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PubMed1991

The diagnosis of dental caries: 2. The detection of approximal, root surface and recurrent lesions.

The range of diagnostic techniques used to detect and monitor dental caries which are available to practitioners has broadened in recent years. Following the consideration of the assessment of caries in buccal, lingual and occlusal surfaces in the first article in this series, this second article gives a description of the diagnostic methods currently employed in the detection of primary caries in approximal and root surfaces as well as those used for recurrent lesions. The third paper will discuss the rationale for the use of these techniques and provide an overview of present and potential future diagnostic techniques.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1991

[Efficacy of therapeutic and preventive measures with the help of bite wing radiographs].

The effectiveness of caries diagnosis as seen in bite-wing pictures in the lateral dental segments was evaluated with reference to therapeutic and preventive control. Bite-wing x-rays of 328 patients aged 15-18 were included in the evaluation. The approximal segments from the ist premolars to the 2nd molars were taken into consideration. Further treatment was found to be necessary in 110 patients on the basis of the diagnoses exposed filling edge/split edge (45%), caries in dentine not adjacent to pulp (30%), secondary caries (15%) and caries in dentine adjacent to pulp (10%). Following an initial diagnosis of enamel lesions, preventive measures were necessary in 180 patients. The results document the importance of radiological checks of the permanent teeth in the approximal segments in youths. Bite-wing x-rays are also an effective means of monitoring the effectiveness of preventive measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Periodontal conditions in a group of Swedish adolescents. (I). A descriptive epidemiologic study.

The aim of the present study was to describe, clinically and radiographically, the periodontal conditions in 16- and 18-year-old adolescents from Northern Sweden. The studied samples comprised 287 16-year-olds and 283 18-year-olds. The clinical examination included recording of presence of plaque, bleeding on probing and calculus, and measurements of attachment level and pocket depth. Alveolar bone level was measured on bite-wing radiographs. A history was taken of the individual's occupation, oral hygiene habits and tobacco use, health, medication and previous orthodontic treatment. The prevalence of attachment loss (AL) was 9.4% in the 16-year-olds and 19.4% in the 18-year-olds. Proximal AL was found in 2.8% and 4.9%, respectively, and proximal bone loss in 1% in both groups. With only a few exceptions (3 individuals out of 82), the individuals with AL had their loss either at buccal/lingual surfaces or at proximal surfaces. Calculus was present in 32.7% of the 16-year-olds and in 44.9% of the 18-year-olds. Pocket greater than 3 mm were found in 4%. No significant differences concerning the periodontal status or presence of plaque and calculus were detected between urban and rural groups or between sexes. Toothbrushing 2 or more times/day was performed by 84.3% of the 16-year-olds and by 83.7% of the 18-year-olds.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Image distortions occurring on intraoral dental x-rays and the ways to overcome them].

Typical errors occurring in roentgenography of the teeth were simulated in a series of experiments. The results evidence that erroneous centering and angle of the x-ray tube inclination, incorrect centering of the film lead to disproportionate distortion of the shape, size, and position of all anatomical elements, that make the results of x-ray examination unreliable. Standardization of methods of intraoral roentgenography implies strict adherence to the rules of roentgenogram recording and treatment; this will permit obtaining high-quality roentgenograms and reduce the x-ray load of the patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Radiographic diagnosis of the normal alveolar bone height in the primary dentition.

Epidemiological studies on the prevalence of marginal alveolar bone loss (ABL) in children and adolescent are often based on a single range of measurements from the cemento-enamel junction to the alveolar bone crest (CEJ-ABC distance). For individual diagnosis however, the clinician must take in consideration that the CEJ-ABC distances in the primary dentition increase with age, and significantly differ among sites. The purpose of the present study is to present the range and cumulative probabilities of the CEJ-ABC distances, at the primary cuspid-molar area, to be utilized for the individual diagnosis of ABL on bite wing radiographs of the primary dentition. In bite-wing radiographs from 316 children aged 4 to 12 years, the normal CEJ-ABC distances were measured in 0.1 mm increments at 2007 sites; mesial surfaces of the primary molars, and distal surfaces of the primary molars and cuspids. A positive correlation was found between the mean CEJ-ABC distance per patient and age. Most of the measurements were < 2 mm, and measurements between 2 to 3 mm were found, in low percentages after age 9, at the distal surfaces of teeth 53, 63, 54, 64, 73 and 83 and the mesial surfaces of teeth 54, 64.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence of radiographic alveolar bone loss in young adults, a multinational study.

In a multinational study of alveolar bone loss, bite-wing radiographs of 8,703, 15-17-year-old adolescents from 18 centres in 16 countries were examined. Of these, 13 per cent were excluded as non-informative because of bad quality radiographs or missing first molars. Bone loss was a common finding globally (mean prevalence rate of subjects with bone loss 10.2 per cent), although there were great geographical variations. The bone loss was mostly horizontal, infrabony lesions were rare. The most frequently affected sites were the mesial aspects of the first maxillary molars followed by the distal aspects of the same teeth. Twenty-three subjects from the Finnish bite-wing study were examined for clinical conditions. When subjects with and without radiographic bone loss were compared, no statistically significant differences in the mean Gingival Index were found. The subjects were re-examined 5 years later. The gingival condition and the oral hygiene tended to be better at the end of the period than they had been at the start, but it was only in males that the differences were statistically significant. Periodontal destruction cannot be predicted from the gingival condition, but bite-wing radiographs of adolescents seem to be a valuable diagnostic tool for early detection of periodontal bone loss.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Periodontal conditions in Vietnamese immigrant children in Sweden.

