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PubMed1995

Sports, physical exercise and use of alcohol.

In a general population study comprising 994 women and 1,000 men (aged > or = 15 years), we investigated differences in consumed amounts of alcohol related to participation in sports and physical exercise. Compared with the controls, women engaged in sports drank significantly more beer and had higher total consumption of alcohol. The differences in consumption disappeared when controlled for age and education. Men engaged in team sports had elevated consumption of beer and liquor and had a higher total consumption. Controlled for age and education, only differences in total liquor consumption remained significant. Frequency of exercising, irrespective of type of sports, was related to increased use of wine among men and women. There were no significant differences in use of beer, liquor or in total yearly consumption of alcohol.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Oxidant, antioxidant and physical exercise.

Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a normal process in the life of aerobic organisms. Under physiological conditions, these deleterious species are mostly removed by the cellular antioxidant systems, which include antioxidant vitamins, protein and non-protein thiols, and antioxidant enzymes. Since the antioxidant reserve capacity in most tissues is rather marginal, strenuous physical exercise characterized by a remarkable increase in oxygen consumption with concomitant production of ROS presents a challenge to the antioxidant systems. An acute bout of exercise at sufficient intensity has been shown to stimulate activities of antioxidant enzymes. This could be considered as a defensive mechanism of the cell under oxidative stress. However, prolonged heavy exercise may cause a transient reduction of tissue vitamin E content and a change of glutathione redox status in various body tissues. Deficiency of antioxidant nutrients appears to hamper antioxidant systems and augment exercise-induced oxidative stress and tissue damage. Chronic exercise training seems to induce activities of antioxidant enzymes and perhaps stimulate GSH levels in body fluids. Recent research suggest that supplementation of certain antioxidant nutrients are necessary for physically active individuals.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed1993

Effects of physical exercise training in syndrome X.

Syndrome X categorizes myocardial disease characterized by impaired myocardial flow without macrovessel injury. The pathogenesis of this condition remains obscure. Similarly, therapy is not well defined. We report the effects of physical exercise training in a patient with Syndrome X.

Angina Pectoris↗

PubMed2002

Change in bone mass distribution induced by hormone replacement therapy and high-impact physical exercise in post-menopausal women.

The purpose of this intervention trial was to determine whether changes in bone mass distribution could be observed in postmenopausal women following hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and/or high-impact physical exercise. Eighty healthy women, aged 50-57 years, at <5 years after the onset of menopause and with no previous use of HRT, were randomly assigned to one of four groups: HRT; exercise (Ex); HRT + Ex (ExHRT); and control (Co). HRT administration was conducted in a double-blind manner for 1 year using estradiol plus noretisterone acetate (Kliogest). The exercise groups participated in a 1 year progressive training program consisting of jumping and bounding activities. Subjects participated in two supervised sessions per week and were asked to perform a series of exercises at home 4 days/week. Bone measurements using a quantitative computed tomography scanner (Somatom DR, Siemens) were obtained from the proximal femur, midfemur, proximal tibia, and tibial shaft. Data were analyzed with a software program (BONALYSE 1.3) calculating density (g/cm(3)), cross-sectional area (CSA; mm(2)), and moments of inertia (I(max), I(min), I(polar)). In addition, the bone mass spectrum was determined as a function of the angular distribution around the bone mass center (polar distribution) and the distance from the bone mass center through the diaphyseal wall (radial distribution). After the 1 year period, there was an overall interaction of group x time in bone mineral density (BMD) at the proximal femur (p = 0.05) and tibial shaft (p = 0.035). Women in the ExHRT and HRT groups had increased proximal femur and tibial shaft BMD when compared with the change observed in the Co group (p = 0.024-0.011). The change was more pronounced in the cortical tibia, wherein the ExHRT group also differed from the Ex group (p = 0.038). No significant changes were found in bone CSA at any of the measured sites. The radial distribution indicated an increase of BMD in the endocortical part of the measured sites in the HRT and ExHRT groups and in the proximal tibia in the Ex group. The polar distribution showed that bone mass was redistributed in the anteroposterior direction. The changes in I(max), I(min), and I(polar) in the HRT and ExHRT groups differed from those in the Co group at the proximal femur, midfemur, and proximal tibia (p = 0.047-0.001). The Ex group also differed from the Co group in I(max) and I(polar) at the proximal tibia (p = 0.018 and 0.039, respectively). These results support the idea that HRT acts primarily at the bone-marrow interface. The exercise intervention chosen for this study contributed to the maintenance of bone mass. Our results suggest that both HRT and exercise have local effects on bone mass. The change in bone mass distribution induced by HRT and exercise may play an important role in the alteration of bone strength.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Plasma biochemical changes and acid-base equilibrium changes in capillary blood nursing frequency repeated submaximal physical exercise in untrained subjects.

