PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “TUBERCULOSIS, STATISTICS AND CONTROL”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Susceptibility for infections in patients with chronic polyarthritis].

The case histories and autopsy findings of 79 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)--15 patients with and 64 patients without a history of long term corticoid treatment--who had died in the years 1952-1977 and who had been autopsied in the University Institute of Pathology of Graz were evaluated with respect to organic lesions caused by infections and were compared with an exactly matched control group. Both in the rheumatoid group material and in the 64 RA patients without steroid. long term treatment there was a highly significant accumulation of putrid bronchitis and pneumonia and a significant accumulation of pyelonephritis in comparison to the control group. As far as bronchiectases and pulmonary tuberculosis are concerned, there was an increased prevalence in the RA group, but this was beyond the range of statistical significance. Possible reasons that might account for the elevated susceptibility to infections in patients with RA are discussed.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1964

TUBERCULOSIS IN TROPICAL AFRICA. AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY.

Up to the end of the nineteenth century the tubercle bacillus apparently had little opportunity of disseminating among the rather isolated tribes of tropical Africa. With the creation of large centres of trade and industry in the wake of European colonization, tuberculosis seems to have spread rapidly over the continent and is today found everywhere.In a number of tuberculosis prevalence surveys conducted by WHO during 1955-60, randomly selected population groups were tuberculin tested, X-rayed and had sputa examined by direct microscopy. The three methods of examination were applied independently of one another.Data collected during the surveys have been analysed with a view to discovering common epidemiological features of tuberculosis in tropical Africa, assessing the reliability of the diagnostic methods employed and discussing their usefulness in future tuberculosis control programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of dosing regimen of respirable rifampicin biodegradable microspheres in the treatment of tuberculosis in the guinea pig.

OBJECTIVES: The efficacy of rifampicin-loaded polymeric microspheres (RPLGA) delivered to guinea pigs infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv) was compared with a daily dose of nebulized rifampicin suspension. METHODS: Aerosol-infected animals were subjected to multiple dose or single dose treatment with RPLGA, PLGA microspheres or micronized rifampicin suspension aerosols. For comparison with treatment with suspensions of microspheres, additional groups received daily doses of rifampicin-only suspensions for 20 (20-RIF) and 10 (10-RIF) days. RESULTS: Drug and polymer treated multiple dose groups exhibited significantly lower wet lung weights than untreated animals. Spleen wet weights and viable bacterial counts (VBCs) were much lower for drug microsphere treated animals than for all other groups. In multiple dose studies with rifampicin-only suspensions, wet lung weights for 10-RIF and 20-RIF treated animals were much smaller than controls. Likewise, wet spleen weights of 10-RIF and 20-RIF treated animals were much smaller than controls, consistent with reduced inflammation. Spleen VBC of 20-RIF treated animals was much smaller than controls. No statistical differences were observed in the lung VBC among single dose groups. However, a trend similar to that of the wet weights was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Aerosolized RPLGA reduced most measures of tuberculosis (TB) infection. These studies are further evidence for the potential of inhaled aerosol therapy for the treatment of TB. However, additional studies are required to elucidate underlying mechanisms of action and optimize this route of drug delivery.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2001

Tuberculosis infection after humanitarian assistance, Guantanamo Bay, 1995.

Upon redeployment to Fort Lewis, Washington, from Operation Sea Signal in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, 5% of a military police unit was identified as positive for purified protein derivative (PPD). A case-control study was conducted to document the number of converters and to identify risk factors among the soldiers for PPD conversion while in Cuba. Forty-six of the soldiers (3.7% of the unit) met the criteria for PPD conversion as a result of deployment. Forty-four converters and 84 controls completed surveys. Logistic regression showed that statistically significant independent risk factors for PPD conversion included working around coughing migrants (odds ratio [OR] = 6.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2-20.4) and birthplace outside the United States (OR = 4.89, CI = 1.3-18.5). Contact in the psychiatric hospital (OR = 0.22, CI = 0.05-0.90) and contact with migrants with known tuberculosis (OR = 0.16, CI = 0.05-0.54) appeared to be protective factors, possibly because known tuberculosis patients and hospitalized patients most likely would be on treatment and rendered noninfectious. With the U.S. military's involvement in humanitarian and refugee operations in countries highly endemic for tuberculosis, service members are at increased risk of acquiring tuberculosis infection. Detection of tuberculosis infection and appropriate treatment should become a higher priority within the U.S. military.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2002

[A mathematical model of the annual risk of tuberculosis infection in Cali, Colombia].

