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Results for “Sedentary Behavior”

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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources

PubMed2006

Impact of the "Planning to be Active" leisure time physical exercise program on rural high school students.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of a Social Cognitive Theory-based intervention designed to increase the frequency of leisure time planned moderate and vigorous physical exercise among rural high school students attending physical education class. METHODS: Students in treatment and comparison groups were exposed to an activity-based physical education curricula. The treatment group received eight behavioral skill-building lessons integrated into the existing curriculum. RESULTS: The Social Cognitive Theory-based educational treatment increased levels of moderate physical exercise occurring outside the classroom. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated an impact on adolescent leisure time moderate physical exercise using classroom instruction. The intervention was most effective with students who were previously sedentary. The curricular approaches used to promote regular moderate exercise may be useful for sedentary adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Lifestyle physical activity interventions. History, short- and long-term effects, and recommendations.

INTRODUCTION: Lifestyle physical activity interventions have resulted in response to the public health problem of promoting regular amounts of physical activity to the majority of U.S. adults who remain inadequately or completely inactive. These lifestyle interventions allow a person to individualize his/her physical activity programs to include a wide variety of activities that are at least of moderate intensity and to accumulate bouts of these activities in a manner befitting his/her life circumstances. METHODS: We reviewed the history of lifestyle physical activity interventions and defined lifestyle physical activity based on this review. We located 14 studies that met this definition. RESULTS: Lifestyle physical activity interventions are effective at increasing and maintaining levels of physical activity that meet or exceed public health guidelines for physical activity in representative samples of previously sedentary adults and obese children. The majority of these interventions have been delivered by face-to-face contact in small groups, which limits their public health impact. However, a small number of studies demonstrate that these interventions can be delivered by mail and telephone, which may enhance their generalizability. Most of these studies utilized behavior change theories such as Social Cognitive Theory, the Transtheoretical Model, and Behavior Learning to shape the interventions. Lifestyle interventions aimed at modifying the environment, such as signs posted to increase stair climbing, also have been shown to be effective over the short term. CONCLUSIONS: The major issues concerning lifestyle physical activity interventions are: (1) testing their ability to be implemented on a large scale; (2) examining cost-effectiveness for different modes of delivery; and (3) researching the efficacy in populations such as the elderly, minorities, economically disadvantaged, and individuals with concurrent disease. More studies aimed at manipulating the environment to increase physical activity need to be tested over periods of one year or longer. It is possible that lifestyle interventions could be integrated and delivered by new technologies such as interactive computer-mediated programs, telephone, or computer web-based formats. All of these recommended approaches should utilize valid and reliable measures of physical activity and should examine the health effects, particularly on a longitudinal basis. Basic dose-response studies in controlled settings also are needed to help us understand the health effects of accumulated moderate intensity activity.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Adaptations in scale insects.

Many unusual features of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) can be explained as historical legacy. Developmental specializations in ancestral coccoids resulted in a neotenous adult female and a drastic metamorphosis of the male. Subsequent evolution led to numerous, often convergently derived, adaptations to parasitic life on higher plants. The sedentary lifestyle of female scale insects has favored the evolution of appendage reduction or loss, gross changes in body shape, and protective wax secretions, tests, and other scale covers. Morphological peculiarities of adult males relate to flight or to mating with concealed females. Scale insects have diverse egg-protecting methods, a range of chromosome behaviors (including several methods of sex determination), marked sexual dimorphism [even sometimes in first-instar nymphs (crawlers)], and more rarely sexual dichronism. Crawlers have evolved as the main agents of dispersal. The biotic interactions of scale insects include diverse endosymbioses with microorganisms, sometimes morphological and behavioral adaptations for obligate association with ants, and often highly specific host-plant associations that may lead to demic adaptation or the evolution of complex galls.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

The upregulation of plasticity-related proteins following TBI is disrupted with acute voluntary exercise.

Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), the brain undergoes a period of metabolic and neurochemical alterations that may compromise the reactivity of neuroplasticity-related molecular systems to physiological stimulation. In order to address the molecular mechanisms underlying plasticity following TBI and the effects of physical stimulation in the acute phase of TBI, levels of intracellular signaling molecules were assessed following voluntary exercise. Lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) and sham-operated (Sham) rats were housed with or without access to a running wheel (RW) from postsurgery day 0 to 6. Parietal and occipital cortical tissues were analyzed for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) using an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA). In addition, synapsin I, phospho-synapsin I, cyclic-AMP response-element-binding protein (CREB), phospho-CREB, calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII), mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase I and II (MAPKI and MAPKII), and protein kinase C (PKC) were analyzed by western blot. Results from this study indicated that FPI alone lead to significant increases in synapsin I, CAMKII, and phosphorylated (P) MAPKI (p44) and MAPKII (p42). Exercise in the sham operates led to significant cortical increases of CREB and synapsin I. However, in the FPI rats, the response to exercise was opposite to that seen in the shams in that exercise resulted in significant decreases of CREB, synapsin I, PKC, CAMKII, MAPKI, and MAPKII. Indeed, all the observed proteins in the acutely exercised FPI rats tended to be lower compared to the FPI sedentary (Sed) rats. These results indicate that intracellular signaling proteins are increased during the first week following FPI and that premature voluntary exercise may compromise plasticity.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Aerobic exercise attenuates blood pressure reactivity to cold pressor test in normotensive, young adult African-American women.

Exaggerated blood pressure reactivity to behavioral stress has been observed in the African-American population, and such a pressor response is believed to play a role in hypertension. Regular aerobic exercise has been shown to exert an anti-hypertensive effect, and this may alter the blood pressure hyperreactivity observed in African Americans. To test the hypothesis that aerobic exercise attenuates pressor reactivity in African Americans, we studied eight healthy aerobically-trained normotensive African-American females and five similar sedentary females. The stress stimuli consisted of the cold pressor test with the foot immersed in ice water for two minutes. The aerobic exercise training protocol consisted of six weeks of jogging at 60-70% of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), three days/week for 35 min/exercise session. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and forearm blood flow were measured. Manifestation of a training effect was illustrated by a 24.1 +/- 0.2% increase in VO2peak (26.9 +/- 1.2 mL x kg(-1) min(-1) vs 35.4 +/- 1.6 mL x kg(-1) min(-1)) (P<.05). Within the exercise-trained group there was a 6.3 +/- .15% decrease in systolic pressure (129 +/- 4.6 mm Hg vs. 121 +/- 5.4 mm Hg) (P<.05), and a 5.0 +/- .05% decrement in mean arterial blood pressure (99 +/- 3.3 mm Hg vs 94 +/- 3.6 mm Hg) (P<.05) during the cold pressor test. Pressor reactivity to cold stress did not change in the untrained group. Measures of heart rate, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and forearm blood flow were unaltered during conditions of the cold pressor test. We conclude that aerobic exercise attenuates the blood pressure reactivity to behavioral stress in young, adult normotensive African-American females. A lifestyle change such as exercising may play a role in reducing the risk of hypertension in African-American women.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Voluntary exercise increases axonal regeneration from sensory neurons.

Recent advances in understanding the role of neurotrophins on activity-dependent plasticity have provided insight into how behavior can affect specific aspects of neuronal biology. We present evidence that voluntary exercise can prime adult dorsal root ganglion neurons for increased axonal regeneration through a neurotrophin-dependent mechanism. Dorsal root ganglion neurons showed an increase in neurite outgrowth when cultured from animals that had undergone 3 or 7 days of exercise compared with sedentary animals. Neurite length over 18-22 h in culture correlated directly with the distance that animals ran. The exercise-conditioned animals also showed enhanced regrowth of axons after an in vivo nerve crush injury. Sensory ganglia from the 3- and 7-day-exercised animals contained higher brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin 3, synapsin I, and GAP43 mRNA levels than those from sedentary animals. Consistent with the rise in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 3 during exercise, the increased growth potential of the exercise-conditioned animals required activation of the neurotrophin signaling in vivo during the exercise period but did not require new mRNA synthesis in culture.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Accelerometer feedback to promote physical activity in adults with type 2 diabetes: a pilot study.