The reported investigations were carried out on healthy men aged 20--22 years in two groups: group A of 11 subjects and group B of 12 subjects. Both groups performed five times at 50-minute intervals submaximal physical exercise during 10 minutes on a Monark ergometer. Group A performed the exercise at a steady heart rate of about 170/min with variable workload, while group B performed it at a steady workload but changing heart rate. At rest and after each exercise the plasma concentrations of free fatty acids, glucose and amino-acid nitrogen were determined in both groups, and changes in the parameters of acid-base equilibrium were studied in capillary blood. It was found that after each consecutive exercise the concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) increased ever more and the rise of the haematocrit index decreased. Glucose concentration decreased after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd exercises, but increased after the remaining two exercises. The concentration of amino-acid nitrogen showed an increasing tendency after exercise in both groups. The changes in the acid-base equilibrium, that is its shifting towards metabolic acidosis were greatest after the first exercise. In group A each consecutive exercise caused less pronounced disturbances of acid-base equilibrium. In group B the intensity of metabolic acidosis was lower in consecutive exercises in relation to the first one, but it was greater than in group A.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Myocardial infarction caused by cold beverage drinking after strenuous physical exercise].

A case of acute myocardial infarction in a 36 years old patient is presented. Maleness was male, as the only mayor coronary risk factor. He had myocardial infarction associated with ingestion of cold beverage after strenuous physical exercise. A coronariographic study was done postmyocardial infarction, which showed a mild obstruction of the LAD. The most likely cause of the coronary event in this case is coronary spasm and atherosclerosis. A review of the literature on this subject is made.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Physical exercise and increase in arterial pressure and temperature in a female heterozygote for anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia].

A 51-year-old woman suffered from an increase in body temperature from 37 degrees to 38.4 degrees C after physical exercise. She did not sweat. The patient also had labile hypertension with maximum values reaching 210/130 mmHg. Tests were carried out to explore the possibility of a link between the increase in body temperature and her hypertension. Evaluation of the patient's blood pressure and temperature changes after exercise and after environmental modification suggests a pathogenetic link between hyperthermia and hypertension.

Blood Pressure↗

PubMed1982

Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion during physical exercise.

The typical overall (undifferentiated) rating of perceived exertion (RPE) appears to represent an individual's integration of various physiological sensations that have different subjective weightings. Two categories of physiological factors have been suggested as major determinants of RPE during physical exercise. These two factors are a local factor that relates to sensations or feelings of strain from the exercising muscles and/or joints and a central factor relating primarily to cardiopulmonary sensations. This paper attempts to characterize the relative importance of the various physiological cues in the exertional rating pertinent to these local and central factors. The majority of the related literature suggests that local factors are usually perceived as dominant; however, recent findings that evaluate differentiated RPE during exercise at high altitude imply a greater importance for central factors. When a particular physiological cue is markedly altered over others during exercise, it appears that the resultant sensation can easily dominate the overall RPE. In contrast, when this particular cue is not changed during exercise, as the result of some experimental manipulation or intervention, then another cue can become pronounced. Finally, an experimental model for evaluating differentiated RPE that allows comparisons between local and central exertion and further comparison to the general or overall exertion is discussed.

Altitude↗

PubMed1999

An echocardiographic study of right and left ventricular adaptation to physical exercise in elite female orienteers.

