OF MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES. MORPHOLOGY, CYTOCHEMISTRY, AND BIOCHEMISTRY.

The in vitro differentiation of homogeneous populations of monocyte-like cells from the unstimulated mouse peritoneal cavity is described. Under the conditions employed, a progressive increase in cell size occurs without significant cell division. This process is characterized morphologically by the accumulation of phase-dense and neutral red-positive granules, mitochondria, and lipid droplets. The phase-dense granules react strongly for acid phosphatase. Biochemical determinations indicate marked increases in the total content and specific activity of acid phosphatase, cathepsin, and beta-glucuronidase. The production of acid phosphatase is more rapid and extensive than that of the other two hydrolases. From these data it appears that the conversion of a monocyte-like cell to a mature macrophage is accompanied by the formation of increased numbers of lysosome-like cytoplasmic organelles. Mouse peritoneal phagocytes stimulated in vivo with a bacterial lipopolysaccharide undergo a similar series of morphological and biochemical events.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed1994

Comparative morphology of Gag protein structures produced by mutants of the gag gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Six mutants that differ in the extent of their carboxyterminal sequences and two deletion mutants of the gag gene of HIV-1 have been characterized morphologically following their expression in Spodoptera frugiperda cells using recombinant baculoviruses. Electron microscopy has revealed distinct morphological forms of the Gag protein that can be classified as either (i) particulate, three-dimensional, spherical or tubular shells or (ii) non-particulate, two-dimensional, flat, curved or convoluted sheets. Progressive truncation of the carboxy terminus of Gag was accompanied by changes in the morphology and formation of spherical particles from predominantly C-type assembly and budding at the plasma membrane, through B-type intracytoplasmic assembly, to A-type assembly with budding mainly into cytoplasmic vacuoles. Deletions within the Pr24 CA domain of Gag abolished particle formation but retained association of the protein with the plasma membrane. All of the observed morphologies of the mutant Gag proteins could be accommodated within an icosahedral model for the organization of spherical particles and a basic hexagonal arrangement of assembled Gag protein monomers.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Morphology of hDAF (CD55) transgenic pig kidneys following ex-vivo hemoperfusion with human blood.

Discordant xenotransplantation of pig kidneys into man may be possible in the future using transgenic organs which regulate complement activity. It was the aim of this experimental study to characterize morphologic alterations of organs transgenic for human decay accelerating factor (hDAF/CD55) perfused with human blood since no data on function of these organs after exposure to human blood are available. An ex-vivo system was developed that allows computer driven pressure-controlled perfusion of kidneys including a separate cartridge oxygenator circuit. Following cold ischemia time of 1-4 hr, 8 kidneys from heterozygote transgenic animals (TG) and 9 control kidneys (C) were perfused with 500 ml freshly drawn heparinized human blood at physiological conditions. A histologic grading system from 0 to +4 was used to describe the histologic findings. Using a mouse antihuman DAF moAB, hDAF was stained on all TG kidneys both on glomerular capillary (4+) and vascular endothelium (2+), but there was no detectable hDAF-expression on controls. No difference in xenoantibody deposition on vascular endothelium was seen between both groups. There was comparable staining for complement fraction C4 in both groups, but significant reduction of C3 and C9 staining on glomerular and vascular endothelium in TG. P-selectin was expressed on a higher level in C (+4) compared with TG (+2). Neutrophil extravasation [NP-57 elastase] was higher in C (80.2 vs. 32.2 C vs. TG [values as n/high power field]). Tubular epithelial cell swelling and mild necrosis was paralleled by glomerular hemorrhage and platelet microthrombus formation in both groups as seen in transmission electron microscopy. The observed results allow the conclusion that hDAF expression on transgenic pig kidneys was sufficient to inhibit complement activation beyond C3 during xenoperfusion with human blood despite xenoantibody deposition.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Floc morphology and cyclic shearing recovery: comparison of alum and polyaluminum chloride coagulants.