OBJECTIVE: The annual risk of infection (ARI) for tuberculosis is the probability that an individual without previous contact with the tubercle bacillus has of being infected during the course of a year. The ARI is the most appropriate indicator for estimating the degree of tuberculosis infection in a population. The objective of this paper was to estimate the ARI and its trends in the city of Cali, Colombia, using data provided by the Municipal Secretariat of Health. METHODS: We used a deterministic model of the dynamics of pulmonary tuberculosis. The flows among the population subgroups were based on the natural history of the disease, taking vaccination into account. Using the data from the Municipal Secretariat of Health, we estimated the initial conditions and the values of the parameters. RESULTS: The mean ARI values were 1.24% in the 1970s, 0.93% in the 1980s, and 0.85% in the 1990s. In order to assess trends, we attempted to predict the annual risk, utilizing a nonlinear least-squares adjustment of the data on the overall percentage for each year. With that approach, we projected that the ARI in 2003 would be 1.3%, indicating a return to the patterns found in the 1970s. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated risk of tuberculosis infection in Cali during the decades of the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s was very high in comparison with the risk in countries such as the Netherlands, which in 1985 had an ARI of 0.012%. However, the ARI in Cali is not so high in comparison to indices for other countries of South America, which range from 0.5% to 1.5%. This model and the simulation it produced showed a rising trend in the ARI for Cali, as well as demonstrated that the ARI will tend to continue to rise if control measures are not improved.

Colombia↗
PubMed1999

Profile of Tuberculosis among Foreign-born Asians Residing in Los Angeles County, California, 1985­1994.

PURPOSE. To present a profile of tuberculosis %lpar;TB) among foreign& shy;born Asians residing in Los Angeles County and priorities in eliminating TB. SUMMARY OF METHODS UTILIZED. The demographic and disease­related data were analyzed from a total of 3,364 TB cases among Asians, which were obtained over a 9­year period (1985& shy;1994) by the Los Angeles County Tuberculosis Control Program. Various sources were used to obtain the denominators needed to calculate case rates because no one source had all the information. The data were analyzed using the standard SAS statistical software system. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. Ninety& shy;eight percent of Asians with TB were foreign& shy;born, and 91 percent of the foreign& shy;born with TB were born in countries with high endemic rates of TB (Vietnam, Philippines, South Korea and the People's Republic of China). The TB case rate of foreign& shy;born Asians increased linearly with increase in percent household income below poverty level. The relative risk of TB among newly arrived Vietnamese, Filipinos, Chinese from People's Republic of China and Koreans was 112.0, 91.0, 36.8 and 28.1 times higher than that of the overall U.S., respectively (risk). CONCLUSIONS. The current screening procedures identify large numbers of TB cases among newly arrived Asians who contribute significantly to the occurrence of TB in Los Angeles County. Better strategies should be developed to effectively reduce morbidity in foreign& shy;born Asians from countries with high endemic rates of TB. They include the development of a comprehensive, ethnic& shy;specific, culturally sensitive educational intervention campaign and readily accessible outreach clinics with culturally sensitive TB preventive therapy program. KEY WORDS. Asians, tuberculosis, immigrants, Filipinos, Koreans, Chiense, Vietnamese.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

[Overview of the HIV/tuberculosis coinfection in Bogotá, Colombia, 2001].

