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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Hormonal and metabolic responses to fasting and refeeding.

In order to help define the sequential neural, humoral and metabolic responses to feeding, an experimental model involving refeeding 3-day fasted rats a single meal has been developed. The post-prandial rise in resting oxygen consumption is taken as the metabolic end-point, but unlike the response in animals fed normally, shows a marked (24 h) delay. Using a variety of pharmacological and endocrinological techniques it has been possible to show that the delay results from a complex sequence of events involving changes in blood glucose, insulin, thyroid hormones, sympathetic activity and brown fat. The possible role of the ventomedial hypothalamus in mediating some of these events is discussed and the failure of genetically obese rats to exhibit a postprandial rise in oxygen consumption is ascribed to insulin-insensitivity.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of prolonged starvation and refeeding on fuel metabolism in rats.

Body and liver weights, Liver lipids, glycogen, aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) and blood glucose levels were determined in starved and starved-refed rats. Decrease in body and liver weights was rapid during the initial stage of starvation and slowed down thereafter. Water was the major liver constituent lost in early fast. Following 10 days of starvation, body weight was reduced by nearly 20%, liver weight 43%, liver glycogen 93% and blood glucose 34%. Liver lipids and the activities of the two transaminases however, were increased by about 30-50%. On refeeding body weight and its water content increased and became nearly double of the initial fasting value on day 2. Blood glucose, liver glycogen, liver lipids and transaminases were significantly altered and got normalised within 5-8 days.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1983

[Comparative study of the effects of 2 types of protein-energy malnutrition followed by a balanced refeeding, on the lipase, phospholipase A2 and amylase activities of the pancreas and pancreatic juice in the growing rat].

The intake of 2 p. 100 casein diet as only protein source decreased overall phospholipase A2 activity. Amylase activity was more affected than lipase one. The effects of intake of 5 p. 100 gluten diet as only protein source were less important than 2 p. 100 casein diet. Refeeding on 20 p. 100 or 15 p. 100 casein diet caused a considerable increase of phospholipase A2, lipase and amylase activities.

Amylases↗
PubMed1984

Depression and delayed recovery of alveolar macrophage function during starvation and refeeding.

Malnourished patients are particularly vulnerable to pulmonary infection. In this study using a rat model, starvation was found to depress significantly the phagocytic capability of pulmonary alveolar macrophages which play important roles in the local cellular defenses of the lung. Intracellular bactericidal function of the alveolar macrophages was not affected. On refeeding, in spite of the rats regaining their body weights and the recuperation of certain systemic immune indexes, there was a delay in the recovery of alveolar macrophage phagocytic function.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Glycogen content in Gastrothylax crumenifer and Cotylophoron orientale after the isolation of parasites, their starvation and refeeding with various carbohydrates.

The average reserve glycogen content in unstarved (control) parasites, 4.7 +/- 0.14 g/100 g F.T. (fresh weight of tissue) in Gastrothylax crumenifer and 3.15 +/- 0.14 g/100 g F.T. in Cotylophoron orientale has been estimated biochemically. The consumption of endogenous glycogen was found to be 18.47%, 44.37%, 66.66% and 78.13% of F. T. in G. crumenifer and 14.92%, 40.95%, 66.34% and 71.42% of F.T. in C. orientale during 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours of starvation. Both the parasites were able to resynthesize 71.71% and 75.42% of lost glycogen (maximum up to 16 hours) on refeeding in nutrient medium containing glucose. The maximum resynthesis of lost glycogen in both the parasites was observed in nutrient medium containing glucose rather than the other carbohydrates such as fructose, lactose, sucrose and trehalose.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Direction of carbon flux in starvation and after refeeding: in vitro and in vivo effects of 3-mercaptopicolinate.