BACKGROUND: A considerable body of echocardiographic studies has described how athletic training induces morphological adaptation of the left ventricle in male endurance athletes, but only a few studies have described left ventricular adaptation in female endurance athletes. In contrast to changes in the left ventricle far less attention has been directed towards right ventricular changes due to extensive physical exercise. The purpose of this study was to obtain normal values and to determine if there are any differences in right and left ventricular cavity and wall dimensions between female orienteers and females with a mainly sedentary lifestyle. METHODS: Echocardiography was performed in 42 highly trained elite female orienteers and 32 healthy female students with a predominantly sedentary lifestyle. The 74 females had no history of cardiac disease, a normal electrocardiogram and showed no echocardiographic abnormalities. M-mode and two-dimensional measurements of the right and left ventricular cavity and wall were obtained in elite orienteers and sedentary females. For the right ventricle and wall, multiple cross-sections were used and measurements were obtained from the right ventricular inflow and outflow tract. RESULTS: The left ventricular end-diastolic cavity dimension and the left ventricular wall thickness were significantly greater in the athletes compared with the sedentary controls. The right ventricular inflow tract measurements were all significantly greater in the orienteers compared with the controls but the right ventricular outflow tract measurements were comparable in the study groups. The right ventricular wall thickness, calculated as the mean of three different wall measurements was an average of 13% greater in the athletes compared with the sedentary controls. CONCLUSION: This study suggests symmetrical cardiac enlargement with a concomitant increase in both the right and left ventricular wall, probably reflecting the increased haemodynamic loading in the female athletes.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1985

Decrements in logical reasoning performance under conditions of sleep loss and physical exercise: the factor of sentence complexity.

Baddeley's Logical Reasoning Test was used in a series of Sustained Operations (SUSOP) studies involving 100 US Marine Corps enlisted subjects, to assess the effects of sleep loss and long-term physical exercise on the ability to process complex information. The percent correct answers to the eight Logical Reasoning sentence types involving different voice (active vs passive), use of negatives, and outcome (true vs false) were analyzed over three days across three levels of exercise and rest conditions in the seven studies. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated no differences on the baseline day among the seven studies. Analyses on the baseline day and throughout the next two continuous workdays (CWs) showed consistently higher percent correct for the actively worded than for the passively worded sentences. The sleep loss over the two CWs resulted in a significant decrease in percent correct for the statements which had active wording. Sleep loss had no effect on statements with passive wording. There were no differences in comprehension between groups which had different rest conditions (no rest, 3- or 4-hr. nap, 8-hr. sleep) between the two CWs for any of the sentences; and there was no recovery from prerest to postrest. Fatigue due to exercise during either CW had no effect on comprehension for any of the sentence types. The sleep loss effects on comprehension seem due to a lessening of the attention given to those more simple sentences in active voice, whereas increased arousal may have been elicited by the more complex sentences in passive voice. The increased attention to the passive statements may have overcome the effects of sleep loss. The present study shows the usefulness of analyzing responses to the logical reasoning test by sentence complexity for indicating selective cognitive changes in the processing of information.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of physical exercise and sodium intake on arterial pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in rats.

Evidence shows that cardiac hypertrophy (CH) is a risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases. Several stimuli may cause CH-like manifestations and promote volume or pressure overload. Exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy is an expected adaptation to regular exercise training. Salt intake has been shown to be the most important determinant of blood pressure in different populations. The purpose of the present work was to verify the influence of physical exercise and sodium intake on the blood pressure and myocardium. The study was performed on 36 rats divided into six groups: Group I (diet without salt overload), Group II (diet without salt overload and swimming), Group III (diet with 2.5% NaCl solution and swimming), Group IV (diet with 5% NaCl solution and swimming), Group V (diet with 2.5% NaCl solution without exercise), Group VI (diet with 5% NaCl solution without exercise). The arterial pressure was significantly lower in Group I when compared with Group IV. The ratio of cardiac mass/body mass was increased in Groups III and IV. In conclusion, there was evidence that exercise training and NaCl intake promotes arterial hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Inheritance of heart structure and physical exercise capacity: a study of left ventricular structure and exercise capacity in 7-year-old twins.