The magnitude and characteristics of the co-infection of TB-AIDS was evaluated in cases reported in Bogotá, 2001. A cross sectional study was carried out using the epidemiological registry of TBC-AIDS cases from the Health Secretariat of Bogotá. Only TB cases with a positive HIV test were included in. Of 950 TB cases reported in Bogotá, 113 (11.9%) were indicated to have TB and HIV positive tests; epidemiological information was recovered from 103 of them. Most cases were male (male:female ratio was 12:1); 38.8% were between ages 25 to 34; 40.8% of cases belonged to the contributive regime; 82% were new cases. Of the 105 cases, 62% were classified with the pulmonary form of TB and 30% with extra pulmonary disease. In the last group, the most frequent form was lymph node tuberculosis. Diagnostic criteria were recorded for only 55 patients; however, 78% were confirmed with microscopic smears. Procedural data were available for 29 patients in the first phase of treatments; 86.2% had received therapy recommended by the Ministry of Health. The failures of TB control programs indicated by statistical data, do not reflect patient's activities that may be contributing to greater infection risk. Additional monitoring may be necessary to fortify the current TB control program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[A study on the retreatment of pulmonary tuberculosis by the addition of 654-2].

654-2 plus chemotherapy were used to retreat TB. After a full course of treatment, rates of negative sputum in the observation group and in the control group were 90.6% and 68.8% respectively (The difference in the rates was statistically significant P less than 0.05). The total rate of focus in the observation group was 46.9% and that in the control group was 21.9%. The difference was striking (P less than 0.05). The general efficacy for cavity alteration in the observation group was 42.3% and in control group was 16.0%. Comparing the two groups, there was an obvious difference (P less than 0.05). After ceasing medication, no relapse was observed through a period of one year in the treated group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Detection of in vitro interferon-gamma and serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is known as having a poor prognosis with a weak response to therapy and very high death rates. The aim of this work was to assess the immune response to the RD1-encoded antigen ESAT-6 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in MDR-TB patients and compare to non-resistant (NR) TB patients and healthy controls (HC). Evaluation of interferon (IFN)-gamma production showed that, although 55% of the MDR patients were responsive to ESAT-6, they produced lower IFN-gamma levels (553 +/- 11 pg/ml) when compared to NR-TB (1179 +/- 163 pg/ml; P < 0.05) but not to controls (412 +/- 65.7 pg/ml). Differences in the response to ESAT-6 and to its overlapping peptides mixture were also significant between MDR versus treated pulmonary NR-TB. Furthermore, a very low rate of response to PPD (23.5%) and to Ag85B (33.3%) was noted in MDR-TB patients as compared to the other groups. To determine the inflammatory response in patients' groups, detection of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was assessed in their sera before and during chemotherapy. Mean TNF-alpha levels in MDR-TB (43.8 +/- 9 pg/ml) paralleled those found in treated pulmonary, and it was significantly different (P < 0.05) from the values found in untreated NR and HC. Interestingly, secretion of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were predominant in MDR patients who presented with bilateral pulmonary lesions and lung cavitation. The present data indicate that the overall immune response to mycobacterial antigens is decreased in resistant TB and the major role inflammatory cytokines may play in perpetuating pulmonary tissue damage.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Pericarditis following renal transplantation.

We analyzed data on renal allograft recipients over a 27-year period in order to investigate the frequency, etiology, and outcome of pericarditis developing during the first two months following renal transplantation. Of the 1497 patients receiving renal transplants between 1963 and 1990, 34 patients developed 36 episodes of pericarditis and/or pericardial effusions, for an overall incidence of 2.4%. Pericarditis was attributed to uremia in 14 episodes, cytomegalovirus infection in three, both uremia and CMV infection in four, nonspecific bacterial infection in three, and tuberculosis and minoxidil therapy in one episode each. No etiologic diagnosis could be established in 10 episodes. No statistically significant differences were found between pericarditis and case-matched control patients considering demographic features, the number of immediately functioning grafts, the duration of posttransplant acute renal failure, the number of supportive dialysis days, pre- and postoperative CMV status of the patients, and pretransplant BUN and serum creatinine levels. There were more uremic-related complications (pulmonary edema, gastrointestinal bleeding, central nervous system symptoms) in the pericarditis group. Five allografts in the pericarditis group never functioned, versus only one in the control group. Three patients with pericarditis developed pericardial tamponade. Early diagnosis, close follow-up, and in the case of cardiac tamponade early invasive treatment, should improve the prognosis of this potentially life-threatening complication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Cost-effectiveness of community health workers in tuberculosis control in Bangladesh.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost-effectiveness of the tuberculosis (TB) programme run by the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), which uses community health workers (CHWs), with that of the government TB programme which does not use CHWs. METHODS: TB control statistics and cost data for July 1996 - June 1997 were collected from both government and BRAC thanas (subdistricts) in rural Bangladesh. To measure the cost per patient cured, total costs were divided by the total number of patients cured. FINDINGS: In the BRAC and government areas, respectively, a total of 186 and 185 TB patients were identified over one year, with cure rates among sputum-positive patients of 84% and 82%. However, the cost per patient cured was US$ 64 in the BRAC area compared to US$ 96 in the government area. CONCLUSION: The government programme was 50% more expensive for similar outcomes. Although both the BRAC and government TB control programmes appeared to achieve satisfactory cure rates using DOTS (a five-point strategy), the involvement of CHWs was found to be more cost-effective in rural Bangladesh. With the same budget, the BRAC programme could cure three TB patients for every two in the government programme.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1964