3-Mercaptopicolinate (3-MPA) is a specific inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEP CK). In vivo the hypoglycaemic action of 3-MPA in 24 h-starved rats was abolished on intragastric glucose refeeding. Nonetheless, 3-MPA decreased hepatic glycogen content and rate of synthesis in starved animals re-fed glucose. The inference is that on re-feeding after starvation hepatic glycogen is synthesised mainly de novo via glyconeogenesis involving PEP CK. 3-MPA increased hepatic lipogenesis in water- and glucose-fed normal and diabetic rats. This increase is presumed to result from inhibition of PEP CK and consequent diversion of pyruvate from gluconeogenesis to lipogenesis. In contrast, 3-MPA inhibited brown-fat lipogenesis in water- and glucose-fed rats.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1984

Efficient hepatic glycogen synthesis in refeeding rats requires continued carbon flow through the gluconeogenic pathway.

Intragastric infusion of [1-14C]glucose into awake, fasted rats at rates that produced physiological increases in the circulating glucose concentration resulted in active glycogen deposition in liver. However, degradation of this glycogen revealed extensive randomization of the label among the carbon atoms of glucose. By contrast, muscle glycogen-glucose was labeled primarily in C-1. Treatment of rats with 3-mercaptopicolinic acid, a potent inhibitor of phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase, prior to [1-14C]glucose infusion reduced hepatic glycogen synthesis by 85%; this glycogen contained most of its label in C-1 of glucose. The additional infusion of unlabeled glycerol, which enters the gluconeogenic pathway distal to the 3-mercaptopicolinic acid block, reinstated hepatic glycogen synthesis, but again the label was associated almost exclusively with C-1. In all animals treated with 3-mercaptopicolinic acid, plasma lactate concentrations rose markedly, as did the rate of hepatic lipogenesis. When [1-14C]glucose was infused into pentobarbital-treated rats or administered to awake animals as a large intragastric bolus, the degree of isotopic randomization in liver glycogen-glucose was considerably reduced when compared with that seen in the awake, infused state. The data support the concept that under normal refeeding conditions the bulk of liver glycogen is formed by an indirect pathway involving the sequence glucose ----lactate----glucose-6-P----glycogen, whereas muscle glycogen is formed by the conventional, direct pathway: glucose----glucose-6-P----glycogen. They also establish that a predominantly direct mechanism can be induced in liver, but only under artificial conditions, e.g. chemical blockade of the gluconeogenic sequence, pentobarbital anesthesia, or the administration of massive glucose loads that lead to severe hyperglycemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Hunger, food intake and weight: the impact of clomipramine on a refeeding anorexia nervosa population.

This double-blind controlled study examines the impact of clomipramine when taken by an anorexia nervosa population, refeeding in hospital, over and above that generated by the established treatment programme. Of the 16 patients studied, all reached their target weights including three who asked to leave the study. Clomipramine was significantly associated with increased hunger, appetite and energy intake. It tended, though, to be associated with a reduced rate of weight gain, possibly because activity was increased. Patients receiving clomipramine were more stable in their eating habits and maintained body weight better than those on placebo after leaving the trial. These findings indicate the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to changes in body weight. Clomipramine, which is known to act at a hypothalamic level, seems to influence hunger, appetite and dietary intake according to the body weight of the patient. The threshold weights which have been shown to trigger hypothalamic sexual responses, may also influence hunger, appetite, motility and voluntary energy intake.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Metabolic and hematologic changes in the northern red-backed vole Clethrionomys rutilus and the large-toothed red-backed vole Clethrionomys rufocanus during short-term starvation and refeeding].