The maximal aerobic power of endurance athletes is high and their heart is characterized by a larger left ventricular internal dimension than in non-athletes, and a proportional increase of wall thickness; these traits may be inherited and/or the consequence of intense physical training. To assess the influence of inheritance on physical exercise capacity and on echocardiographically determined cardiac structure, and to limit the effect of environmental factors as much as possible, we studied 15 monozygotic and 19 dizygotic 6- to 8-year-old twin pairs. Exercise capacity was expressed as the times at which the heart rates of, respectively, 150 and 170 beats min-1 were reached during a progressive exercise test on the treadmill. For these exercise times the within-pair variance was significantly larger in dizygotic compared with monozygotic twins. Therefore significant genetic variance was inferred, both when the exercise times were expressed as absolute values and after adjustment for body weight and gender. As for cardiac structure at rest, the results did not suggest a significant influence of genetic endowment on left ventricular internal diameter or on wall thickness; genetic variance was significant, however, for calculated left ventricular mass (P less than 0.05) and left ventricular mass adjusted for body weight and gender. The results are compatible with the notion that the high aerobic power of endurance athletes is at least partly inherited. Left ventricular internal dimension and wall thickness, which distinguish an athlete's heart at rest from the heart of a non-athlete, do not show a significant genetic component, suggesting that the qualities characteristic of an athlete's heart, at least as assessed at rest, are not inherited. The inheritance of aerobic power may be due to inheritance of non-cardiac factors or to cardiac features which are only expressed during exercise.

Blood Pressure↗

PubMed1988

Effect of physical exercise on pain thresholds and plasma beta-endorphins in patients with silent and symptomatic myocardial ischaemia.

In a double-blind study, eight patients with symptomatic myocardial ischaemia and nine with asymptomatic myocardial ischaemia were compared during physical exercise under naloxone (6 mg i.v.) or placebo. Plasma beta-endorphin, cortisol and catecholamines were measured before exercise, during maximal exercise, and 10, 20 and 60 min after exercise. A tourniquet pain test (on the forearm, under control of transcutaneous PO2), and an electrical pain test (intracutaneous electrode placed in the finger with the electrical stimulus under computer control and two-interval forced-choice psychophysical technique) were performed before exercise as well as immediately after, and 60 min after exercise. Plasma beta-endorphin levels increased significantly (P less than 0.01) during exercise in symptomatic and asymptomatic patient groups; every patient showed an increase on beta-endorphins during and after exercise. However, the increase found in beta-endorphins during and after exercise was significantly larger (P less than 0.01) in asymptomatic than in symptomatic patients. After naloxone, this difference was no longer evident. Angina pectoris during exercise was reported with less latency in symptomatic patients (P less than 0.05) and occurred in two of nine asymptomatic patients following naloxone. The time course of plasma cortisol levels exhibited the same pattern as beta-endorphins with the same significant differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. Electrical pain thresholds, though on average higher in asymptomatic patients (2.21 mA vs. 0.79 mA), were not affected by exercise or naloxone. Asymptomatic patients required more time to reach pain thresholds in the tourniquet pain test (P less than 0.02). After exercise, tourniquet pain thresholds were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) under naloxone compared with placebo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Angina Pectoris↗

PubMed1990

Increased platelet aggregability and prostacyclin biosynthesis induced by intense physical exercise.

Changes in platelet aggregability during maximal bicycle ergometry were studied in healthy untrained subjects. Ex vivo platelet aggregation in response to ADP and collagen was measured in whole blood by impedance aggregometry or by direct electronic counting in an Ultra-Flo 100 platelet counter. This last method revealed that the platelet aggregation induced by low concentration of ADP (0.5 - 1.0 microM) was significantly enhanced during exercise. The plasma level of beta-thromboglobulin and the urinary excretion of 2,3--dinor-6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha were also increased. These data indicate that an intense physical exercise enhances the aggregability of human platelets and induces a compensatory increase in prostacyclin biosynthesis.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗

PubMed1988

[Hematological variations with submaximal long-term physical exercise].

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cold stress on routine hematologic parameters when subjects are submitted on long-lasting exercise. Eight male subjects, aged 22.7 +/- 1.3 years with a peak oxygen consumption of 54.3 +/- 5.2 mL/kg/min performed, respectively at 20 degrees C and 0 degrees C, a two-hour submaximal cyclergometry at an intensity of 40% of that performed during a previous exhaustive test. A 21-gauge catheter was inserted into an ante cubital vein for collection of the blood samples. Platelets and WBC count was significantly (p less than 0.05) increased during exercise in both 20 degrees C and 0 degrees C environmental temperatures. A slight but not statistically significant increase of RBC, Hb and Hct and a plasma concentration during cold exposure was observed. Indices are unchanged in both experiments. The findings of this study suggest that physical exercise is a major factor inducing hypervolemia and that low thermal environment does not appear to be an effective factor influencing hematologic variables during exercise.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1982

Capillary system of rat myocardium in experimental hypertrophy and physical exercise.