This study investigated the floc formation and re-aggregation potential for alum, polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and a blend of these coagulants. Bench-scale testing included floc morphology characterization for well-developed floc, post-shear floc, and non-settleable (filter influent) floc. Different applications of coagulants were observed to produce non-settleable floc that was morphologically different. The alum treatment had a decrease in average floc size from coagulated to non-settleable conditions, whereas the PACl and PACl/alum treatments resulted in similar sized floc between these processes. Zeta potential distribution measurements showed that the alum treatment resulted in a negative shift from coagulated to non-settleable conditions whereas the PACl and PACl/alum treatments had no significant shift. A photometric dispersion analyzer (PDA) was employed to compare the differences between coagulant treatments with respect to shear induced aggregate breakup and recovery. The PDA allowed a dynamic monitoring of initial floc aggregation and measured the degree of recovery from cyclic shearing. The degree of recovery from shearing was greatest for the PACl/alum treatment likely as a result of increased collision efficiency due to more effective charge neutralization.

Alum Compounds↗

PubMed2005

Involvement of clusterin and the aggresome in abnormal protein deposits in myofibrillar myopathies and inclusion body myositis.

Myofibrillar myopathies (MM) are characterized morphologically by the presence of non-hyaline structures corresponding to foci of dissolution of myofibrils, and hyaline lesions composed of aggregates of compacted and degraded myofibrillar elements. Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is characterized by the presence of rimmed vacuoles, eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm, rare intranuclear inclusions, and by the accumulation of several abnormal proteins. Recent studies have demonstrated impaired proteasomal expression and activity in MM and IBM, thus accounting, in part, for the abnormal protein accumulation in these diseases. The present study examines other factors involved in protein aggregation in MM and IBM. Clusterin is a multiple-function protein which participates in Abeta-amyloid, PrP(res) and a-synuclein aggregation in Alzheimer disease, prionopathies and a-synucleinopathies, respectively. gamma-Tubulin is present in the centrosome and is an intracellular marker of the aggresome. Moderate or strong clusterin immunoreactivity has been found in association with abnormal protein deposits, as revealed by immunohistochemistry, single and double-labeling immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, in MM and IBM, and in target structures in denervation atrophy. Gamma-Tubulin has also been observed in association with abnormal protein deposits in MM, IBM, and in target fibers in denervation atrophy. These morphological findings are accompanied by increased expression of clusterin and gamma-tubulin in muscle homogenates of MM and IBM cases, as revealed by gel electrophoresis and Western blots. Together, these observations demonstrate involvement of clusterin in protein aggregates, and increased expression of aggresome markers in association with abnormal protein inclusions in MM and IBM and in targets, as crucial events related to the pathogenesis of abnormal protein accumulation and degradation in these muscular diseases.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Genetic diversity of Crotalaria germplasm assessed through phylogenetic analysis of EST-SSR markers.

The genetic diversity of the genus Crotalaria is unknown even though many species in this genus are economically valuable. We report the first study in which polymorphic expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers derived from Medicago and soybean were used to assess the genetic diversity of the Crotalaria germplasm collection. This collection consisted of 26 accessions representing 4 morphologically characterized species. Phylogenetic analysis partitioned accessions into 4 main groups generally along species lines and revealed that 2 accessions were incorrectly identified as Crotalaria juncea and Crotalaria spectabilis instead of Crotalaria retusa. Morphological re-examination confirmed that these 2 accessions were misclassified during curation or conservation and were indeed C. retusa. Some amplicons from Crotalaria were sequenced and their sequences showed a high similarity (89% sequence identity) to Medicago truncatula from which the EST-SSR primers were designed; however, the SSRs were completely deleted in Crotalaria. Highly distinguishing markers or more sequences are required to further classify accessions within C. juncea.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Morphological observation of tumor infiltrating immunocytes in human rectal cancer.

AIM: To investigate the morphological characterization of tumor infiltrating dendritic cells (TIDCs) and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in human rectal cancer. METHODS: Light and electron microscopy as well as immunohistochemistry were used to observe the distributive and morphological changes of TIDCs and TILs. RESULTS: TIDCs were mainly located in tumor-surrounding tissue. The number of TIDCs in the earlier stage was higher than that in the later stage (P<0.01). TILs were mainly seen in adjacent tissue of cancers and tumor-surrounding tissue. There were more TILs in the earlier stage than that in the later stage (P<0.01). Under electron microscope, TIDCs were irregular in shape and exhibited many dendritic protrusions. It is not obvious that cancer cells perforated the basement membrane and TILs were arranged along the basement membrane in the earlier stage. In the later stage, it is explicit that cancer cells perforated the basement membrane and surrounded by TILs. There were contacts among TIDCs, TILs and tumor cell. One TIDCs contacted one or several TILs which clustered around TIDCs. Glycogen granules were seen between TIDCs and TILs. CONCLUSION: The number of TIDCs and TILs is related with tumor progression There exist close relationships among TIDCs, TILs and tumor cell.