The effect of starvation has been investigated on the content of glucose and lipids in the blood plasma, on the level of leucocytes in the peripheral blood and on the concentration of total lipids and glycogen in the liver. It was found that in both species of the voles, starvation within 20-22 hours sharply decreases glucose content and increases lipid content of the blood plasma. The liver glycogen becomes almost completely exhausted. These changes are more significant than those observed under similar conditions in laboratory rodents (albino mice and rats). During starvation of the voles, the level of leucocytes drastically decreases, whereas lipid content of the liver significantly increased. These changes are absent in laboratory rodents. The decrease in the content of glucose and in the level of leucocytes in the blood is more significant in C. rufocanus than in C, rutilis. On the contrary, accumulation of the lipids in the liver is more intense in the latter. The recovery of the investigated indices after refeeding is very slow. Possible significance of these re-arrangements for temperature and immune homeostases, as well as for regulation of other functions in the organism, is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Effects of refeeding on serum immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM) concentrations in children with severe protein-energy malnutrition].

BACKGROUND: Published studies on the serum immunoglobulin concentrations of patients with protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) have been contradictory. This report describes such a study in 21 Senegalese children. POPULATION AND METHODS: Twenty one Senegalese infants (mean age: 19 +/- 2 months) with severe PEM were included in the study. Their weight was less than 32% of the normal range-for-height and all had sparse, thin hair and dyspigmentation of the skin. They were all suffering from hypoproteinemia (less than 70% of normal) and hypoalbuminemia (less that 61% of normal). The presence or absence of edema, loss of subcutaneous fat and mental changes were used to classify them into three groups. 1) kwashiorkor: eight infants; 2) marasmus: eight infants; 3) kwashiorkor plus marasmus: five infants. The control group comprised 27 infants living in the same area and having the same dietary habits as the 21 sick infants. The 21 infants with malnutrition were refed for 3 weeks with a diet supplying 100-150 Kcal/kg/d and 5-8 g/kg/d protein. The plasma concentration of proteins, prealbumin and immunoglobulins was measured on days 0, 8, 15 and 21. RESULTS: The only significant change was in the IgG concentrations of group 1, which increased to normal levels by day 15 as did the total protein and prealbumin. CONCLUSION: Severe PEM can lead to a loss of one class of immunoglobulins, but this can be restored by refeeding.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The refeeding syndrome: an approach to understanding its complications and preventing its occurrence.

The refeeding syndrome (RS) is a complication of nutritional support that potentially causes considerable morbidity and mortality. Compensatory metabolic alterations secondary to chronic starvation predispose malnourished patients to RS. Providing nutritional support initiates an intracellular shift of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate that results in many adverse effects. The literature addressing RS focuses on only one electrolyte abnormality, hypophosphatemia; however, often all three electrolyte levels are perturbed. Thus RS should be characterized as a syndrome of generalized fluid and electrolyte imbalance. Recommended electrolyte supplementation and laboratory monitoring can help prevent the disorder in susceptible patients.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Repeated fasting and refeeding with 20:5, n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA): a novel approach for rapid fatty acid exchange and its effect on blood pressure, plasma lipids and hemostasis.

Twenty hypertensive subjects participated in three clinical trials of 13 days each, to examine the effects of Alsepa fish oil [20:5, n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 180 mg, and 22:6 n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 120 mg] on n-3 for n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) exchange on serum phospholipids, blood pressure (BP), triglycerides (TG) and primary hemostasis. After 13 days, plasma phospholipids showed an increase in sigma n-3 (EPA and DHA) from 2.0 to 5.9% (P < 0.01), and a decrease in sigma n-6 (arachidonic acid and linoleic acid) from 29.8 to 22.6% (P < 0.01). A concomitantly significant reduction in systolic BP (SBP) (158.7 +/- 23.8 mm Hg to 146.5 +/- 17.0 mm Hg, P = 0.04), and diastolic BP (DBP) (80.8 +/- 8.4 mm Hg to 72.9 +/- 14.9 mm Hg, P = 0.04) as well as a significant decrease in platelet adhesion and aggregation on extra cellular matrix measured as a percentage of surface coverage (11.9 +/- 4.8% to 4.2 +/- 3.2%, P = 0.0001) was observed. In addition, a significant reduction in baseline dependent TG was observed; the higher the baseline level TG, the more pronounced the reduction (average 159.2 +/- 74.6 mg% to 108.0 +/- 46.1 mg%, P = 0.001). No change was observed in total cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein (HDL, LDL), platelet and fibrinogen. Repeated fasting and refeeding with fish oil facilitated plasma exchange of n-3 for n-6 PUFA, improved BP, clinical metabolic parameters and lowered platelet reactivity in the vessel wall (primary hemostasis). In severe and life-threatening situations, the beneficial effects of fish oil should be considered for rapid exchange of n-3 for n-6 PUFA. In this study we describe a novel approach for rapid fatty acid exchange by fasting/refeeding with fish oil supplementation, as well as improved BP, plasma lipids and primary hemostasis. Further research is required on the therapeutic use of fish oils and the physiological mechanisms involved in fatty acid exchange.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Water and mineral balance in refeeding after total fasting].