The authors investigated in 90 albino rats, by means of a new non-injection method, the morpho-functional state of the capillary system in various parts of the myocardium in a normal state, in hypertrophy of varying degree and during physical exercise. It was found that the density, the surface are (CSA) and the capacity of the capillary bed of the right ventricle are larger than in the left ventricle. The increase in capillary blood supply in a hypertrophic myocardium occurs in parallel with the development of the hypertrophy and at rest fully corresponds to the increased myocardial mass. However, at maximal physical load the capillary segment of blood supply to the myocardium functions insufficiently, which is evidenced by a decrease in the working capacity of the experimental animals.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

[Tolerance of physical exercise in angina pectoris].

Bicycle tests were used in 250 patients suffering from angina pectoris. The exercise was practised until the prodromal signs of an anginal seizure appeared. The mean values of exercise causing an anginal seizure appeared to be equal to 5.1 plus or minus 0.26 kgm/kg in angina decubitus and angina of effort; 11.9 plus or minus 0.67 kgm/kg is cases of daily seizures of angina of effort; 20.8 plus or minus 0.85 kg/kg in cases of several seizures a week after increased physical exercises, and 29.0 plus or minus 2.21 kgm/kg in cases of rare seizures (once a week or less frequently). This permits to believe that in cases of angina pectoris difficult of diagnosis its severity can be made precise by means of bicycle tests. The physician's assessment of the severity of angina is influenced by the physical activity of the patient in everyday life.

Angina Pectoris↗

PubMed2003

Supervised versus recommended physical exercise in hypertensive women. Is its recommendation enough?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate, in women with grade 1 essential hypertension, the response of cardio-respiratory and blood pressure (BP) after 6 weeks of supervised physical exercise (PE) vs only recommended exercise. METHODS: Eighteen consecutive hypertensive women whose BP control was stable were assigned randomly into two exercise groups. Group A including nine patients in an aerobic PE programme supervised by a physiotherapist, aged (mean +/- SD) 35.5 +/- 5.5 years old. Group B, nine patients aged 37.7 +/- 7.2 years old, received only oral and written instructions about the benefits of aerobic PE for controlling BP. We used a treadmill for walking to observe the cardio-respiratory and BP response at the beginning and at the end of the period of exercise training, and the response in all the patients, and to test whether there were any differences between the two groups. RESULTS: There were significant differences in cardio-respiratory parameters in group A, in basal VO2/kg post- vs pre-rehabilitation 27.6 +/- 5.1 vs 23.1 +/- 4.6, change 4.4 +/- 2; O2 pulse 10.9 +/- 0.9 vs 10.4 +/- 1.6, varied 0.5 +/- 0.1; furthermore we observed heart rate 73.3 +/- 12.37 vs 86.6 +/- 12.8, change -13.4 +/- 12.1 and metabolic equivalents of oxygen 9 +/- 1.2 vs 6.6 +/- 2.7, change 2.5 +/- 1.6, while in BP in group A, the differences were 153.1 +/- 7.1 vs 148.8 +/- 13.6, change -6.3 +/- 0.7 mm/g, p < 0.01 between pre- and post-rehabilitation. There were also significant differences between pre- and post-rehabilitation in group A in systolic BP 153 +/- 7.3 vs 135.1 +/- 16, change -18.1 +/- 4.1, p < 0.001 and diastolic BP 92.6 +/- 10.1 vs 83.5 +/- 9.1, change -9 +/- 4, p < 0.05; no change in group B. Finally, an improvement was observed in pulse pressure post-rehabilitation in group A 61.4 +/- 15.2 vs 51.6 +/- 11.4, change -9.8 +/- 3.9 vs group B 59.4 +/- 11.2 vs 59.3 +/- 10.6, only -0.1 +/- 0.8, p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that supervised PE in hypertensive women significantly improves cardio-respiratory and BP values, as well as vascular adaptability.

Adult↗