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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

The consequences of the discovery by W. C. Röntgen for present-day medical physics and radiation protection.

When the German physicist W. C. Röntgen discovered X-rays, which were named after him, he introduced a new development in medicine and biology: together with the discoveries of A. H. Becquerel and M. Curie, radiology with its diagnostic and therapeutic methods was made possible. The medical physicist has an important task to fulfill in modern radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and radiodiagnostics. The longtime interdisciplinary collaboration has won the international recognition of medical physics as a scientific discipline, a health care profession and a university subject. Several incidents, including contemporary ones, show that the efforts made towards radiation protection must remain an important domain of the specialist.

Health Physics↗
PubMed1993

Modification of WR-2721 radiation protection from gastrointestinal injury and death in mice by 2-mercaptopropionylglycine.

The radioprotective efficiency of S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)-ethyl phosphorothioic acid (WR-2721) and 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG) was studied in Swiss albino mice exposed to whole-body gamma irradiation (15.0 Gy). WR-2721 (150 mg/kg), an optimum dose of MPG (20 mg/kg), or a combination of the two was administered intraperitoneally before irradiation. The radiation protection was assessed on the basis of histological changes in the jejunal mucosa on Day 3 postirradiation, development of gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome, and animal survival. In the irradiated control the number of surviving crypts was reduced to less than 17% of the value for sham-irradiated mice, and there was a complete collapse of villi. Treatment with MPG resulted in survival of about 35% of the crypts, but no notable protection of the villus structure was evident. WR-2721 alone or in combination with MPG protected both crypts and villi. The combination treatment increased the crypt cellularity and villus height significantly. The changes in the intestinal mucosa were directly correlated with the GI syndrome and death. Irradiation in the absence of the protectors resulted in 100% mortality in 10 days preceded by the signs of severe GI syndrome. Each drug individually delayed the onset of radiation sickness and reduced the severity of the signs. While MPG was not able to increase the survival rate of the animals above that of the controls, WR-2721 increased the survival rate at 10 days to 70% and at 30 days to 30%. The combination of WR-2721 with MPG further reduced the death rate from damage to the GI tract, resulting in 95% survival on Day 10; no signs of radiation sickness were noted in these animals. This treatment also increased the 30-day survival to 70%. The combination of the drugs is seen to be superior to the single-drug treatments in reducing GI injury and increasing survival.

Amifostine↗
PubMed2005

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) project: a fertile ground for radiation protection and shielding challenges.

The Spallation Neutron Source facility presently under construction in the USA consists of a front end, a linac, an accumulator ring, a target station and a neutron instrument hall, producing pulsed neutron beams driven by a proton beam of 1 GeV energy and 1.4 MW power with a repetition rate of 60 Hz. The layout of the facility and the radiation protection and shielding concept of the facility is laid out in numerous examples in a walk from the proton beam generation to the neutron utilisation.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed2004

Ethics, genetics and dynamics: an emerging systematic approach to radiation protection of the environment.

There is now a general consensus of opinion that an explicit approach is necessary to demonstrate radiation protection of the environment, and that this approach needs to be developed in a systematic way. The framework that is emerging links ethical and moral issues (anthropocentric, biocentric, and ecocentric) to broad-based principles and objectives of environmental protection (sustainable development, maintaining biological diversity, and habitat protection) and then links these, in turn, to the needs of current environmental management practices, such as environmental exploitation, pollution control, and nature conservation. The relevance of this to radiation is that its effects (such as causing early mortality, morbidity, reduced reproductive success, as well as resulting in observable (scorable) cytogenetic damage) are those that may have a bearing on these same environmental management practices. The devise that would appear to be most useful to bridge the gap between our disparate data on radiation effects and the needs of environmental management, is that of adding to the concept of Reference Man in the shape of a small set of Reference Animals and Plants. This approach has now been adopted by the ICRP, adding new dynamics-the motive forces, both moral and physical-to the subject. The way is now clear for rapid progress to be made on a number of fronts.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Development of new, more effective radiation protection methods for radium-treated patients and report of two of our most unusual cases].

In year 1936 was opened in Budapest the Loránd Eötvös Radium and Röntgen Institute having 2 Ci radium in many tubes and needles. In the first years the occupational gamma exposure of persons working in the gynecological department and in the health physical laboratory was very high, because the maximum permissible dose recommended by the ICRP in 1928 was 1.5 R/week. With the developing of new radiation protection equipments was the absorbed dose strongly decreased. A physician and a physicist received total more than 2-times higher dose, than the permissible newest dose limit, but they are now 86 and 87 year old and without any radiation detriment, in good health. Similar publications with such long continually measured dose data, was not found in the literature.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Calibration measurements and standards for radiation protection dosimetry.

The safe use of ionising radiation for applications in medicine, electric power production and industrial processes requires accurate measurements that are traceable to national standards. Radiological calibration laboratories provide measurements that may be used to determine the calibration coefficients for personal dosemeters and survey meters. The wide range of ionising radiation applications results in the need for a wide range of reference radiation types and intensities to be available in the calibration laboratory. The methods used and the problems encountered while developing reference radiations are discussed.

Calibration↗
PubMed1985

[Utilization of a computer using programless language for radiation protection management].

Utilization of the computer for radiation control is planned and performed in many radioisotope laboratories. But each laboratory has their own situation which makes the planning difficult with respect to the hardware and particularly to the software. What is the most important is that the practice of radiation management is different for each laboratory both in point of view and in the form of recording. Therefore, the computer program for the radiation management, especially for the management of radioisotopes is required to meet many amendments. In this standpoint, we have developed a "programless language" or "programless software" and have used in our work for several years. As the result of our experience, we have found that the programless language is quite satisfactory for the management of radioisotopes and that it has an advantage in some aspects over conventional programs. It is thought that this "programless language" is effective not only for our own works, but also applicable to other radioisotope laboratories.

Computers↗
PubMed1993

[Radiation protection of operators during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography].

Radiation hazards to operators performing retrograde endoscopic cholangio-pancreatographies (RECP) have been investigated. The principles and central elements of French medical radioprotection legislation are recalled. Doses received by the operators, over a one month period representative of their usual work, were measured in two ways: by using a ionisation chamber and with thermoluminescent detectors worn by the staff. Extrapolated to 12 months, the results were inferior to the annual reglementary dose limit: whole body < 1.2 mSv (against 50 mSv), eye lens = 38.4 mSv (against 150 mSv). Further means for reducing dose levels are proposed.

Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde↗