Basement Membrane↗

PubMed1989

A particular case of large granular lymphocytes lymphoma.

A patient with non-cutaneous lymphocytic lymphoma with leukaemic spread is reported. The large majority of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E), had receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (Fc gamma R) and displayed an unusual enzymatic profile. Part of these cells had also labile bound surface membrane IgG. The leukaemic cells were morphologically characterized as large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and consisted of two different types of cells: lymphoid cells and monocytoid cells. The histopathological diagnosis was T-cell lymphoma, pleomorphic type, diffuse. Despite their morphological heterogeneity, all the proliferative cells had the same immunological phenotype, showed normal ADCC activity but no NK activity. After three months, without specific treatment, the surface pattern changed: the cells resembled mature LGL and the NK activity increased. The cytochemical study of the leukaemic cells revealed an enzymatical peculiarity: besides an enzymatic profile characteristic for relatively mature LGL, the cells also displayed peroxidase activity. This unusual aspect--the expression by an individual malignant cell of markers believed to be restricted to a single cellular lineage--might be interpreted as a lineage infidelity or lineage promiscuity. The observation that this lymphoma developed in a patient with a long history of hypogammaglobulinaemia is of particular interest.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Recycling of mast cells following degranulation in vitro: an ultrastructural study.

Mature mast cells, isolated from the rat peritoneal cavity, were placed into suspension culture, either as resting or after degranulation by exposure to compound 48/80, and were maintained for up to 63 hr. No mitotic cells were observed, and cell number was conserved. The culture conditions did not cause spontaneous degranulation and cell survival was better than 80%. However, with time in culture, an increasing percentage of cells acquired a vesiculated appearance, characterized by a Golgi area with distended cisternae, the accumulation of lysosomal or autophagic-like vesicles, and enlarged, irregular or fused secretory granules. In the degranulated group, about one-fourth of the cells recovered the morphological appearance of resting cells by 63 hr, indicating that they are capable of 'recycling'. A cell type with a unique morphology, characterized by a large central vacuole containing secretory product, an eccentric nucleus, and mature secretory granules at the cell periphery appeared in the stimulated group after 22 hr of culture. In may be a possible intermediate stage in the mast cell regranulation process, based on its occurrence exclusively in the stimulated group, the correlation between its distribution and the recovery of mast cells to the resting state, and the morphological resemblance of its granule contents to stages in granule maturation in differentiating embryonic mast cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Sensitization to epithelial antigens in chronic mucosal inflammatory disease. Characterization of human intestinal mucosa-derived mononuclear cells reactive with purified epithelial cell-associated components in vitro.

To explore the auto-reactive potential of cells infiltrating the gut mucosa in idiopathic chronic inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) were isolated, characterized morphologically and phenotypically, and evaluated for antigen-specific reactivity. The last was assessed by quantitating LPMC cytotoxic capabilities against purified, aqueous-soluble, organ-specific epithelial cell-associated components (ECAC) characterized previously. Enzyme-isolated inflammatory bowel disease LPMC were constituted primarily by T lymphocytes (57 +/- 12% OKT 3-positive), B lymphocytes (18 +/- 9% surface immunoglobulin-positive), and macrophages (11 +/- 6% esterase-positive), and were responsive to phytohemagglutinin (mean uptake 86,933 cpm/5 X 10(5) cells). LPMC present in abnormal segments from 71% of patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease were cytotoxic for ECAC isolated from colon (12.5 +/- 8.9% specific lysis) and small bowel (7.1 +/- 6.5%), but not for kidney control antigen (0.8 +/- 1.1%) isolated in a manner analogous to that used for ECAC (P less than 0.02). In contrast, despite comparable responses to phytohemagglutinin (mean uptake 59,200 cpm/5 X 10(5) cells), LPMC from histologically normal mucosa of patients with benign (adult megacolon, Hirshsprung's disease, diverticulosis) or malignant disease failed to lyse indicator cells labeled with colon-derived ECAC (0.3 +/- 0.08%), small bowel-derived ECAC (0.4 +/- 1.11%), or kidney antigen (0.29 +/- 0.79%). LPMC reactivity for individual gel-purified macromolecules of small bowel-derived ECAC (designated as the "P" series of components) was greatest against component P1 (by 2-3-fold), but was detectable against three other purified components as well. The addition of patient's serum did not enhance cytotoxicity to ECAC. Characterization of the cytotoxic cell showed that it was nonadherent to plastic surfaces, bore T lymphocyte-specific markers detectable by OKT 11 and OKT 3 monoclonal antibodies, and could be depleted by removal of cells with receptors for sheep erythrocytes. ECAC-specific reactivity was markedly reduced (greater than 93%) in most experiments when LPMC were preincubated for 1 h with ECAC. These data support the concept that autosensitization to several epithelial cell-associated components has occurred in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and provide initial evidence that antigen-specific, cell-mediated mechanisms may play a role in the pathogenesis of these disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