This study examined whether giving activity feedback to obese, sedentary adults with Type 2 diabetes would improve their adherence to a home-based walking program. 49 subjects were recruited. Ten failed a treadmill cardiovascular test. Another 9 dropped out before the intervention, and 4 dropped out during the intervention. The remaining 26 adults (14 women, 12 men; age M = 48.1 yr., SD = 7.1) received behavioral counseling monthly for 3 mo. regarding exercise. All subjects wore a triaxial accelerometer during these 3 months. Randomly, half of the subjects were blind to the data from the accelerometers, i.e., no feedback, and had counseling based on their self-report diaries. The other half had access to the accelerometer data, got a computerized graph of their physical activity for the period between counseling sessions, and had counseling based on these objective data, i.e., feedback. The feedback group showed an increase in exercise over the 3 mo. The nonfeedback group showed an increase in activity at 1.5 mo. but reverted to their baseline exercise levels at 3 mo. However, analysis of variance showed there was at least an 8% probability that this effect was due to chance, so the hypothesis that feedback would improve exercise adherence could not be supported. Further studies with larger sample sizes and greater control of experimental conditions are needed to determine the utility of objective activity feedback.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Physical activity and nutrition in older adults.

Physical activity and nutrient intake are important determinants of health throughout life. Many of the alterations in physiological structure and function that occur with age may result from disuse and disability as well as from diets deficient in energy, protein or other specific nutrients. Although a healthy diet can provide significant health benefits, diet alone, is not sufficient to provide optimal health, nor protect us from the hazards of sedentary habits. Nor is physical activity alone. The ideal combines sufficient exercise and a healthy diet.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2004

Reducing cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women through a lifestyle change intervention.

BACKGROUND: The impact of a 6-month lifestyle change intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in obese, sedentary, postmenopausal women was examined. A secondary aim of this investigation was to determine whether the addition of self-control skills training to an empirically supported lifestyle change intervention would result in greater cardiovascular risk reduction. METHODS: Forty-four women were randomly assigned to receive either a lifestyle change or a lifestyle change with self-control skills intervention. Pretreatment and posttreatment weight loss, body composition, physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, diet, blood pressure (BP), blood lipids, and psychosocial functioning were assessed. Also, at 1-year posttreatment, weight loss, body composition, self-reported physical activity, and psychosocial functioning were assessed. RESULTS: The women significantly increased their physical activity (+39.6%) and cardiorespiratory fitness (+13.5%) and reduced their body weight (-6.5%), fat mass (-7.4%), body fat (-2.4%), BP (SBP -6.2%, DBP -9.2%), total cholesterol (-7.4%), triglycerides (-16.5%), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (9.1%) and improved their diet (p < 0.05). At the 1-year follow-up, women had regained approximately 63% of their posttreatment weight loss (p < 0.05), but had maintained their previous increases in physical activity. Additionally, there were no significant changes in fat free mass, body fat, anxiety, or depression between the end of treatment and 1-year posttreatment. The addition of self-control skills training did not significantly improve cardiovascular risk reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Lifestyle change interventions may be an effective means for reducing cardiovascular risk in obese, sedentary, postmenopausal women. However, greater attention should be devoted to the maintenance of these positive lifestyle changes.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

[Prevalence of sedentary lifestyle and associated factors in adolescents 10 to 12 years of age].

Physical activity in adolescence is associated with several health benefits, including a direct influence on adolescent morbidity and an indirect effect on adult health mediated by physical activity levels in adulthood. This study assessed the prevalence of sedentary lifestyle and associated variables in 4,452 adolescents aged 10-12 years, belonging to the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study, representing 87.5% of the original cohort. Sedentary lifestyle, defined as < 300 minutes per week of physical activity, was reported by 58.2% (95%CI: 56.7-59.7) of the cohort. In the multivariate analysis, sedentary lifestyle was positively associated with female gender, socioeconomic status, maternal physical inactivity, and television viewing, but inversely correlated with time spent playing videogames. Adolescents with low socioeconomic status were more likely to walk or bicycle to and from school. Effective strategies against sedentary lifestyle in adolescence are needed because of its high prevalence and association with physical inactivity in adulthood.

Brazil↗

PubMed1983

Exploring sensory integrative dysfunction in process schizophrenia.