OBSERVATIONS ON THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF BCG VACCINATION IN A SOUTH INDIAN RURAL POPULATION.

Doubts have been raised on theoretical grounds concerning the effect of BCG in tropical countries, where in most places a large proportion of the population have a naturally acquired tuberculin allergy of low strength and unknown (but almost certainly non-specific) origin. Furthermore, vaccinations in the tropics may be less efficient if the BCG vaccine used has deteriorated from exposure to heat or light. The BCG trial reported here is relevant to these two problems.A series of epidemiological studies in South India, begun in 1950 and still in progress, included a BCG trial in which half of the tuberculin-negative persons, randomly selected, were vaccinated. In a first report in 1960, preliminary data indicated that the vaccination had conferred no protection against tuberculosis; however, the total number of cases of tuberculosis involved was extremely small. Since then, further follow-up has added a considerable number of cases, and a statistically significant protection from the BCG vaccination is now demonstrated. The number of cases is still too small to show the precise degree of protection.As this is the first controlled trial on BCG undertaken in an Asiatic population, the present report is of special interest.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed1988

A competition ELISA for the detection of mycobacterial antigen in tuberculosis exudates.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was designed to detect the inhibition of BCG-anti-BCG reactions by soluble antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eighty-four samples were tested of which 59 were of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (25 control, 10 bacterial, 14 viral and 10 tuberculous meningitis); and twenty-five were of pleural or ascitic fluid (15 tuberculous exudates and 10 non-tuberculous samples). A statistically significant difference (p less than 0.01) was found between the tuberculous and control groups. The sensitivity and specificity of this test was almost 100%--no false negatives and only one false positive result occurred among the samples of CSF tested.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Tuberculosis in health personnel: importance of surveillance and control programs].

OBJECTIVE: To describe tuberculosis surveillance results among healthcare workers of a tertiary care center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All medical records of workers from 1992-1998 were reviewed. Demographics, labor, medical history, previous testing, PPD, booster shots and follow-up were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed with odds ratios, p-values, and 95% confidence intervals. Subgroup analysis were done with chi 2. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to analyze times to conversion. RESULTS: Surveillance was done in 1617 workers (68% female and 32% male). Mean age was 26.9 +/- 7.6 (15-68) years. Job positions were 30.5% nurses, 14.6% residents and 14.1% interns. Place of origin was Mexico City in 65.8%. BCG vaccination was present in 71.6% and 15.1% had previous PPD. Admission PPD was positive in 39.6%, negative in 48.3% and 12.1% were lost to follow-up. On negatives, 483 booster shots were applied, and 49 additional positives were found. Follow-up was done in 231 workers, of which 100 (43.3%) converted. The mean time for conversion was 22.8 +/- 12.4 months. The conversion rate at twelve months was 20%. Fifty workers received/accepted isoniazid prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of workers were PPD-positive; booster shots allowed the detection of an additional 10%. A high conversion rate underscores the need to organize tuberculosis control programs in Mexico.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tuberculosis: clinical features, diagnosis and management.

This article presents an overview of tuberculosis and includes general information on the disease, signs, symptoms and diagnosis, up-to-date statistics and the implications for nursing practice.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