ret/PTC-1, -2, and -3 oncogene rearrangements in human thyroid carcinomas: implications for metastatic potential?

The ret/PTC oncogene is unique to papillary thyroid cancer. Three forms of this oncogene, formed by translocation of three different genes to the tyrosine kinase domain of the ret protooncogene, result in constitutive kinase activation. Correlation with clinical outcome is controversial; ret/PTC-1 has been suggested to predict aggressive behavior. There is no morphological description of ret/PTC-positive tumors. We analyzed 60 thyroid carcinomas for ret/PTC expression to determine correlation with clinical history, disease stage, or tumor morphology. Ribonucleic acid extracted from frozen tissue was reverse transcribed; PCR was performed to amplify ret/PTC-1, 2, and -3. The TPC-1 cell line was the positive control for ret/PTC-1. All tumors were characterized morphologically. Clinical data were collected. The 57 papillary and 3 follicular carcinomas were resected from 44 female patients and 15 males. The average age at diagnosis was 46.2 yr (range. 24-83 yr). Three patients had a history of neck irradiation. At diagnosis, 11 patients had extrathyroidal tumor extension, 20 had lymph node metastases, and 1 had lung metastasis. Thirteen patients had tall cell papillary carcinomas; 3 tumors had focal insular or anaplastic dedifferentiation. The average follow-up was 13.4 months, during which 4 patients had recurrent disease. No deaths occurred. One papillary carcinoma (1.7%) was positive for ret/PTC-1, none was positive for ret/PTC-2, and 2(3.4%) were positive for ret/PTC-3. Although all 3 patients who had tumors containing ret/PTC rearrangements were under the age of 45 yr (range, 26-44 yr) and had small tumors (< 1.2 cm), 2 of these 3 patients presented with lymph node metastases, and the third had lymphatic invasion. ret/PTC oncogene expression did not correlate with radiation history. In summary, ret/PTC oncogene rearrangements were found in 3 of 60 (5%) thyroid carcinomas and were not present in tumors with aggressive morphological features. However, we found ret/PTC rearrangements in young patients (< 45 yr of age) with small thyroid carcinomas showing a predisposition for lymphatic involvement, suggesting a possible role in the development of this subgroup of tumors.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Vulnerability to aging in the rat serotonergic system.

Distributional changes of serotonergic fibers associated with aging were demonstrated immunohistochemically. Old rat brains were morphologically characterized by the presence of peculiar features of serotonergic fibers not found in the young adult brain. In 24-month-old rats, these aberrant serotonergic fibers were subdivided into two groups according to morphological alterations: type 1 fibers consisting of thin fibers with moderately enlarged varicosities, and type 2 fibers consisting of much thicker fibers that have even larger varicosities and a tortuous course. These two types of fibers were distributed differentially in the forebrain. Type 1 fibers were found mainly in the striatum and frontoparietal cortex, whereas type 2 fibers were found in the posterior cingulate cortex and dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation. Both types of aberrant fibers were seen in amygdala, frontoparietal cortex, hypothalamus, and thalamus. In 36-month-old rats, more highly degenerating arborizations were detected, and these aberrant ramifications were classified as follows based on shape as: type 3 fibers consisting of highly arborized thin fibers with a larger number of larger varicosities, and type 4 fibers consisting of thick fibers with abundant larger varicosities. Distributional difference indicated that type 1 fibers progress into type 3 fibers, whereas type 2 develop into type 4 fibers. These findings suggest the possibility that one set of pathological fibers emanate from the dorsal raphe nucleus and the other from the median raphe. Moreover, both two sets of serotonergic fibers show age-related aberrations in their morphology over same time course.

Aging↗