During a 6-week period, the effects of sensory integrative activities on a group of seven chronic nonparanoid schizophrenic adults were compared to the effects of sedentary activities in a control group of seven similar subjects. The effects of each therapeutic approach were evaluated by measuring the patients' performance in several areas using the Nurses Observation Scale of Inpatient Evaluation-30 (NOSIE-30), The Object Manipulation Speed Test, a gait analysis, and grip strength. The results indicated general improvement in the experimental group. Behaviors measured by the NOSIE-30 showed the most significant improvements. The control group showed isolated improvements in grooming (measured by the NOSIE-30) and in right-hand use (measured by The Object Manipulation Speed Test). These findings suggest that 6 weeks of sensory integrative activities can improve the overall functioning of chronic nonparanoid schizophrenic patients, facilitate their adaptive responses, and enable them to participate more fully in other areas of therapeutic intervention.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Are health care professionals advising adults with arthritis to become more physically active?

OBJECTIVE: To describe the proportion and characteristics of adults with self-reported, doctor-diagnosed arthritis who report ever having been advised by a health professional to become more physically active and to assess whether the advice was associated with recent physical activity. METHODS: Using population-based data from the 2003 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, respondents were classified according to their arthritis status, whether or not they were ever advised by a health professional to increase their physical activity to help them better manage their arthritis, and whether they engaged in exercise or physical activity within the past month. RESULTS: Overall, 42% of respondents with arthritis reported ever being advised to increase their physical activity to help their arthritis. Respondents who were more likely to have ever received the advice were female, middle-aged or older, African American, Hispanic, overweight or obese, sedentary or insufficiently physically active, and had higher levels of education. Persons who reported ever receiving the advice were less likely to report that they had exercised within the past month. A higher level of education was the only variable associated with recent exercise or physical activity among those advised to be more active. CONCLUSION: Less than 50% of adults with arthritis report ever being advised by a health professional to become more physically active. Advice alone appears insufficient to promote increased physical activity in adults with arthritis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Voluntary exercise and clomipramine treatment elevate prepro-galanin mRNA levels in the locus coeruleus in rats.

Exercise exerts antidepressant effects in humans and rodent models of affective disorders. These effects may be mediated by the upregulation of endogenous factors that exert antidepressant actions. The physiological functions and behavioral actions of the neuropeptide galanin (GAL) suggest antidepressant activity. Previous studies have shown that various modes of exercise elevate GAL gene expression in the locus coeruleus (LC) in rats. The present experiments examined the interaction between voluntary exercise and antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were provided access to activity wheels (exercise condition) or inoperative wheels (sedentary condition) for 28 days. Rats in each group were injected with clomipramine (10mg/kg/day) or vehicle throughout this period (for 3 weeks). Prepro-GAL mRNA in the LC was measured by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Exercise and clomipramine treatment significantly elevated GAL gene expression, though prepro-GAL mRNA levels in rats receiving both interventions did not differ from sedentary controls that received vehicle. Prepro-GAL mRNA levels were significantly correlated with running distance. The results further implicate a role for GAL in the antidepressant effects of exercise and pharmacotherapy, though the mechanisms through which these treatments influence GAL gene expression appear to differ significantly.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Testing the effect of the WALC intervention on exercise adherence in older adults.

The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of the WALC intervention (Walk; Address pain, fear, fatigue during exercise; Learn about exercise; Cue by self-modeling), and determine its effects on self-efficacy and outcome expectations, exercise activity and free living activity, physical and mental health status, and falls and fall-related injuries. A total of 17 sedentary older women with a mean age of 88 +/- 3.7 years were randomly assigned to receive either the WALC intervention or routine care. Ninety percent of those in the treatment group initiated and engaged in a regular exercise program during the 6 months of the study. There was a statistically significant difference in self-efficacy expectations, exercise behavior, and overall activity between the two groups. Those in the treatment group had stronger self-efficacy expectations related to exercise; engaged in more exercise and more free living activity; and although not statistically significant, had stronger outcome expectations following exposure to the WALC intervention when compared with those who received routine care. To help older adults initiate and adhere to an exercise program, nurses can easily implement the WALC intervention in a variety of settings.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Development of a theory-based daily activity intervention for individuals with type 2 diabetes.