The water balance and the electrolyte balance were measured in 6 patients after 14 days of total starvation. After fasting a 600 calorie formula diet was given for the whole period. The potassium balance was +32 mval/day and that of sodium +120 mval/day. The total loss of potassium in 14 days was 488 mval and that of sodium only 126 mval. Sodium loss is replaced within one day of refeeding. No replacement of the potassium loss was noticed during the 4 day treatment.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1982

The effects of subclinical malnutrition and refeeding on the healing of experimental colonic anastomoses.

The effects of dietary protein deprivation on he healing of colonic anastomosis in the rat have been investigated. Nutritional status was assessed both before and after operation using body weight, nitrogen balance studies and serum albumin estimations. Healing of colonic anastomosis was assessed by bursting pressure measurements. Rats fed a protein-depleted diet throughout the study were compared both with rats restored to a full diet after surgery and rats receiving a full diet throughout. Although protein depletion caused a 12.5 per cent weight loss and a negative nitrogen balance, serum albumin remained normal in all rats at the time of operation. After operation, all rats were in negative nitrogen balance, although this was greater in the protein-depleted group. Similarly, in comparison to control animals, the protein-depleted group had significantly lower colonic bursting pressures and significantly lower serum albumin concentrations. Rats returned to a full diet after operation had smaller losses of nitrogen and normal colonic bursting pressures. The results indicate that a commonly encountered degree of malnutrition, insufficient to affect nutritional indices used in clinical assessment, may interfere with colonic healing. Early re-introduction of nutrition in the postoperative period may be able to reverse this effect.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha in the mechanism underlying changes in renal pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoform 4 protein expression in starvation and after refeeding.

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) occupies a strategic role in renal intermediary metabolism, via partitioning of pyruvate flux between oxidation and entry into the gluconeogenic pathway. Inactivation of PDC via activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs), which catalyze PDC phosphorylation, occurs secondary to increased fatty acid oxidation (FAO). In kidney, inactivation of PDC after prolonged starvation is mediated by up-regulation of the protein expression of two PDK isoforms, PDK2 and PDK4. The lipid-activated transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR alpha), plays a pivotal role in the cellular metabolic response to fatty acids and is abundant in kidney. In the present study we used PPAR alpha null mice to examine the potential role of PPAR alpha in regulating renal PDK protein expression. In wild-type mice, fasting (24 h) induced marked up-regulation of the protein expression of PDK4, together with modest up-regulation of PDK2 protein expression. In striking contrast, renal protein expression of PDK4 was only marginally induced by fasting in PPAR alpha null mice. The present results define a critical role for PPAR alpha in renal adaptation to fasting, and identify PDK4 as a downstream target of PPAR alpha activation in the kidney. We propose that specific up-regulation of renal PDK4 protein expression in starvation, by maintaining PDC activity relatively low, facilitates pyruvate carboxylation to oxaloacetate and therefore entry of acetyl-CoA derived from FA beta-oxidation into the TCA cycle, allowing adequate ATP production for brisk rates of gluconeogenesis.

Animals↗