The aim of the present study was to compare the periodontal health in Vietnamese immigrant children in Sweden with that of native Swedish children. The study groups consisted of 42 6-17-year-old Vietnamese children and 42 age- and sex-matched Swedish children. Information on systemic health was obtained by interview. Clinical examination included recordings of dental plaque, supragingival calculus, bleeding on probing, probing depth, clinical attachment loss and caries. Radiographs were evaluated for presence of marginal bone loss, proximal calculus and proximal caries. In addition, previously obtained and filed radiographs were used as a supplement in order to evaluate if the children at any time point during the ages 4-11 years had experienced proximal calculus or bone loss in the primary dentition. The Vietnamese children showed significantly higher number of sites with bleeding on probing and with probing depths > or = 4 mm. Radiographic calculus was found in 55% of the Vietnamese and in 2% of the Swedish children. 5 Vietnamese children and 1 Swedish child showed periodontal bone loss at the time of examination. In all children except 1, the bone loss was confined to primary teeth. The retrospective analysis of available radiographs from the primary dentition showed that 28% of the Vietnamese children and 5% of the Swedish children had experienced bone loss in their primary teeth during the ages 4-11 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Latex allergies in children with spina bifida: relevance for the pediatric dentist.

Latex is ubiquitous in pediatric dentistry and medical practice. Children with spina bifida and other urogenital abnormalities are at great risk for hypersensitivity reactions during dental treatment. Four representative cases of children with latex allergies at one institution are presented. A latex-avoidance protocol is presented with suggested instrument and equipment alternatives.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The significance of age, proximal caries, gingival inflammation, probing depths and the loss of lamina dura in the diagnosis of alveolar bone loss in the primary molars.

This study examined the significance of age and clinical factors on the diagnosis of alveolar bone loss (ABL) as evidenced by increased cementoenamel junction (CEJ)--alveolar bone crest (ABC) distances. The CEJ-ABC for the first and second primary molars were 0.97 +/- 0.3 mm and 0.78 +/- 0.3 mm, respectively. Age correlated significantly with the means CEJ-ABC per patient and second primary molars. Correlations between probing depths and CEJ-ABC were not significant. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences between CEJ-ABC grouped by presence/absence of proximal contact, presence/absence of lamina dura and proximal contact, presence/absence of lamina dura and proximal caries severity (PCS). Differences in the CEJ-ABC grouped by gender and gingival index (GI) were not significant. When considering the effect of age PCS or GI when controlling for the other factors (Multiple regression analysis) age and PCS had a significant effect on the CEJ-ABC. Proximal contact loss or lack of lamina dura may relate to ABL in the primary molars.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Radiographic assessments of Class II resin composite inlays.

Radiographic evaluations of indirect Class II resin composite inlays, shortly following their placement are presented. One hundred and eighty restorations of 'standard' conservative size were recorded using a beam-aiming device. Four radiographic characteristics were assessed of which the most important were: cervical marginal adaptation, voids in the material, and radiolucencies adjacent to the restoration. In comparison with amalgam restorations influencing factors are studied, and differences with direct resin composite restorations of a previous study are discussed. The inlays showed more deficiencies in cervical marginal adaptation than the amalgams (74 percent and 32 percent, respectively). Radiolucencies adjacent to the restorations and voids in the resin material were observed. The marginal adaptation appeared to show less deficiencies with two-surface than with three-surface restorations. Regarding the resin restorative materials, the limited radiolucency of one of the luting cements is discussed with respect to marginal adaptation. Comparison with direct restorations revealed a somewhat greater number of deficiencies in the cervical margins of indirect inlays.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Changes in comprehensive dental care of the primary dentition from 1979 to 1989. II. Restorative treatment of primary molars in a population treated at a university dental clinic.

The aim of this study was to compare the success of operative caries therapy of primary molars in two cohorts, one of children born in 1971, Cohort '71, and the other of children born in 1981, Cohort '81, followed up from the age of 3 to 8 years. There were significantly fewer caries lesions to treat in Cohort '81 than in Cohort '71. In Cohort '71, silver amalgam was used while in Cohort '81 silver amalgam was inserted in 65% and glass polyalkeonate cement (GPA) in 35%. Significantly fewer restorations were replaced in Cohort '81 than in Cohort 71, 49 v. 106. When the proportion of replacements was studied in relation to the number of proximal caries lesions, the percentage of replacements in Cohort '71 was 17% and in Cohort '81 14%, the distal surface of the lower first molar showing the same proportion in both cohorts, 21%. Of all replacements in Cohort '81, 41% were performed in the high caries prevalence group. In Cohort '81, 22% of all silver amalgam and 6% of all GPA fillings were replaced. The number of extracted primary molars decreased significantly, from 4% in Cohort '71 to 2% in Cohort '81. The success rate of the operative caries therapy did not increase much. Instead, cost benefits were found in decreasing caries prevalence and later onset of manifest caries.

Academic Medical Centers↗