PURPOSE: This article describes a theory-driven approach to developing a physical activity intervention for sedentary individuals with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Development of the intervention was based on 6 essential elements of program theory: problem definition, critical inputs, mediating processes, expected outcomes, extraneous factors, and implementation issues. Each element was formulated based on available literature and in collaboration with both intended service deliverers (diabetes educators) and recipients (sedentary persons with type 2 diabetes). RESULTS: Diabetes education requires a simple physical activity intervention template that is feasible, acceptable, and effective in a variety of settings. Successful programs are individualized, specific, flexible, and based on walking. Pedometers have potential as self-monitoring and feedback tools. The primary expected outcome is an increase in physical activity, specifically walking. Behavior modification and social support are critical to adoption and adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Theory-driven interventions specify what works for whom and under what conditions of delivery. The underlying theory guides the evaluation, refinement, and clinical replication of an intervention. Recruitment, delivery, and follow-up are real-world implementation issues.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1983

[Elongation of mouse spinal cord axons in isogenic grafts of the sciatic nerve, skeletal muscle and submaxillary gland].

Isografts of sciatic nerve, skeletal muscle, submaxillary gland and, as control experiments, of optice nerve, were transplanted into the non transected spinal cord of young albino mice, through a punctiform pial aperture. Under these conditions, local cellular reactions were reduced and the sensori motor behavior of the operated animals remained apparently undisturbed throughout the experimental period. Within a few days, axonal sprouts issuing mainly from the terminal clubs of intraspinal nerve fibres severed by the grafting procedure were seen elongating and growing into--and presumably throughout--the nervous as well as the muscular and glandular transplants. The Schwann cells of these grafts, either sedentary or migrating towards the cord and intermingling with host reactive glial cells, appeared to guide the growth of the axonal sprouts they ensheathed (from day 3 to day 10) and generally myelinated (as early as day 6). Optic nerve transplants, lacking Schwann cells, were never reinnervated. Furthermore, in control microinjuries without grafting, limited growth of axonal sprouts was observed only when a few host Schwann cells were present. Mouse spinal neurons, therefore, demonstrate a marked capacity for regrowth when minimal damage to the spinal cord is associated with an adequate supply of Schwann cells. In contrast, host as well as transplanted glial cells, were unable, at least when they were not associated with Schwannian elements, to promote regenerative expression of these central neurons.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Testosterone and energetics in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii).

Ovarian function in female hominoids is sensitive to both energy flux and energy balance, resulting in a reduced probability of conception during periods when a successful reproductive outcome is less likely. However, the extent to which energetic factors constrain gonadal function in male hominoids is not clear. We examined the effects of both acute and chronic variation in energy availability on urinary testosterone (T) levels in adult male chimpanzees. Acute changes in energy availability, which were assayed by means of observational data on feeding behavior, did not result in decreased T production for 11 individuals at Kibale National Park, Uganda. Chronic energy shortages, on the other hand, may be associated with lower T levels in this population. Adult males in Kibale (n=11), who maintain suboptimal access to energy, exhibit significantly lower urinary T levels than males in captivity (n=11), who are more sedentary and better fed. These results suggest that data on hormonal function in captive chimpanzees should be interpreted with caution because individuals may produce T at levels well above those that are typical in the wild. They also suggest that short-term variations in T levels in male hominoids are more likely to be explained by social factors than by energetic ones.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Identification of stroke prone patients by panoramic radiography.

Stroke (cerebrovascular accident, CVA) is the third leading cause of death and an important cause of hospital admission and long term disability in Australia. Atherosclerotic lesions at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery are the most common cause of stroke. On occasion these lesions are partially calcified and visible on a conventional panoramic dental radiograph. The atheroma may appear either as a nodular radiopaque mass or as two radiopaque vertical lines within the soft tissues of the neck at the level of the lower margin of the third cervical vertebra (C3). These opacities are separate and distinct from the hyoid bone and variably appear above or below it. Dentists should scrupulously review the panoramic radiographs of all individuals over age 55 with medical histories of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesteraemia and coronary artery disease, or whose behaviour includes smoking, ethanol abuse, or dietary indiscretion coupled with overweight and a sedentary lifestyle which are known to be associated with atherosclerosis and stroke.

Alcoholism↗