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The use of meditative state for hypnotic induction in the dental practice was investigated in 45 cases. In 38 cases (84.4%) the hypnosis was found as a useful additional method. It was especially useful to reduce anxiety, and in some psychosomatic diseases.
BACKGROUND: Much attention is paid lately at all levels to sexual child abuse. Its incidence in the population is, however, not known. The objective of the present investigation was to assess the incidence of sexual abuse in a defined group of young people. METHODS AND RESULTS: The authors examined, using an anonymously completed semistructured questionnaire, 311 5th year medical students from Charles University, mean age cca 23 years. They found that 66% of the women and 20% of the men some time during their life were subjected to involuntary sexual interaction. Only one third of the delicts, however, had occurred before the age of 12, the majority after the age of 15 years. The offender was most frequently an unknown man who exhibited before the victim or fingered her. Brutal of serious interactions (rape or attempted rape) were recorded only in 6%. The authors did not record a single case of incest. The majority of examined subjects experienced this event as unpleasant, however, usually did not tell it to anybody. Police organs were informed only in four cases. CONCLUSIONS: The presented negative experience can contribute to the development of some psychiatric disorders and psychosomatic diseases, although in the examined group a higher rate of psychic and sexual complaints was not recorded in probands with a negative sexual experience.
A short survey on results and theories in psychosomatic and neurobiologic stress research is presented. Based on a comprehensive definition of the stress-reaction process, the biological and psychological consequences are described which are elicited by either controllable or uncontrollable stress. We conclude that controllable stress triggers the stabilization and facilitation of neuronal networks involved in the generation of appropriate patterns of appraisal and coping, whereas uncontrollable stress favours the extinction of inappropriate patterns and the reorganisation of neuronal connections underlying certain inappropriate behaviors. Both, controllable an uncontrollable stress-reaction-processes are therefore essential prerequisites of, and inherent challenges to, the development and adaptation of an individual in an ever changing external world but may also lead to psychodevelopmental failures and psychosomatic diseases.
The experiences with 595 adult non-swimmers receiving swimming instruction during the years 1974-1976 are discussed on the basis of selected and cited tape interviews. Theoretical reference systems are described against this background of empirical observations, e.g., Alfred Adler's interpretation of individual psychology - that one's style of living is influenced by early childhood experiences, human indifference or hostility. Recent works of brain physiologists are mentioned, which deal with the two forms of human consciousness: the verbalisation of linear, logic and abstract thoughts in the left hemisphere (in the case of right handed persons), and the specialisation of the right hemisphere in the perception of symbols, pictures and irrational feelings. The helpful effect of a non-directive, client-centered atomosphere is discussed. The behavioural changes in patients who learned to swim are compared with the hypothesis formulated by Hoppe - that psychosomatic diseases might be caused by a functional disconnection of the two hemispheres.
Diagnostic and therapeutic proceeding involves usually that physician/psychologist became the subject and patient/client the object in a rational process. - Exactly this can cause disturbances of this process, especially in cases of psychosomatic diseases and emotional disturbances. It will be considered (a) whether a more flexible relationship between physican/psychologist and patient/client can be established, (b) whether reflection of the concordance (or discordance) in "defining the situation" leed to new aspects of physicans/psychologists proceeding. (c) Implications for training, methods, therapy and rehabilation will be discussed.
Current medical diagnosis reflects the prevailing biomedical model of disease. A need exists for a new system of diagnosis that, instead, is based on the psychosomatic model. This article presents an analysis of the underlying framework of the multiaxial system developed in recent years for diagnosis in Psychiatry that indicates its relevance to the psychosomatic model. It goes on to describe a new multiaxial system of diagnosis derived from that analysis that allows diagnosis to be stated as a process of adaptation in the environment, which includes biological, psychological, and social factors. The practical application of this system to the broad range of medical illnesses is explained and illustrated. This multiaxial approach represents a first step toward, and a stimulus for, the development of a better diagnostic system that can provide one basis for the crucial transformation of medical care to reflect the psychosomatic model of disease.
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Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are the most frequently studied bowel disorders in the context of a bio psycho-social model. FGID are associated with significant work absenteeism, impaired quality of life, and increased medical costs. Many patients also suffer from psychosocial problems. Most of the research in FGID to date has focused on the irritable bowel syndrome. Randomised controlled studies have shown that psychotherapy is superior to conventional medical therapy. The gut-focussed hypnotherapy seems to be very successful. For IBD it is increasingly recognized that the psycho-neuro-endocrine network can modulate inflammation and pain perception and that psychosocial factors are related to exacerbation of and coping with IBD. The psychosocial consequences of the illness become more significant with increasing severity of the disease. Therefore integrated psychosomatic care should be provided, the patient's psychosocial status and the demand for additional psychological care should be assessed and offered, if indicated.
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612 patients with different psychosomatic disorders of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were examined. They included either 200 patients with organic stomach disease or with duodenal ulcer as well as 412 individuals with various functional disorders of GIT such as psychogenic vomiting, dysphagia, gastralgia and colon irritability syndrome. In 70% of all cases patientc relatives (1-3 degree of relationship) had also some psychosomatic diseases. All the patients suffered in childhood from so-called GIT-variant of children's neuropathia. Being adults they all met intensive or moderate stress and developed psychogenic depression. Two ways of psychosomatic disorders cristallization on the background of depression were observed, exactly reactivation of children's neuropathia symptomes or rapid affect somatization which were followed by psychosomatic cycles formation and by stress tolerance decrease. Several types of psychosomatic development were described: hypochondrial (78.8%), asthenic (12.4%), obsessive (2.3%), hysterical (4.4%) and paranoial (2.1%).
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